DOCSLIB.ORG

Wastewater Treatment and Its Process Dr

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Wastewater Treatment and Its Process Dr Wastewater Treatment and Its Process Dr. Sai Bhavani Sevella¹, Saileja Sevella² 1Assistant Professor, Department of Environmental science, Nizam College, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India. 2Assistant Professor, Department of Business Management, University College for women, Koti, Hyderabad, Telangana, India. Abstract: Waste water is the used water, wastewater treatment as water use because it is so interconnected with the other uses of water. Much of the water used by homes, industries, and businesses must be treated before it is released back to the Environment. Nature has an amazing ability to cope with small amounts of water wastes and pollution, but it would be overwhelmed if we didn't treat the billions of gallons of wastewater and sewage produced every day before releasing it back to the environment. Water treatment plants reduce pollutants in wastewater to a level nature can handle. In this paper, the focus is on wastewater treatment and process of treating sewage water. Keywords: Environment, Pollutants, Treatment plants, Wastewater. 1 Introduction Wastewater (or waste water) is any water that has been contaminated by human use. Wastewater is "used water from any combination of domestic, industrial, commercial or agricultural activities, surface runoff or storm water, and any sewer inflow or sewer infiltration". Therefore, wastewater is a by product of domestic, industrial, commercial or agricultural activities. The characteristics of wastewater vary depending on the source. Types of wastewater include: domestic wastewater from households, municipal wastewater from communities (also called sewage) and industrial wastewater. Wastewater can contain physical, chemical and biological pollutants. Households may produce wastewater from flush toilets, sinks, dishwashers, washing machines, bath tubs, and showers. Households that use dry toilets produce less wastewater than those that use flush toilets. Wastewater may be conveyed in a sanitary sewer that conveys only sewage. Alternatively, wastewater can be transported in a combined sewer that conveys both storm water runoff and sewage, and possibly also industrial wastewater. After treatment at a wastewater treatment plant, treated wastewater (also called effluent) is discharged to a receiving water body. The terms "wastewater 126 | P a g e reuse" and "water reclamation" apply if the treated waste is used for another purpose. Wastewater that is discharged to the environment without suitable treatment can cause water pollution. In developing countries and in rural areas with low population densities, wastewater is often treated by various on-site sanitation systems and not conveyed in sewers. These systems include septic tanks connected to drain fields, on-site sewage systems (OSS), vermifilter systems and many more. Wastewater treatment is a process used to remove contaminants from wastewater or sewage and convert it into an effluent than can be returned to the water cycle with minimum impact on the environment, or directly reused. The latter is called water reclamation because treated wastewater can be used for other purposes. The treatment process takes place in a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), often referred to as a Water Resource Recovery Facility (WRRF) or a Sewage Treatment Plant (STP). Pollutants in municipal wastewater (households and small industries) are removed or broken down. The treatment of wastewater is part of the overarching field of sanitation. Sanitation also includes the management of human waste and solid waste as well as storm water (drainage) management. By-products from wastewater treatment plants, such as screenings, grit and sewage sludge may also be treated in a wastewater treatment plant. Objectives of the study To study about wastewater treatment and the process of wastewater treatment. To know about the type of wastewater to be treated and to know about the sources of wastewater Why Treat Wastewater? It's a matter of caring for our environment and for our own health. There are a lot of good reasons why keeping our water clean is an important priority: FISHERIES: Clean water is critical to plants and animals that live in water. This is important to the fishing industry, sport fishing enthusiasts, and future generations. WILDLIFE HABITATS: Our rivers and ocean waters teem with life that depends on shoreline, beaches and marshes. They are critical habitats for hundreds of species of fish and other aquatic life. Migratory water birds use the areas for resting and feeding. RECREATION AND QUALITY OF LIFE: Water is a great playground for us all. The scenic and recreational values of our waters are reasons many people choose to live where they do. Visitors are drawn to water activities such as swimming, fishing, boating and picnicking. HEALTH CONCERNS: If it is not properly cleaned, water can carry disease. Since we live, work and play so close to water, harmful bacteria have to be removed to make water safe. 127 | P a g e 2 Review of Literature a) Wastewater is usually a combination of one or more of the following which makes it polluted water: Domestic effluent consisting of black water (excreta, urine and faecal sludge, i.e. toilet wastewater) and grey-water (kitchen and bathing wastewater). Water from commercial establishments and institutions, including hospitals. Industrial effluent where present. Storm-water and other urban run-off. b) Wastewater is the water which has already been used and carries organic pollutants. 1 Effects of wastewater pollutants , Sources and process of wastewater Effects of wastewater pollutants If wastewater is not properly treated, then the environment and human health can be negatively impacted. These impacts can include harm to fish and wildlife populations, oxygen depletion, beach closures and other restrictions on recreational water use, restrictions on fish and shellfish harvesting and contamination of drinking water. Environment Canada provides some examples of pollutants that can be found in wastewater and the potentially harmful effects these substances can have on ecosystems and human health: Decaying organic matter and debris can use up the dissolved oxygen in a lake so fish and other aquatic biota cannot survive; Excessive nutrients, such as phosphorus and nitrogen (including ammonia), can cause eutrophication, or over-fertilization of receiving waters, which can be toxic to aquatic 128 | P a g e organisms, promote excessive plant growth, reduce available oxygen, harm spawning grounds, alter habitat and lead to a decline in certain species; Chlorine compounds and inorganic chloramines can be toxic to aquatic invertebrates, algae and fish; Bacteria, viruses and disease-causing pathogens can pollute beaches and contaminate shellfish populations, leading to restrictions on human recreation, drinking water consumption and shellfish consumption; Metals, such as mercury, lead, cadmium, chromium and arsenic can have acute and chronic toxic effects on species. Other substances such as some pharmaceutical and personal care products, primarily entering the environment in wastewater effluents, may also pose threats to human health, aquatic life and wildlife. Sources Sources of wastewater include the following domestic or household activities: Human excreta (feces, urine, blood and other bodily fluids) often mixed with used toilet paper or wet wipes; this is known as black water if it is collected from flush toilets Washing water (personal hygiene, clothes, floors, dishes, cars, etc.), also known as grey water or sullage Surplus manufactured liquids from domestic sources (drinks, cooking oil, pesticides, lubricating oil, paint, cleaning detergents, etc.) Activities producing industrial wastewater include: Industrial site drainage (silt, sand, alkali, oil, chemical residues); Industrial cooling waters (biocides, heat, slimes, silt) Industrial processing waters Organic or biodegradable waste including waste from hospitals, abattoirs, creameries, and food factories. Organic or non-bio-degradable waste that is difficult-to-treat from pharmaceutical or pesticide manufacturing Extreme pH waste from acid and alkali manufacturing Toxic waste from metal plating, cyanide production, pesticide manufacturing, etc. 129 | P a g e Solids and emulsions from paper mills, factories producing lubricants or hydraulic oils, foodstuffs, etc. Water used in hydraulic fracturing Produced water from oil & natural gas production. Other related activities or events: Urban runoff from highways, roads, railway tracks, car parks, roofs, pavements (contains oils, animal feces/manure, food waste, litter, petrol, diesel or rubber residues from tyres, soapscum, metals from vehicle exhausts, de-icing agents, herbicides and pesticides from gardens, etc.) Agricultural pollution, direct and diffuse Wastewater can be diluted or mixed with other types of water through the following mechanisms: Seawater ingress (high volumes of salt and microbes) Direct ingress of river water Rainfall collected on roofs, yards, hard-standings, etc. (generally clean with traces of oils and fuel) Groundwater infiltrated into sewage Mixing with other types of wastewater or fecalsludge Process of wastewater Biological processes can be employed in the treatment of wastewater and these processes may include, for example, aerated lagoons, activated sludge or slow sand filters. To be effective, sewage must be conveyed to a treatment plant by appropriate pipes and infrastructure and the process itself must be subject to regulation
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Preliminary Close-Out Report (PCOR) Documents That the Construction Activities for the Avtex Fibers Superfund Site (Site) Have Been Completed
    SUPERFUND PRELIMINARY CLOSE-OUT REPORT Avtex Fibers Superfund Site Front Royal, Warren County, Virginia EPA ID VAD0070358684 I. INTRODUCTION This Preliminary Close-out Report (PCOR) documents that the construction activities for the Avtex Fibers Superfund Site (Site) have been completed. This determination was conducted in compliance with the Close-out Procedures for National Priorities List Sites (OSWER Directive 9320.2-22, May 2011). The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Commonwealth ofVirginia conducted a pre-final inspection on July 1, 2014 and determined that the potentially responsible pru.ty (PRP) constructed the remedy in accordance with approved design plans and specifications. No additional construction activities are anticipated. The PRPs have initiated activities necessary to achieve performance standards and site completion. II. SUMMARY OF SITE CONDITIONS Background The A vtex Fibers Superfund Site is a former rayon manufacturing facility consisting of approximately 440 acres, located in Front Royal, Virginia. The Norfolk Southern railroad runs through the middle of the Site separating the former production facilities on the eastern side of the railroad tracks from the disposal units located on the western side of the railroad tracks. Residential areas are located to the east, south and north of the property boundaries. The South Fork Shenandoah River is located along the western portion of the property. The location of the Site is shown on Figure 1. A photo of the Site taken in May 2014 from an overlook in Skyline Drive in Shenandoah Park is provided in Appendix 1. The Site was proposed for the National Priorities List (NPL) on October 15, 1984 (49 FR 40320) and listed on the NPL on June 10, 1986 (51 -FR 21 054) due to the discovery of groundwater contamination in residential wells, and the first ROD, selecting a "pump and treat" remedy for groundwater, was issued in September 1988.
    [Show full text]
  • Wastewater Treatment Technologies List.Cdr
    GK.TAMILGOD.ORG List Of Wastewater Treatment TECHNOLOGIES TECHNOLOGIES G K . T A M I L G O D . O R G G K . TA M I L G O D . O R G A Ta m i l Q A P o r t a l . Wastewater Treatment Technologies Activated sludge model Activated sludge systems Adsorption/Bio-oxidation process Advanced oxidation process Aerated lagoon Aerobic granular reactor Aerobic granular sludge technology Aerobic granulation Aerobic treatment system Anaerobic clarigester Anaerobic digester types Anaerobic digestion Anaerobic filter Anaerobic lagoon Anammox API oil-water separator Belt filter Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels Biofilters Bioreactor Bioretention Biorotor Capacitive deionization Carbon filtering Cesspit Chemical addition wastewater treatment Clarifier Coarse bubble diffusers Composting toilet Constructed wetland Cross-flow filtration Dark fermentation Decentralized wastewater system Diffuser (sewage) Page 01 G K . TA M I L G O D . O R G A Ta m i l Q A P o r t a l . G K . TA M I L G O D . O R G A Ta m i l Q A P o r t a l . Wastewater Treatment Technologies Dissolved air flotation Dissolved gas flotation Desalination Distillation EcocyclET systems Electrocoagulation Electrodeionization Electrodialysis Electrolysis Enhanced biological phosphorus removal Expanded granular sludge bed digestion Extended aeration Facultative lagoon Fenton's reagent Filtration Fine bubble diffusers Flocculation & sedimentation Flotation process Forward osmosis Froth flotation Hydrocyclone Imhoff tank Induced gas flotation Ion exchange Lamella clarifier (inclined plate clarifier)[1] Living machines Maceration (sewage) Media filter Membrane bioreactor Membrane distillation Membrane fouling Microbial fuel cell Microflotation Moving bed biofilm reactor Page 02 G K .
    [Show full text]
  • The Usage of Domestic Water Filtration Systems in Malaysia
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by University of Southern Queensland ePrints University of Southern Queensland Faculty of Engineering and Surveying The Usage of Domestic Water Filtration Systems in Malaysia A dissertation submitted by LAW BEE BEE In fulfillment of the requirements of Courses ENG4111 and 4112 Research Project towards the degree of Bachelor of Civil Engineering Submitted: October, 2005 ABSTRACT Water is closely related to human health as there is about 70% of water found in human bodies. In the recent years, consumers are concern about the quality of tap water due to the water pollution issues published in the mass media. Manufacturers and distributors of domestic water treatment systems took this opportunity to promote their own water filtration systems. Different types of domestic water treatment systems have been introduced to the public. In this research project, six types of domestic treatment methods were identified, namely activated carbon filter, membrane filter, reverse osmosis system, distillation system, ultraviolet light system and combination unit. The theories and technologies involved in each type of water treatment system are being studied. From the literature review, the mechanisms involved are convincing and almost ideal. In order to investigate the effectiveness of each water treatment system, laboratory experiments have been conducted to justify the reported results. The laboratory experiments take into account parameters such as apparent colour, turbidity, total free chlorine, total aluminium, total iron and total chromium. Three samples of each treatment method are collected in order to obtain the average value. The percentage removal of each parameter is obtained by taking readings before and after treatment.
    [Show full text]
  • A Study of the Fluid Dynamics Involved in Water Purification
    Project Number: MQP 4501_MQF_B11 A STUDY OF THE FLUID DYNAMICS INVOLVED IN WATER PURIFICATION METHODS WITH REVERSE-OSMOSIS by Shane Bellingham, Robert Flaherty, Daniel Metcalf, Alex Pittera, Jose Sosa, and Garret Yablonski A Major Qualifying Project Submitted to the Faculty of the WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering ______________________ _______________________ _____________________ Shane Bellingham Robert Flaherty Daniel Metcalf ______________________ _______________________ _____________________ Alex Pittera Jose Sosa Garret Yablonski APPROVED: DECEMBER 2011 _______________________________ Professor M.S. Fofana, Major Advisor Mechanical Engineering Department ABSTRACT The purpose of the report is to analyze the most promising methods for distilling pure water from otherwise unusable water: reverse osmosis with several stages of preprocessing. By forcing the intake water through a fine membrane the system removes the need for heat, hence combustion, to be used to purify the water. High pressures in the filtration process allow a person to utilize salt water, which comprises almost all of the available water on the planet, and also waste water to create a distillate which is safely consumable by a human and for use in electronic cooling systems. Eliminating fuel consumption in the system decreases cost significantly and creates an environmentally friendly system out of a process usually responsible for the release of large quantities of greenhouse gases. Preprocessing allows even the most polluted waters to safely be passed through the membranes without the destruction normally caused by chemical pollutants found in many freshwater areas. To increase the efficiency of the system, the fluid dynamics through the pipes and pump were analyzed to search for areas of weakness in the design.
    [Show full text]
  • Treatment of Sand Filter Backwash Water from Water Treatment Plant
    International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 7, (2020), pp. 12130 - 12137 Treatment of Sand Filter Backwash Water from Water Treatment Plant Ashutosh Diwakar1, Ahire Rituja2, Gosavi Shubhangi3, Ahire Suvarna4, Yakub Ansari5 1,2,3,4UG Scholar in Department of Civil Engg. MMANTC, Mansoora, Malegaon(Nashik), India 5Assistant Professor in Department of Civil Engg. MMANTC, Mansoora, Malegaon(Nashik), India Abstract In this study several tests were conducted to investigate the possibility of re-use the filter backwash water. Backwashing is done to prevent sand-granular-gravel filter media from clogging due to increased passage of particles and microorganism. Which results in wastage of water, it is a very common problem in WTP. The amount of wash water generated estimated at a rate of (10-15%) of the amount of purified water in the plant. Sand filter backwash water (SFBW) and sludge water are generated in most of drinking WTP. Good quality of water can be obtained by recycling of SFBW by adopting proper treatment. Experiments were conducted on Raw Water (RW) and SFBW samples from Surface WTP. Reuse of SFBW is of great interest. Jar test was performed with other parameters such as turbidity, color, odor and total suspended solids were recorded for RW, SFBW and found significant differences. Results indicated that in quality of RW and SFBW can be achieved with proper treatment. Keywords: SFBW, RW, Filtration, Reuse, Pre-Treatment, Water, Activated Charcoal 1. Introduction Actually, only 1% of the world's water is usable to us. About 97% is salty sea water, and 2% is frozen in glaciers and polar ice caps.
    [Show full text]
  • Design and Fabrication of Hand Pump Operated Water Purification
    IJIRST –International Journal for Innovative Research in Science & Technology| Volume 1 | Issue 11 | April 2015 ISSN (online): 2349-6010 Design and Fabrication of Hand Pump Operated Water Purification System using Reverse Osmosis Nikhil Jacob Zachariah Vimal P Sunil Department of Mechanical Engineering Department of Mechanical Engineering Saintgits College of Engineering Saintgits College of Engineering Sachin Tomy Vijith K Department of Mechanical Engineering Department of Mechanical Engineering Saintgits College of Engineering Saintgits College of Engineering Abstract Drinking water is a necessity to which millions of people throughout the world have limited access. Water is often seen as the most basic and accessible element of life, and seemingly the most plentiful. More than a billion people lack access to drinking Water. Simply providing access to clean Water could save two million lives each year. As the population grows, the freshwater available to each resident dwindles. Water purification is the removal of contaminants from untreated water to produce drinking water that is pure enough for human consumption. Substances that are removed during the process include parasites, bacteria, algae, viruses, fungi, minerals (including toxic metals such as lead, copper and arsenic), and man-made chemical pollutants. In this paper, an apparatus and methods for producing purified drinking water are disclosed. A hand pump is used in a closed system to generate pressure to pass the water through a series of filters and a reverse osmosis membrane to obtain potable water at the outlet. The flow obtained was analysed using ANSYS and the system delivering highest output was chosen. The project facilitates the availability of pure drinking water without using any electrical components or devices.
    [Show full text]
  • Removing Pharmaceuticals from Water Doesn't Come Cheap Or Easy
    1/24/2019 Removing Pharmaceuticals From Water Doesn't Come Cheap Or Easy FOUNTAIN VALLEY, Calif. — Shivaji Deshmukh drinks water extracted from raw sewage. He knows the water is clean because his job is to help make it so as an engineer at the Orange County Water District. “It’s an efficient, cheap water supply — and it’s the best quality,” says Deshmukh, amid the hiss of machines at the state-of-the-art facility. Performing the recycling transformation requires a battery of treatments. Wastewater strained and disinfected at an adjacent sewage treatment plant is first filtered through tiny straws. Then, in a process called reverse osmosis, the water is forced across a spiraled sheet of plastic with holes so small that little else can slip through. In the final phase, the water is zapped with ultraviolet light. The three-step operation is one of the most sophisticated cleansing systems anywhere. While the incoming water contains minuscule levels of prescription drugs, tests for any traces of a half-dozen pharmaceuticals, conducted as the treated water leaves the plant, detect nothing. The end product supplies more than 500,000 Orange County residents for a year, nearly one-quarter of the district’s potable water needs. The cleansing procedure illustrates how difficult — and expensive — it is to scrub virtually every iota of contaminant from our supplies. The standard ways of cleaning water are not designed to snare the tiny amounts of prescription drugs that survive digestion, and then, with a flush of the toilet, begin their journey toward America’s taps. It’s not an academic exercise: According to an Associated Press investigation, scientists have found that water piped to tens of millions of people nationwide contains minute concentrations of dozens of pharmaceuticals from tranquilizers to painkillers to antibiotics.
    [Show full text]
  • Waste Water Treatment: an Overview
    EDITORIAL NOTE Waste water treatment: An overview Bajpai EDITORIAL Wastewater treatment is a process used to remove contaminants from sludge in a wastewater treatment plant. Disposal options for dried solids vary wastewater or sewage and convert it into an effluent that can be returned with the type and concentration of impurities removed from water. to the water cycle with acceptable impact on the environment, or reused Solids such as stones, grit, and sand may be removed from wastewater by for various purposes (called water reclamation). The treatment process gravity when density differences are sufficient to overcome dispersion by takes place in a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), also referred to as a turbulence. This is typically achieved using a grit channel designed to produce Water Resource Recovery Facility (WRRF) or a Sewage Treatment Plant an optimum flow rate that allows grit to settle and other less-dense solids to be (STP) in the case of domestic wastewater. Pollutants in wastewater are carried forward to the next treatment stage. Gravity separation of solids is the removed, converted or broken down during the treatment process. primary treatment of sewage, where the unit process is called "primary settling The treatment of wastewater is part of the overarching field of sanitation. tanks" or "primary sedimentation tanks." It is also widely used for the treatment Sanitation also includes the management of human waste and solid waste of other types of wastewater. Solids that are denser than water will accumulate as well as stormwater (drainage) management. The main by-product from at the bottom of quiescent settling basins.
    [Show full text]
  • 0 0 14 Aug 2020 161244147
    Proposed Synthetic Organic Chemicals M/s R.J. Industries. Industry at Plot No. 2662/61, Village Bhujela, Tehsil Pindwara, District Sirohi, Rajasthan COST OF PROPOSED PROJECT Type of Cost Cost in Rupees Specification involved (Crores ) Land cost 0.3 4169.77 sqm Plant 0.8 Civil work- Rs 0.30 Cr Commissioning –Rs 0.70 Cr Steel work Labour Shed work Rs 0.65 Machinery 0.8 For dyes intermediate plants Air Pollution Control device 0.9 Bag filter ETP 0.8 ETP (15 KLD) RO & MEE 0.9 Three Stage MEE Pre-operative cost 0.25 Site preparation and others cost before commencement of commercial operations Contingency 0.85 18% of total cost Total 5.6 Proposed Synthetic Organic Chemicals M/s R.J. Industries. Industry at Plot No. 2662/61, Village Bhujela, Tehsil Pindwara, District Sirohi, Rajasthan BUDGET FOR EMP IMPLEMENTATION Sr. No. Component Particulars Capital Recurring Investment Expenditure per (Lakhs) Annum (Lakhs) 1 Air Bag filters 90 05 2 Water ETP comprising of pre-primary, primary, 80 05 secondary & tertiary treatment, STP, etc. 3 Rain Water Installation of RWH System & Annual 06 01 Harvesting Cleaning of RWH tank 4 Hazardous Waste Purchase of Additional Containers for 05 02 Area and its Storage of Hazardous Waste Management 5 Occupational Health Health medical checkup of workers, 02 01 & Safety PPEs for Workers. Emergency Preparedness, Fire hydrant systems, fire extinguishers, emergency control room, HAZOP study 6 Environment Environment Monitoring as per 01 0.5 Monitoring & monitoring plan Management 7 Green Belt Development and maintenance of green 05 01 belt Total (Rs.) 189 15.5 Scanned by CamScanner 8/11/2020 Timeline TimeLine Details Proposal received date at each stage of flow.
    [Show full text]
  • Sewage Treatment Plant
    A PROJECT ON... SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT Under the direction of... MENTOR: Mr. Kuldeep (Civil Engg.) CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT DPG POLYTECHNIC, SECTOR-34 GURUGRAM HARYANA CREATED BY NAVEEN KUMAR-150660700058 (LEADER) ANKIT LOHAT-150660700010 MANISH KHATRI-150660700045 MIHIR SRIVASTAVA-150660700051 NANDAN GIRI-150660700057 INTRODUCTION:- • Sewage treatment is the process of removing contaminants from wastewater, primarily from household sewage. Physical, chemical, and biological processes are used to remove contaminants and produce treated wastewater (or treated effluent) that is safer for the environment. IMPORTANCE OF SEWAGE WATER TREATMENT PLANT:- It is very important to provide some degree of treatment to wastewater before it can be used for agricultural or landscape irrigation or for aquaculture. The principal objective of sewage treatment is generally to allow human effluents to be disposed of without danger to human health or unacceptable damage to the natural environment. According to a research, a large number of people die from water born diseases in most of the developing countries. Therefore, it is very important to get the proper treatment of the water for a healthy living. SOURCES OF WASTE WATER:- Human waste Washing water Rainfall collected on roofs, yards Domestic sources Direct entrance of river water Highway drainage Industrial waste Layout of sewage treatment:- SEWAGE TREATMENT PROCEDURE:- Sewage treatment generally involves three stages, called- PRIMARY TREATMENT SECONDARY TREATMENT TERTIARY TREATMENT PRIMARY TREATMENT:- Primary treatment removes all materials that can be easily collected from the raw sewage. Tree limbs, leaves, branches, and other large objects Removed from sewage. sewage water passes through a bar screen to remove all large objects like cans, rags, sticks, plastic packets etc.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 0 Alibunar Biogas Plant Construction Project PDD V7 2
    PROJECT DESIGN DOCUMENT FORM (CDM-SSC-PDD) - Version 03 CDM – Executive Board CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM PROJECT DESIGN DOCUMENT FORM (CDM-SSC-PDD) Version 03 - in effect as of: 22 December 2006 CONTENTS A. General description of the small scale project activity B. Application of a baseline and monitoring methodology C. Duration of the project activity / crediting period D. Environmental impacts E. Stakeholders’ comments Annexes Annex 1: Contact information on participants in the proposed small scale project activity Annex 2: Information regarding public funding Annex 3: Baseline information Annex 4: Monitoring Information 1 PROJECT DESIGN DOCUMENT FORM (CDM-SSC-PDD) - Version 03 CDM – Executive Board Revision history of this document Version Date Description and reason of revision Number 01 21 January Initial adoption 2003 02 8 July 2005 • The Board agreed to revise the CDM SSC PDD to reflect guidance and clarifications provided by the Board since version 01 of this document. • As a consequence, the guidelines for completing CDM SSC PDD have been revised accordingly to version 2. The latest version can be found at <http://cdm.unfccc.int/Reference/Documents >. 03 22 December • The Board agreed to revise the CDM project design 2006 document for small-scale activities (CDM-SSC-PDD), taking into account CDM-PDD and CDM-NM. 2 PROJECT DESIGN DOCUMENT FORM (CDM-SSC-PDD) - Version 03 CDM – Executive Board SECTION A. General description of small-scale project activity A.1 Title of the small-scale project activity: Alibunar Biogas Plant Construction Project Document version: 7.2 Date: 28/12/2012 A.2. Description of the small-scale project activity: The proposed Alibunar methane recovery and power production CDM project activity (the “project”) is improving on the existing open lagoon animal waste management system (AWMS) to reduce harmful greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through methane recovery and displacement of carbon intensive grid electricity with renewable biogas energy.
    [Show full text]
  • October 2019 WATER Executive Summary Central to All Agricultural Operations, Water Is Metals); Microbial (E.G., E
    Cannabis Environmental Best Management Practices Guide WATER october 2019 WATER Executive Summary Central to all agricultural operations, water is metals); microbial (e.g., E. coli) and manmade one of the most key inputs. With water making (e.g., pesticides and industrial chemicals). up more than 90% of the mass of fresh cannabis Growers should take routine water samples weight, it becomes clear that delivering it at least twice a year and send them to labs to effectively and efficiently is crucial to any savvy monitor water quality. If quality is found to be cultivator. Beyond the plant itself, farmers have out of spec, a grower should use technologies a more intimate understanding than most of that filter and sanitize the water (e.g., carbon how important water is as a resource in a shared filtration, reverse osmosis, ultraviolet light ecosystem. The water that is used to irrigate treatment) before applying it to their crops. indoor cannabis crops is the same water that comes out of your faucet at home. After being Once the water is deemed suitable, the next used in the cities, it is allowed to flow east into big challenge is delivering it to the plants the watershed shared by the eastern part of efficiently. There are several approaches to Colorado, as well as neighboring states, such irrigation, and each one has technology that as Nebraska and Kansas, where it will be used can aid the grower. From low-tech hand-mixing to water their crops and supply their homes. nutrients and hand watering plants, to high- Effectively and efficiently using water becomes tech automated fertilizer dosing and delivery, even more critical when consideration is taken for a grower will have to make choices that strike all of the other needs society has for this precious a balance between capital and operating resource.
    [Show full text]