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A Descriptive Catalogue of the Marine Reptiles of the Oxford Clay

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A Descriptive Catalogue of the Marine Reptiles of the Oxford Clay Britisb museum (natural RistorpX This is No. /Zs>..... ^f ^5 copies of the '^Descriptive Catalogue of the Marine Reptiles of the Oxford Clayf Pt. 1, printed on special paper. PRESENTED BY Z\)Z trustees OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM. ///^/^ I ! I o H ft CO f— o 1— CD O ;>< o R •A o O R > K O o R o Oh % t— ; A DESCRIPTIYE CATALOGUE OF THE MARINE REPTILES OF THE OXFORD CLAY, BASED ON THE LEEDS COLLECTION IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), LONDON. PART I. BY CHARLES WILLIAM ANDREWS, D.Sc, F.R.S. LONDON: ^l^^Go FEINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM. SOLD BY LONGMANS & Co., 39 PATERNOSTER ROW, E.G.; B. QDARITCH, 11 GRAFTON STREET, NEW BOND STREET, W. ; DULAU & Co., Ltd., 37 SOHO SQUARE, W. AND AT THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), CROMWELL ROAD, S.W. 1910. (All rights reserved.) ALEBE FLAMMAH. PUIKTED BT TATLOE AND FI'-AKCIS, RED LION COUKT, FLEET STREET. PREFACE. During the past twenty years the British Museum has gradually acquired the fine collection of Eeptilian skeletons obtained by the Messrs. Leeds, of Eyebury, from the Oxford Clay in the neighbourhood of Peterborough. Most of the specimens represent marine Reptiles of the Orders Ichthyopterygia, Sauropterygia, and Crocodilia; and the associated sets of bones have been extricated from the rock with so much skill and care that they aiford an unique opportunity for acquiring a good general knowledge of the Reptilian fauna existing in the Upper Jurassic sea. Dr. Charles W. Andrews has therefore been entrusted with the preparation of a Descriptive Catalogue of the collection, and it is hoped that his exhaustive work will form a iiseful basis for future researches in the same field. The separate bones of many of these reptiles have now been studied and described as thoroughly and satisfactorily as if they were from freshly-macerated skeletons ; and it is only to be regretted that a considerable proportion of the specimens are too much distorted by crushing in the soft moist clay to allow of any exact measurements. The variations observed in the difi^erent individuals of some species are especially noteworthy ; and the growth-stages traceable in certain parts, such as the Elasmosauriau shoulder-girdle, are also of great interest. In accomplishing his task Dr. Andrews has been much assisted by Mr. Alfred N. Leeds, who made the greater part of the collection, and has given the Museum the benefit of his long experience. Part I. contains the account of the Ichthyosaurs and Plesiosaurs. Part IL will be devoted to the Pliosaurs and Crocodiles. A. SMITH WOODSYARD. Depaetment of Geologt, Beitish Museum (Natueal Histohy), ISth Julv, 1910. a2 INTRODUCTION. Nearly all the remains of the marine Reptilia of the Oxford Clay enumerated and described in this Catalogue, were collected from the numerous clay-pits near Peter- borough worked for the making of bricks, an industry that is extensively carried on in that neighbourhood. A few of the earlier specimens were discovered by Mr. Charles E. Leeds, M.A., but the greater pai't of the collection was made by his brother, Mr. Alfred N. Leeds, F.G.S., of Eyebury, who soon became associated with him. It is more than forty years since the collection was begun by Mr. Charles E. Leeds, and some of his first discoveries were described and figured by Phillips in his ' Geology of Oxford and the Valley of the Thames,' published in 187L He left for New Zealand in 1887, but his brother has continued the work to the present day with the most astonishing results. Both in the number of species represented and in the perfect preser- vation of their remains, the Leeds Collection far surpasses any other single collection of Mesozoic Vertebrates, especially one in which all the specimens are from one horizon and from a restricted area. Not only marine forms, bnt remains of terrestrial reptiles, including several species of Dinosaurs, have been obtained. In nearly all cases the specimens have been collected with extreme care, usually by Mr. Leeds himself, the bones of the different parts of the skeleton being numbered and packed in separate parcels. Frequently, portions of the skeleton, such as the skull or limb-girdles, can only be extricated from the clay in fragments, but these have been reunited with the greatest skill and patience by Mr. Leeds. 'J"he consequence of this care is that, in the case of some of the more nearly complete and uncrushed skeletons, it has been possible to mount the bones in their natural relations vi MAEINE EEPTILES OF THE OXFOED CLAY. as easily as if tliey had been obtained by the maceration of a fresh carcass. A notable instance of this is the fine skeleton (E. 2860) of Cryptocleidus oxoniensis, which is figured on the Frontispiece and forms the basis of the restoration given in text-figure 94 on page 188. In this case, as in many others, the bones, whicli all belong to a single individual, are uncrushed and undistorted. Often, however, the skeletons have been subjected to great pressure, and have thus been extensively fractured and deformed. Unfortunately the skulls are especially liable to injury, and therefore any specimens approaching completeness are very rare. Occasionally the whole skeleton or portions of it are embedded in an intensely hard pyritous clay, and when this is the case all attempts at clearing away the matrix are usually hopeless. Another cause of the imperfection of many of the skeletons seems to have been the dismemberment of the carcasses by carnivorous reptiles, probably some of the Crocodiles and Pliosaurs whose remains are also common in the Oxford Clay. Bones are often found scored across by deep grooves, obviously cut by sharply pointed teeth. Moreover, the curious manner in which whole sections of the skeleton, as, for example, a limb, are sometimes wanting in otherwise nearly complete specimens, or, on the other hand, the occurrence of isolated paddles and other parts of the skeleton, seems to show that the dismember- ment occurred while the bones were still united by the soft tissues. A notable instance of this incompleteness is seen in the case of the portions of the skeleton of the giant Dinosaur, Cctiosaurus leedsi, described and figured by Dr. A. S. Woodward (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1905). In this specimen, the skull, the whole of the vertebral column in front of the sacral region, the left fore limb and the right hind limb, as well as the iscliia and pubes, are wanting, while the left hind limb is almost complete, even to the phalanges, also the right fore limb except the manus ; the vertebral column of the tail, again, is represented by two series of successive and complete vertebras, an anterior series of about 27, and a posterior one of 10, while the intervening portion is entirely absent. Although careful search and extensive excavations have been made, none of the missing parts have been found, and such absence of whole sections of the body seems to be best explained by supposing the carcass to have been dismembered while the bones were still united. The horizon at which these reptilian bones occur is that characterised by the presence of the *' Ornatus'' group of Ammonites, one of the species most commonly found in actual association with the bones being Cosmoceras gulielmii. — INTEODTJCTION. TU J. Sowerby [ = Am7no)iifes jason,liemecke, s^)., ^de Oppel). Many other species of Cephalopods have been collected in the beds by Mr. Thurlow Leeds and others, the most important being Cardioceras lamherti, C. serratum, Cosmoceras spinosum, C. duncani, C. ornatuvi, Peltoceras atlileta, P. wilUamsoni, var., Asjndoceras per- armaUim, Quenstedtoceras maricB, and Belemnites oweni. The horizon at which these forms occur is described by English stratigraphers as the Lower Oxford Clay *. By continental geologists strata of the same age would be called Upper, or Middle and Upper Callovian, but, as Mr. H. B. Woodward f has remarked in the memoir referred to below, "This seems a quite unwarranted stretching of a formation to suit local stratigraphy and in defiance of its original significance." Accordingly the horizon in which the reptilian remains are found is here called the Lower Oxford Clay (Middle Oxfordian). The general succession of the beds of this age in Northamptonshire has been described by Prof. J. W. Judd ;|; under divisions b-e as follows : (/) Zone of Ammonites cordatus. (e) Clays with Ammonites of the group o£ the Ornati. Dark blue clays with nodules o£ pyrites and numerous pyritic Ammonites, including A. ornatus, A. duncani, A. lakci'ice, and A. athleta, and also Waldheimia imjyressa. Dug in brickj-ards about Whittlesey^ at Thorney, and Eye Green. [d) Clays with Belemnites hastatus. i51ue clays with many fossils found in Division c, but characterised by the abundance of B. hastatus. Dug at Werrington, Ramsey, and Eyebury. (c) Clays with Belemnites oweni. Dark blue clays and shales with B. oweni, often of gigantic size. Gri/pluea dilatata occurs, but is more plentiful in the beds above. Saurians and fishes occur^ and masses of lignite, sometimes converted into jet, are found. Exposed in brickyards at Standground, Fletton, and Woodstone, near Peterborough, and at Connington, Luddington, and Great Gidding. (6) Clays with Nucula. Laminated blue shales with compressed Ammonites and Nucula nuda. Dug at Haddon, HolmCj south of Peterborough, and at Eyebury to the north-east. (a) Zone of Ammonites calloviensis. * See 'Memoirs of Geol. Survey of the "United Kingdom—The Jurassic Eocks of Britain,' vol. v. "The Middle and Upper Oolitic Eocks of England," by H. B. Woodward (1895) p. 8. t Tom. cit. p. 9. t ' Geology of Eutland ' (1875) p.
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