Essays in the History of Irish Education, DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-51482-0 384 INDEX

INDEX

A Bhreathnach, Niamh (Minister for Abbot, Charlotte, 146 Education), 203, 210, 228–9n33, adult education, 303, 305–7, 315 280, 282–3, 288 Aikenhead, Mary, 97 Bicheno, James, 92, 95 Akenson, D.H., 15–16, 362, 364 Bilingual Programme, Irish language, Alexandra College (Dublin), 117, 119, 20, 22 154, 163n14, 169–70n104, Blackrock College (Dublin), 143–4, 177–8n200 165n38, 169n95 personal accounts, 148, 150, 205 Blake, A.R., 54 Allen, Richard, 148 Boland, John, 284 Andrews, Annette, 167n67 Bonel-Elliott, I., 303 An Gúm publications, 269 Boulter, Hugh, 86–7 apprenticeship education, 309–311 Brennan, Séamus, 288 Association of Secondary Teachers Browne, Bishop Michael, 246–7, 281, (ASTI), 159, 203, 250, 360 293n81 Brown, Martin, 4, 359–77 Browne, Dr. Noel, 345 B Burke, Dick (Minister for Education), Banville, John, 141 281, 282 Beale, Dorothea, 116 Burke, Edmund, 84 Bell, Rev. Andrew, 46, 56, 89, 100n21 Burke-Gaffney, J., 150 Belvedere College (Dublin), 132, 143, Buss, Frances, 116, 118 150, 152, 161, 164n29, 172n150 Butler, Professor Edward, 60, 71, Bennett, J., 213 79n50

Byers, Margaret, 117–18, 119, 120, Clarke, Marie, 6, 297–316 136–7, 154, 161 Clifford, Dr. Louis, 185 Byrne, Thomas, 340 Clongowes Wood College (Dublin), 145, 147–8, 163n14 Clune, William, 218 C Cobbe, Frances Power, 117 Campbell, Julia, 58 Colgan, Hugh, The Secondary Teacher , Cardwell, Edward, 67–8 209 Carew, Seán, 281 Colley, George (Minister for Carlile, Reverend James, 52, 56 Education), 239, 246–7, 249–50, Carlton, William, 140 274, 276, 292n71 Castleknock College (Dublin), 4, 144, Collins, Thomas, 183–4 145, 154, 163n14 Commissioners of National Education Castle, Richard, 54 in Ireland (CNEI), 45, 361 Catholic Church Community Schools, 203, 226n1, dominant position in school system, 253–4, 305 11–12, 74, 132, 177n196, 315 comprehensive schools, 241–2, 249 employment of lay teachers, 143–5 continuation education, 299–303, 315 establishment of denominational Cooke Taylor, W., 59–60 teacher training colleges, 18–19 Coolahan, John, 238, 361, 365, 366, funding of school system, 14 374 resistance to nondenominational Copleman, Dina, 3 education, 47, 48–9, 66–9, Corcoran, T., 85–6 67–8, 69–73 Corcoran, Rev. Timothy, 268, 341, Second Vatican Council, 280, 281 354n11 Catholic Social Guild (CSG), 341 Corish, P., 136 Catholic Worker Movement (CWM), Corridan, John, 342 343–4 Coyne, Edward Joseph, 340, 344–5, Catholic Workers’ College (CWC), 3, 346, 347–8 339–53 Cromwell, Oliver, 85, 87 curriculum, 347–9, 356n42 Cullen, Clara, 3 origins, 344–7 Cullen, Mary, 105 religious ethos, 349–51 Cullen, Archbishop Paul, 66, 67, 70, Cerf, A.J.W., 154 98 Chapman, Penny, 215 Cunningham, P., 219 Charter Schools, 2, 9, 86–7, 108–9, Curtis, Sarah, 89 141–2 Christian Brothers . See Irish Christian Brothers D Church Education Society, 10, 36n15, Dale, F.H., 20, 135–6, 154, 156–7, 61, 73, 111 158, 160, 174n167 Clancy, P., 238 Darley, Frederick, 54, 79n56 Clarke, Aidan, 85 Davern, Noel, 288 INDEX 385

Davies, Emily, 117, 118 abolishment of marriage ban for The Higher Education of Women , primary teachers, 240, 272, 116 291n35 Day, Dorothy, 343–4, 346, 349, amalgamation of small schools, 355–6n26 246–7, 274 de Búrca, Seán, 273 building modernisation, 273–4 Delapsie, Mr., 56 curriculum and examination reform, De La Salle, Jean-Baptiste, 89 247–9, 270 Department of Education, education Department of Education, 237–8, reform, 237–8, 244, 286–7 244, 286–7 Derrig, Thomas, 270–71, 272, 276–7, development of vocational and 281 technical education, 237 De Valera, Eamon, 21, 268, 271, 344 Education Act (1998), 27, 196, Dilwort, W.J., 154 197, 288, 360, 375 disability free education scheme, 237, 242, campaigns for fundamental rights, 250–53, 274, 276–7, 289, 376 193–4 higher education, 254–9, 285 changes in societal perceptions, impact of global developments, 182–4 239–40 legislation, 195–7 integration of secondary and provisions in education, 181–98 vocational schools, 249–50, right to appropriate education, 253–4, 276 194–5 Qualifi cations Act (1999), 288 district model schools . See model reduction of class sizes and schools overcrowding , 240–41 Dodds, Robert, 154 resistance of church and authorities Dominican Convent (Cabra), 205–6 to changes, 238, 241–2, Donovan, Michael, 93 249–50, 251–3, 277 Dowling, P.J., 85 Universities Act (1997), 288, 321 Doyle, A., 14, 190 education system . See Minister for Drummond, Thomas, 54, 61 Education; schools system Duggan, Br Bernard, 97 Edwards, E., 207 Duggan, Dr. Maurice, 262n37, 304 endowed schools, 133, 163n24 Dwyer, Rev. George, 92–3

F E Fagan, Frances, 167n67 Edgeworth, Maria, 89, 100n21 Fahy, Frank, 268 Education Act (1998), 27, 196, 197, Faulkner, Pádraig (Minister for 288, 360, 375 Education), 274, 279, 282, 283 education reform, 235–60, 267–89 . female education . See girls education See also comprehensive schools; Fisher, Margaret F., 149 vocational education FitzGerald, Garret, 218, 232n98 386 INDEX

Fitzgerald, Margaret, 149 Group Certifi cate examination, 275, Fitzpatrick, David, 112, 114, 125n48 302, 303, 315 Flanagan, Fionnula, 218 Gwynn, Stephen, 173n163, 204–5, Flanagan, Oliver J., 247 227n10 Foley, Ruth, 150 Forgan, R., 213 Fortescue, C.S., 69–70 H free education scheme, 237, 242, Hall, Samuel, 93 250–53, 274, 276–7, 289, 376 Hanafi n, Mary, 203 Frehan, P.G., 368 Harford, Judith, 3, 120, 122, 127n68 Harney, Mary, 284 Haslam, Anna, 119, 126n56 G Haslett, William Woods, 144, Gaelic Athletic Association (1884), 15, 170n110 38n53 Haughey, Charles J. (Minister for Gaelic League (1893), 15, 38n53 Education), 288–9 Gaelscoileanna, 25, 42n113 Hayden, Mary, 154 Gallagher, Mary, 334 Hayes, John, 344 Gardner, P., 131, 219 Hayes, Michael (Minister for gender, infl uence on education, 105–6 Education), 268, 269 Gibson, Tony , 231n86 Heaney, Seamus, 218, 232n100 Gilson, E. , 326 hedge schools, 1, 2, 8–9, 13, 16, girls education, 105–122, 148–9 85–6, 109, 164n30, 361 class distinctions, 107, 111 Higgins, Jennifer, 365 education for middle-class girls, Higgins, President Michael D., 218 115–20, 174n168 Higher Education Authority (HEA), entry into higher education, 119–20 257–8, 279–80 ideology of domesticity, 105–7, Hillery, Dr. Patrick (Minister for 111–12, 121, 174n170, Education), 5–6, 239, 240–43, 176–7n192 248, 250, 253, 256, 271–4, 275, role of female religious orders, 283 112–14, 121, 152, 174n167 Hime, Maurice, 132, 137, 138–9, role of feminism in education 149–50, 157, 164n29 reform, 106–7, 116–18, 121 Hislop, H., 361 schooling for working class girls, Hore, Harriette, 149 108–114 Howard, John, 141 Girls Orphanage (Dublin), 2 Howley, E., 134, 165n38 Goffsbridge, 141 Hullah method, 58–9, 78n40 Grace, Br. Austin, 93 Hume, John , 218, 232n103 Greer, Germaine, 214 Hussey, Gemma (Minister for Grey, Sir George, 69 Education), 279, 281–2, Grey, Maria, 117, 121 286, 287–8 INDEX 387

Hyland, A., 18, 19–20, 301 Joyce, Patrick W., A Handbook of Hyland, William, 244, 253 School Management , 19, 72

I K Inglis, Henry, 95 Kavanagh, Catherine, 4, 321–35 inspectors, 359–77 Kavanagh, James, 81n74 incidental inspections, 362 Mixed Education-the Catholic Case role in school system, 16–17, 375 stated , 67 Intermediate Certifi cate examination, Keenan, Sir Patrick, 63, 70, 73, 134–5, 137, 304, 315 79n61, 134, 174n167 intermediate education system Kennedy, Patrick, 139–41, 150 (1878–1922), 129–61, 162n10, Kennelly, Brendan, 218, 232n 104 163n14 Kent, Edmond, 342–4, 345–8 state involvement, 133–4 Keogh, Dáire, 2, 5, 83–99 Investment in Education OECD Kidd, Dr. George, 184 survey, 24–5, 225, 242–6, 253, Kildare Place Society (KPS), 9, 16, 52, 259, 274, 283–4, 289, 304 58, 73, 74, 77n18, 89, 109–110, Irish Christian Brothers, 2, 5, 8, 66, 141–2, 361 83–99, 113 Killanin Report, 158–9 educational principles, 88–92, 94 Manual of School Government , 90–92, 95 L Presentation Rule, 89 labour colleges, 341–2, 352 . See also Irish language Catholic Workers’ College (CWC) Bilingual Programme, 20, 22 Lancaster, Joseph, 46, 56, 89, 90, curriculum developments following 100n21 Independence, 21–3, 23–4 learning diffi culties, provisions in linking competence in Irish to education, 181–98 increments and ratings, 24, 270 Leaving Certifi cate examination, revivalist policy in schools, 1, 3–4, 41n101, 205, 230n52, 237, 305, 13, 15, 20, 21–3, 24, 28, 236, 315 267–71, 367 Leman, Père, 143, 144 Irish National Teachers’ Organisation Lemass, Séan, 238–9, 251, 272, 276 (INTO) , 17, 82n88, 372 Lenihan, Brian, 279, 284 role in education reform, 268, 274, Lennon, Colm , 84–5 281, 282 Lethbridge, Mabel, 149 Limond, David, 3, 6, 339–53 literacy, impact of national school J system on rates, 11, 18, 28 Jellett, Lily, 148–9 Lucey, Bishop Cornelius, 278 Jellicoe, Anne, 117, 119 Luddy, M., 112 388 INDEX

Lynch, Finian (Minister for Marlborough Street Institution, 46, Education), 268, 269, 274 47, 48–9, 50–51, 53–60, 62, 67, Lynch, Jack, 240, 251, 272, 275, 278 70–71, 111 Lynch, Patrick, 218–19, 232n105, Marshall, Jane, 146 244 M’Arthur, Dr. Arthur Alexander, Lyon, Stanley, 151 52–3, 56 Martin, Micheál (Minister for Education), 283, 284, 285, 287, M 288 MacMahon, Bryan, 212 Masonic schools, 2 The Master , 129–30 Maurin, Peter, 343 MacNeill, Eoin (Minister for Maybury, Frances, 149 Education), 270, 281, 288, Mercy Sisters, 8, 66 292n78, 364 introduction of pupil teachers, 68 MacPherson Education Bill, 268, 281 Methodist schools, 96–7 Madaus, G.F., 365 Meyer, Kuno, 178n203 Magray, M.P., 94 Midleton College (Cork), 147 McAuley, Catherine, 232n95 Milne, Kenneth, 2, 18, 141–2 McDermid, Jane, 5, 105–122 Minister for Education, 5, 203 McDermott, William, 52 model schools, 46, 46–7, 48–53, McElligott, T.J., This Teaching Life , 76n15 129–30 development of district network, McGahern, John, 219 60–64, 70 McGauley, Rev. James William, 57–8, development of Infant Model 60 School , 59–60 MacGearailt, Séan, 242–3, 251, 252 Molony Report (1919), 157–9, McGilligan, Patrick, 277–8 179n227 McGrath, E.J., 240 Molony, Thomas, 175 McInerney, John, 242–3 Monahan, Jane, 4 MacIntyre, Alasdair, After Virtue , 324 monitorial system, 46, 52, 89–90 McKenna, Jane Agnes, 218 Moran, Frances, 148 McKenna, Thomas Patrick, 219, More, Hannah, 145–6 232n108 Mount Sackville School (Dublin), McMahon, Maurice, Mr Mac , 129–30 139–40, 167n67, 227n16 McManus, Antonia, 2, 5–6, 267–89 Moylan, Seán, 274–5, 278 McNamara, Gerry, 4, 359–77 Muckross Park Girls’ School (Dublin), McNamara, Rev. John, 271 4, 231n78 McQuaid, Archbishop John Charles, Muintir na Tíre, 344 2, 252 Mulcahy, General Richard (Minister Mahon, Jack, 233n122 for Education), 236, 271, 274, Manson, David, 182 278, 286 Marist Order, 207–8 multidenominational schools, 25 INDEX 389

Murphy, W.M., 141 8, 9, 10, 11–16 ; cultural, Murray, Archbishop Daniel, 66, 97, 98 15–16 ; economic, 14–15 ; political, 13, 28 ; religious, 11–12, 28 ; social, 13–14, 28 N failure of mixed denominational Nagle, Margaret, 172n153 principle, 10, 29, 48, 69–73, Nagle, Nano, 88, 163n22, 228n24 72–5, 134 National Board, 5, 9–10, 45–75, 89, post-Independence curricula 122 . See also teachers, teacher developments, 8, 13, 21–3, 28, training 31–3, 375 establishment, 9–10, 45–6, 110 ; Primary Certifi cate , 23, 185, 187, central training institution 245, 270, 274, 367, 371, 372, (Marlborough Street), 46–51, 376 53–60, 62, 67, 70–71, 111 ; Primary School Curriculum district model schools, 46–7 ; (1971) , 8, 24–6, 29, 33, 248, in-service graded examination 373 programme, 47, 64–6 Primary School Curriculum (1999) , graded lesson books, 48, 52–3, 27, 29, 33 56–7, 65 pupil-teacher training, 24, 41n101, use of untrained teachers, 47–8, 136 61–2, 64–5 National College of Industrial Revised Programme of Instruction Relations (NCIR) (1900) , 7, 19–21, 31 National College of Ireland (NCI), Stanley Letter , 9–11, 17, 45–6, 340–41 . See also Catholic 76n5, 363, 372 Workers’ College New Education Movement in Europe, National Institutes of Higher 28 Education (NIHEs), 255, 258, Normal Establishment . See teachers, 279–80 education national schools, 375 . See also Norman, Dr. Connolly, 183 Gaelscoileanna; Normoyle, M.C., 92 multidenominational schools; National Board attendance legislation, 20 O Catholic Church’s dominant O’Brien, Hannah, 167n68 position in schools system, Ó Broin, León, 269 11–12, 28–9, 155 Ó Buachalla, S., 249, 364 establishment of national system O’Callaghan, Dr. Finbarr, 242, (1831–1872), 7, 8–11, 16–17, 262n37 134 O’Connell, T.J., 281, 371, 376–7 evolution of system, 7–35 O’Connell, Winifred, 167n68 factors impacting upon the O’Connor, Anne, 115 development of school system, O’Connor, Patrick P., 372, 377 390 INDEX

O’Connor, Séan, 240, 243, 244, 250, Orpen, Charles, 183–4 251, 253 O’Sullivan, Clare, 3–4 Ó Cuilleanáin, Tomás, 273, 291n43 O’Sullivan, Daniel, 71 O’Doherty, Rev. E.F., 267–8 O’Sullivan, Denis, 238 O’Donnell, F.H., 152–4, 157, O’Sullivan, John Marcus, 270, 274–5, 160–61, 173n163 281, 288, 292n78 The Ruin of Education in Ireland , Owen, Jacob, 54 152–4 Owen, James H., 79n56 O’Donoghue, Martin, 244 O’Donoghue, Paul, 193–4, 287 O’Donoghue, Tom, 3, 15 P OECD (Organisation for Economic parents, role in schools system, 12, Co-operation and Development), 267, 281 239, 282, 289, 304 Parkes, Susan M., 5, 45–75, 105, 120, infl uence on education policy, 284, 122 289, 304 Parkinson, Henry, 341 Investment in Education survey, Peacock, Alan, 242 242–3, 244–6, 253, 259, 274, Peacock, Patrick, 151 283–4, 289, 304 performance tables, schools system, Ó Floinn, Tomás, 248, 262n37 374, 376 O’Flynn, Edward, 91, 93 Pestalozzi, Johann Heinrich, 56, O’Flynn, Grainne, 119 184 O’Hara, Joe, 4, 359–77 Pim, Jonathan, 184 O’Hea, Leo, 341, 347 Plater, Charles Dominic, 341 O’Heidean, E., 361 Plater College, 341–2 O’Higgins, Kevin, 269 Pollok, Dr. Johanna, 271 O’Kelly, John J. (Minister for post-primary schools system . See Education), 268, 269 intermediate schools system; Oldham, Alice, 119, 120, 127n68 secondary schools system O’Malley, Donogh (Minister for Powis Royal Commission of Inquiry Education), 6, 15, 239, 250–53, (1870) , 17, 47, 49, 65, 69–73, 255–6, 274, 276, 279, 286–7, 174n167, 364 289, 296n146, 312 Presentation Sisters, 8, 88 O’Meara, John J., 237–8, 275, 286 Primary Certifi cate , 23, 185, 187, O’Neill, Joseph, 271, 278 245, 270, 274, 367, 371, 372, Ó Nualláin, Pádraig, 244, 253 376 Ó Raifeartaigh, Tarlach, 243, 252, 273 primary school system . See national O’Reilly, Tony, 219 schools O’Rourke, Mary, 288 . See also Protestant Church, declining numbers, Gaelscoileanna; 12 multidenominational schools; pupils, personal accounts of school life, National Board 130, 147–51 INDEX 391

Q St. Mary’s College (Clonakilty), 208 Quaker school (Newtown, Co. St. Mary’s College (Dundalk), 151 Waterford), 2, 135, 137–8, 147, St. Michael’s House, 186 148–9, 163n14 St. Paul’s College (Dublin), 170n106 Qualifi cations Act (1999), education Sandymount High School (Dublin), 2 reform, 288 Santa Sabina (Dublin), 151, 171–2n143 Quinn, Ruairi, 219 Schools system . See also education reform; intermediate education system; national schools; R secondary schools; teachers Raftery, Deirdre, 105, 121, 122 . See attendance legislation, 20 also Gaelscoileanna; capitation funding, 135, 137 multidenominational schools; church infl uence, 2, 11–12, 152–3, National Board Randles, Sr. 155 Eileen, 238 corporal punishment, 208, 211–13, Rasmussen, Werner, 242 286–7 ; abolition (1982), 29 reform, creation of modern education developments in special education, system . See education reform 4, 181–98, 273, 287 ; state regional technical colleges, 241, 255, engagement, 186–90 278–9, 280, 305, 312–14 employment of lay teachers, 143–5, registration, teachers, 147, 154, 152–3, 155 175n181, 204 impact of intellectual movements, 2, Rice, Edmund Ignatius, 83–99, 13, 28 163n22, 229n35 payment by results system, 7, educational principles, 88–92, 94 17–18, 28, 65, 80n68, 134–5, Rinehart, A.D., 220 135–6, 138, 152, 156, 160–61, Rintoul, John , 56, 71 359, 365–6, 371, 376–7 Roche, Mary, 167n68 performance tables, 374, 376 Rochelle School (Cork), 145–7, 149 post independence administrations, Russell, Michael S., 365 1, 21–3 Ryland, Richard, 93–4 power of education in shaping polity , 84, 85–6 relationship with nationalism, 1, 21–3 S role of women in education, 2 St. Andrew’s College (Dublin), 144–5 secondary schools system, 204–226 . St. Columba’s College (Derry), 217 See also intermediate school St. Columba’s College (Dublin), 3, system 213 choice of subjects, 216 St. Kieran’s College (Kilkenny), corporal punishment, 212–13, 225, 137–8, 139, 142–3, 163n14, 228–9n33, 230n70 168n94, 174–5n173 impact of teaching Religious, St. Malachy’s (Belfast), 157 214–15, 225 392 INDEX

Sheehy, Edward, 60 payment by results system, 7, Shevlin, Michael, 4, 181–98 17–18, 28, 65, 80n68, 134–5, Sikes, P., 219 135–6, 138, 152, 156, Sinnott, Jamie, 193, 194 160–61, 359, 365–6, 371, Sion Hill Dominican Convent, 210 376–7 Slattery, Joseph, 145 personal accounts of teaching Society for the Preservation of the practice, 129–34, 203–226 Irish Language (1876), 15, rating ‘voucher’ system, 368–71, 38n53 . See also education reform; 372, 376, 377 intermediate education system; recollections by non-teachers, national schools; secondary 218–19 schools; teachers recollections of own teachers, Somers, Mary, 167n68 217–18 souperism, 97–8 registration, 147, 154, 175n181, Special needs . See schools system; 204 schools system, developments in social restrictions, 20–21, 34–5 special education teacher education, 45–75, 155–7, Stanley Letter , 9–11, 17, 45–6, 47–8, 231n79 ; (1831–1872), 17–18 ; 76n5, 363, 372 (1872–1900), 18–20 ; (1900– Starkie, William J.M., 19, 20–21 1922), 20–21 ; (1922–1971), State Certifi cate examinations, 373–4, 23–4 ; (1971–1999), 26–7 ; 376 . See also Group Certifi cate; in-service education, 27, 47, Intermediate Certifi cate; Leaving 48, 64–6, 80n67 ; Stanley Certifi cate; Primary Certifi cate Letter , 45–6, 47–8, 372 Stephens, T.A., 135–6, 154, 156–7, technical education, 6, 237 158, 160 third-level education, 242 Stewart’s Institute, 184 changes in university ethos, 321–35, Sugrue, C., 26 331–2 Sullivan, Professor Robert, 56–7, 60, corporatisation of universities, 71 3221–324 Sutton, Hilda, 150 evolution of curriculum, 327–30 Sweetman, Marjory, 150 origins of university, 324–6, 331 perception of standards decline, 322 T Tod, Isabella, 117–18, 119, 120 teachers, 3, 12 . See also National Board training institutes, 6 abolishment of marriage ban, 240, Trench, Dr Richard Chenevix, 272, 291n35 115–16, 117 accountability, 4, 16, 359–77 Troy, Archbishop John Thomas, 87 career choice motivations, 219–21 Tucker, Imelda, 231 number of untrained teachers, 47–8, Tynan, Katherine, 153 136, 272 Tyrone House, 53–4 INDEX 393

U Walsh, Brendan, 1–6, 129–61, Universities Act (1997), education 203–226 reform, 288, 321 Walsh, John, 5–6, 235–60 Walsh, Oonagh, 107 Walsh, Tom, 4–5, 7–35, 121 V Walshe, John, 144 Vevers, John, 361 Ward, Piers, 144–5, 160 Victoria College (Belfast), 117–18, Warnock Report, 191–2 . See also 119, 136–7, 154, 161 National Board Vocational education, 6, 237, 276–7, Whately, Archbishop Richard, 57, 67, 278, 297–316 78n34 adult education, 303, 305–7, 315 Whitaker, T.K., 238–9, 243, 251 apprenticeship education, White, G.K., 3, 162n2, 171n142 309–311 The Last Word , 129–30 continuation education, 299–303, White, H.M., 154 315 ; urban and rural Whittaker, Ken, 219, 232n110 distinctions, 300–301, 315 Wilderspin, Samuel, 56, 59 further education, 307–9, 315–16 Wilson, John (Minister for Education), higher technical education, 312–14, 282, 293n88 316 Wiseman, Brother John, 91 integration of secondary and Woods, Elizabeth, 148 vocational schools, 249–50, workers’ education . See labour 253–4, 276 colleges; vocational education introduction, 297–9 Wyse, Thomas, 133

W Y Wall, M. , 172–3n157 Young, Thomas Urry, 59