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GW Atlas Book.Book Montana Ground-Water Assessment Atlas 2 Ground-Water Resources of the Flathead Lake Area: Flathead, Lake, Missoula, and Sanders Counties, Montana Part A*—Descriptive Overview and Water-Quality Data by John I. LaFave Larry N. Smith Thomas W. Patton *The atlas is published in two parts: Part A contains a descriptive overview of the study area, along with water-quality data and an illustrated glossary to introduce and explain many specialized terms used in the text; Part B contains the 11 maps referenced in this document. The maps offer expanded discussions about many aspects of the hydrogeology of the Flathead Lake area. Parts A and B are published separately and each map in Part B is also available individually. iv Ground-Water Assessment Atlas 2 Front Cover: Flathead Lake and the valley to the north are featured in this north–northeast-looking, low-oblique photograph. Formed by glacial damming of the Flathead River during the last ice age, Flathead Lake is 30 miles long and 12 to 14 miles wide. The small city of Kalispell is barely discernible north–northwest of the lake. Kal- ispell is a center for tourism, trade, and the production of livestock, grain, fruit, timber, and aluminum. The Flathead River drains into Flathead Lake, forming a conspicuous delta in the northeast part of the lake. South- west of Kalispell are the small Foy Lakes; Whitefish Lake is to the north. Near the top center of the photograph are Glacier National Park and Lake McDonald. Image courtesy of Earth Science and Image Analysis Laboratory, NASA Johnson Space Center (http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov). Photo number: STS028-90-18. Back Cover: Flathead Lake, Mission Range, and Swan Range, Montana, October 1994. Flathead Lake is surrounded by the snow-capped Mission Range on the east, the city of Polson and the Mission Valley on the south, and the Salish Mountains on the west. North is to the upper left. Numerous agricultural field patterns are visible south of the lake in Mission Valley and in the Little Bitterroot River Valley southwest of the lake. Swan Lake and the Swan River valley separate the Mission Range on the west from the Swan Range on the east in the upper part of the photograph. Image courtesy of Earth Science and Image Analysis Labora- tory, NASA Johnson Space Center (http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov). Photo number: STS068-170-060. Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology Ground-Water Assessment Atlas 2 v Contents Preface - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ix The Montana Ground-Water Assessment Act - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ix Montana Ground-Water Assessment Atlas Series - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ix Introduction - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 Purpose and Scope - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 Methods of Investigation - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 Water-Quality Sampling - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3 Data Set and Data Analysis - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3 Previous Investigations - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4 Description of Study Area - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4 Cultural Features - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4 Climate- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6 Water Use - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6 Water Balance - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6 Geologic Framework - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7 Geologic History/Setting - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7 Hydrogeologic Setting - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 20 Shallow Aquifers - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 20 Confining Units - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 21 Intermediate and Deep Alluvial Aquifers - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 23 Tertiary Aquifers - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 23 Bedrock Aquifers - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 23 Ground-Water Flow Systems - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 23 Hydrogeology of Subareas - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 23 Kalispell - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 23 Shallow Aquifers - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 25 Evergreen Aquifer - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 25 East-Side Aquifers- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 28 Delta Aquifer - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 30 Lost Creek Fan - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 30 Intermediate and Deep Alluvial Aquifers - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 30 Water Levels - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 32 Bedrock Aquifers - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 36 Deep Ground-Water Flow System - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 36 Water Quality - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 36 Iron and Manganese - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 37 Nitrate - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 37 Fluoride - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 38 Dissolved Constituents - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 41 Environmental Isotopes - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 41 Radon - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 44 Summary (Kalispell Subarea) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 46 Mission- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 48 Shallow Aquifers - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 50 Water Levels - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 50 Deep Ground-Water Flow System - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 54 Intermediate and Deep Alluvial Aquifers - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 54 Bedrock Aquifer - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 54 Water Levels - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 54 Water Quality - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 59 Iron and Manganese - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 59 Nitrate - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 59 Dissolved Constituents - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 59 Radon - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 62 Summary (Mission Subarea) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 62 Flathead Lake Perimeter - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 62 Aquifers - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 62 Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology vi Ground-Water Assessment Atlas 2 Water Levels - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 65 Water Quality - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 68 Nitrate - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 68 Radon - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 68 Smith - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 68 Aquifers - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 68 Water Quality - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 71 Jocko - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 71 Aquifers - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 72 Water Levels - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 73 Water Quality - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 75 Coram - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 75 Aquifers - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 75 Water Quality - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 78 Little Bitterroot- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 79 Aquifers - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 79 Water Levels - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 80 Water Quality - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 82 Swan - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -.
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