Les Conceptions Québécoises Et De L'ouest Canadien De La Fédération Canadienne : Le Bilan Des Années Au Pouvoir De Bria

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Les Conceptions Québécoises Et De L'ouest Canadien De La Fédération Canadienne : Le Bilan Des Années Au Pouvoir De Bria UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL LES CONCEPTIONS QUÉBÉCOISES ET DE L'OUEST CANADIEN DE LA FÉDÉRATION CANADIENNE. LE BILAN DES ANNÉES AU POUVOIR DE BRIAN MULRONEY (1984-1993) MÉMOIRE PRÉSENTÉ COMME EXIGENCE PARTIELLE DE LA MAÎTRISE EN SCIENCE POLITIQUE PAR NICOLAS D'ASTOUS AVRIL2017 UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL Service des bibliothèques Avertissement La diffusion de ce mémoire se fait dans le respect des droits de son auteur, qui a signé le formulaire Autorisation de reproduire et de diffuser un travail de recherche de cycles supérieurs (SDU-522 - Rév.1 0-2015). Cette autorisation stipule que «conformément à l'article 11 du Règlement no 8 des études de cycles supérieurs, [l'a:Uteur] concède à l'Université du Québec à Montréal une licence non exclusive d'utilisation et de publication de la totalité ou d'une partie importante de [son] travail de recherche pour des fins pédagogiques et non commerciales. Plus précisément, [l'auteur] autorise l'Université du Québec à Montréal à reproduire, diffuser, prêter, distribuer ou vendre des copies de [son] travail de recherche à des fins non commerciales sur quelque support que ce soit, y compris l'Internet. Cette licence et cette autorisation n'entraînent pas une renonciation de [la] part [de l'auteur] à [ses] droits moraux ni à [ses] droits de propriété intellectuelle. Sauf entente contraire, [l'auteur] conserve la liberté de diffuser et de commercialiser ou non ce travail dont [il] possède un exemplaire_,, REMERCIEMENTS Je tiens tout d'abord à exprimer ma reconnaissance envers mes parents qui m'ont toujours encouragé et soutenu dans l'ensemble de mes projets. Je remercie également ma famille ainsi que mes amis pour leur appui. Un merci spécial à Danielle. Finalement, je souhaite témoigner ma gratitude envers mon directeur de mémoire, Marc Chevrier, pour sa rigueur et son soutien à chaque étape de ce long processus. TABLE DES MATIÈRES RÉSUMÉ .................................................................................... VIII INTRODUCTION .............................................................................. 1 CHAPITRE 1 LES DEMANDES DE MODIFICATION DU FÉDÉRALISME CANADIEN ET LES CONCEPTIONS DE L'OUEST ET DU QUÉBEC DU CANADA EN 1984 ............................................................................ 17 1.1 La vision et les demandes historiques de l'Ouest ..................................... 17 1.1.1 L'historique .......................................................................... 17 1.1.1.1 L'administration . .. .. 18 1.1.1.2 L'économie ................................................................. 19 1.1.1.3 La démographie ............................................................ 21 1.1.2 La vision et les revendications de l'Ouest envers le Canada en 1984 ...... 22 1.1.2.1 Le système fédéral canadien ............................................ 22 1.1.2.2 L'identité culturelle au Canada .......................................... 24 1.1.2.3 La nature de l'intervention du gouvernement fédéral ............... 26 1.2 La conception du Canada et les demandes du Québec ................................ 27 1.2.1 L'évolution de l'identité nationale ................................................ 28 1.2.2 La vision du Canada des gouvernements du Québec entre 1950 et 1984 ... 30 1.2.2.1 Le système fédéral canadien ............................................. 30 1.2.2.2 L'identité culturelle au Canada ........................................... 32 iv 1.2.2.3 La nature de l'intervention du gouvernement fédéral ................. 34 1.3 Résumé et comparaison des positions de l'Ouest et du Québec ..................... 37 CHAPITRE2 L'ÉTAT DU PARTI PROGRESSISTE-CONSERVATEUR ET LA PENSÉE DE BRIAN MULRONEY ............................................. 39 2.1 L'état du Parti progressiste-conservateur au tournant de la décennie 1980 ....... 39 2.1.1 John-O. Diefenbaker (1956-1967) ............................................... 39 2.1.2 Robert Stanfield (1967-1976) .................................................... 43 2.1.3 Joe Clark (1976-1983) ............................................................. 46 2.2 Mulroney le centralisateur ................................................................ 48 2.3 La coalition du Parti progressiste-conservateur de Brian Mulroney ............... 51 2.4 L'ouverture aux demandes du Québec ................................................ 54 2.5 Résumé des positions de Brian Mulroney ............................................. 55 CHAPITRE3 L'ACCORD DU LAC MEECH ............................................................. 57 3.1 Les accords Meech-Langevin ............................................................ 57 3.1.1 Le contexte ........................................................................... 58 3 .1.2 Les points importants des accords ............................................... 61 3.2 L'accord parallèle ......................................................................... 64 3.3 L'analyse des accords selon les concepts .............................................. 66 3.3.1 Le système fédéral canadien ...................................................... 66 3.3.2 L'identité culturelle au Canada ................................................... 69 3.3.3 La nature de l'intervention du gouvernement fédéral ......................... 74 3.4 Conclusion ................................................................................. 78 CHAPITRE4 v LES POLITIQUES DU GOUVERNEMENT MULRONEY ........................... 80 4.1 L'accord de libre-échange de 1987 avec les États-Unis .............................. 81 4.1.1 Les négociations ................................................................... 81 4.1.2 Les conséquences du traité sur le fonctionnement du fédéralisme canadien ....................................................... 88 4.1.2.1 Le système fédéral canadien ............................................ 88 4.1.2.2 L'identité culturelle au Canada .......................................... 89 4.1.2.3 La nature de l'intervention du gouvernement fédéral ................. 90 4.2 La Loi sur les langues officielles de 1988 ............................................. 92 4.2.1 Les réactions initiales au Québec et dans l'Ouest ............................. 92 4.2.2 Les dispositions .................................................................... 94 4.2.3 Les conséquences ................................................................... 97 4.2.3.1 Le système fédéral canadien ............................................. 97 4.2.3.2 L'identité culturelle au Canada .......................................... 98 4.2.3.3 La nature de l'intervention du gouvernement fédéral ................. 99 4.3 La Loi sur le multiculturalisme de 1988 .............................................. 100 4.3.1 Les dispositions .................................................................. 100 4.3.2 Les conséquences ................................................................. 101 4.3.2.1 Le système fédéral canadien ............................................ 101 4.3.2.2 L'identité culturelle au Canada ......................................... 102 4.3.2.3 La nature de l'intervention du gouvernement fédéral ................ 102 4.4 Les ententes avec le Québec ........................................................... 103 4.4.1 L'entente sur la participation au Sommet de la francophonie de Paris (1985) ....................................................................... 103 4.4.2 L'entente sur l'immigration Gagnon-Tremblay-McDougall de 1989 ..... 104 ---------------- --- ------------------ vi 4.4.3 Les conséquences de ces ententes ............................................... 106 4.4.3.1 Le système fédéral canadien ........................................... 106 4.4.3.2 L'identité culturelle au Canada ........................................ 107 4.4.3.3 La nature de l'intervention du gouvernement fédéral ............... 108 4.5 Conclusion ................................................................................ 110 CHAPITRE 5 L'ACCORD DE CHARLOTTETOWN ................................................... 113 5.1 L'après Meech, Bâtir ensemble 1'avenir du Canada, la Commission Beaudoin-Dobbie et l'accord de Charlottetown ...................................... 114 5.2 Les négociations de l'accord de Charlottetown ...................................... 118 5.3 Les points importants de l'accord ...................................................... 120 5.3.1 La clause Canada ................................................................. 120 5.3.2 Les institutions .................................................................... 121 5.3.3 Le partage des pouvoirs .......................................................... 123 5.4 L'analyse de l'accord selon les concepts ............................................. 126 5.4.1 Le système fédéral canadien ..................................................... 126 5.4.2 L'identité culturelle au Canada ................................................. 130 5.4.3 La nature de l'intervention du gouvernement fédéral ........................ 133 5.5 Conclusion ................................................................................ 137 CONCLUSION ............................................................................... 140 BIBLIOGRAPHIE ........................................................................... 153 RÉSUMÉ Une partie importante des auteurs canadiens, autant anglophones que francophones, qui ont analysé la période au pouvoir de Brian
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