DOCSLIB.ORG

COVID-19 PANDEMIC and BEHAVIOURAL RESPONSE to SELF-MEDICATION PRACTICE in WESTERN UGANDA Authors: Samuel S

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
COVID-19 PANDEMIC and BEHAVIOURAL RESPONSE to SELF-MEDICATION PRACTICE in WESTERN UGANDA Authors: Samuel S medRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.02.20248576; this version posted January 4, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license . COVID-19 PANDEMIC AND BEHAVIOURAL RESPONSE TO SELF-MEDICATION PRACTICE IN WESTERN UGANDA Authors: Samuel S. Dare1, Ejike Daniel Eze1, Echoru Isaac1, Ibe Michael Usman2, Fred Ssempijja2, Edmund Eriya Bukenya1, Robinson Ssebuufu3 Affiliations: 1 School of Medicine, Kabale University, Uganda 2 Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International University Western Campus, Uganda 3 Faculty of Clinical Medicine and Dentistry, Kampala International University Teaching Hospital, Uganda Corresponding Author: Samuel S. Dare, Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT Background Self-medication has become is a serious public health problem globally posing great risks, especially with the increasing number of cases of COVID-19 disease in Uganda. This is may be partly because of the absence of a recognized treatment for the disease, however, the prevalence and nature differ from country to country which may influence human behavioural responses. Aim This study aimed to investigated the beharioural response of the community towards self- medication practices during this COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown. Methods A cross sectional household and online survey was conducted during the months of June-to- August. The study was conducted among adult between age 18 above in communities of western Uganda who consented to participate in the study. Study participants were selected using a convenience sampling technique and sampling was done by sending a structured online questionnaire via Google forms and a printed copies questionnaire made available to other participants that did not use the online questionnaire Results The percentage of respondents that know about self-medication is (97%) and those that practice self-medication are approximately (88%). 97% of respondents have heard about self-medication either through health workers, media, family members, friends and/or school while 3% said they have not heard about self-medication. The percentage of respondents who practiced self- medication during COVID-19 pandemic is 57% while those that did not is 43%. There is statistically difference in the number of those that practice self-medication and those that do not p < 0.005 at 95% confidence interval. Also there was a statistically significant decrease in the number of respondents that practice self-medication during COVID-19 pandemic lockdown compare to the practice before the pandemic lockdown p < 0.05 at 95% confidence interval. Conclusion Our investigation showed adequate knowledge of self-medication and high level of self- medication practice with a decrease in self-medication practices during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown compared to the practice before the lockdown. KeywordsNOTE: This preprint: Covid-19, reports new self-medication, research that has not been pandemic, certified by peerbehavioural review and should response, not be used lockdown, to guide clinical drugs practice. 1 medRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.02.20248576; this version posted January 4, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license . INTRODUCTION The outbreak of coronavirus have prompted many countries around the world including Uganda to introduce lockdown as advised by WHO because of growing cases. In most countries so far, partial lockdowns as well as social distancing guidelines, frequent washing of hands and/or sanitizing have been put in place to curb the spread of the virus. Some of these restrictions may remain in place probably until a vaccine for the virus has been developed. In this regards many human behavioural patterns to life have been seriously affected raging from education, economic, health, social, religion etc. In Uganda for example, total ban on people’s movement from one district to another, border closure, curfew and others are measures that have been employed to prevent the spread of the virus, however, many patients suffering from other diseases have little or no access to health care service as a result of restrictions especially on movement. Some studies have revealed significant changes in the way people live their lives during this lockdown which included avoiding crowded public places, wearing a face mask, avoiding physical contact, improving personal hygiene (e.g. frequent washing of hands and using hand sanitizer), changes in sleep and use of sleep substances, diet and physical activities (Bruine de Bruin & Bennett, 2020, Arora & Grey, 2020 and WHO, 2018). Some of these may have some behaviours and mental health implications In the period of this pandemic, the way individual behaves is important to note because a change in the public behavior is an alternative to controlling outbreaks when there is no suitable pharmacological interventions. Furthermore, the behavioural patterns of an individual can influence their family, communities, society and social networks (Chen et al., 2017). Epidermics had been reported in a study which used mathematical models to affect people’s fears, emotions and ultimately their behavior (Bi et al., 2019). With respect to these behavioural changes resulting from the lockdown and restrictions, we envisaged that self-medication practices may be influenced by the way people try to cope with their health management at this crucial time. Self-medication can be referred to as the intake of drugs, herbs or home remedies either on one’s own initiative, or on the advice of another person for physical or psychological ailments (Hernandez‑Juyol and Job‑Quesada, 2002). Common sources of self-medications include previous prescribed drug, pharmacist, family, friends, neighbours, internet, and suggestions from an advertisement etc. According to Osemene and Lamikanra, (2012), self-medication is a serious public health problem globally posing risks such as drug resistance, organ damage and deaths (2.9 – 3.7%) in the world because of drug-drug interaction. The probability of drug abuse has been reported to be on the rise as a result of global increase in self-medication (McCabe et al., 2005, WHO 1998). Signs and symptoms of underlying disease conditions can be concealed by self-medication, therefore causing drug resistance, delay diagnoses and making the problem complex or difficult to deal with (Bauchner and Wise 2000, Calabresi and Cupini, 2005). Although, several countries and cultures presents the nature and prevalence of self-medication differently globally, nevertheless the practices are mostly based on certain advantage or disadvantage obtained from past experiences with similar drugs (McCabe et al., 2005). The effects of self-medication can be positive when practiced correctly; such as saving scarce medical resources from being wasted on minor conditions, reducing the pressure on medical services where health care personnel are insufficient, lowering the costs of community funded health care program and reducing absenteeism from work due to minor symptoms (WHO, 2000). However it also has potential risks at individual level such as incorrect self-diagnosis and choice of therapy, 2 medRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.02.20248576; this version posted January 4, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license . incorrect route of administration, severe adverse effects, failure to recognize that the same active substance is already being taken under a different name and failure to recognize contraindications, interactions and precautions, incorrect route of administration, inadequate and excessive dosage and more. Also, self-medication could lead to high drug induced disease and public expenditure wastefulness. Self-medication causes adverse reaction and prolonged suffering as well as other related problems such as wastage of resources and high resistance of pathogens. It is important to note that a current world-wide problem especially in developing countries where antibiotics are available without any prescription is antimicrobial resistance (Bennadi, 2014). The overall self-medication rate in sub-Sahara Africa varies from 11.9% to 75.7%. In Uganda, a high prevalence of self-medication was previously reported in the northern and southwestern region (Mouankie et al., 2011, Ocan et al., 2014, Lukyamuzi et al., 2020). Therefore, this research sought to investigated the beharioural response of the community towards self-medication practices during this COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown. MATERIALS AND METHODS Study design, site and population A cross sectional household and online survey using traditional method (printed questionnaires) and information technology (Google form) was conducted during the months of June-to-August 2020 in western Uganda. The study was conducted among adult between age 18 above in communities of western Uganda. Sample size determination The population of the western region, one of the four regions of Uganda was 8,874,862 according to
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Association Between Indoor Air Pollution and Cognitive Impairment Among Adults in Rural Puducherry, South India Yuvaraj Krishnamoorthy, Gokul Sarveswaran, K
    Published online: 2019-09-02 Original Article Association between Indoor Air Pollution and Cognitive Impairment among Adults in Rural Puducherry, South India Yuvaraj Krishnamoorthy, Gokul Sarveswaran, K. Sivaranjini, Manikandanesan Sakthivel, Marie Gilbert Majella, S. Ganesh Kumar Department of Preventive and Background: Recent evidences showed that outdoor air pollution had significant Social Medicine, Jawaharlal influence on cognitive functioning of adults. However, little is known regarding the Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and association of indoor air pollution with cognitive dysfunction. Hence, the current study was done to assess the association between indoor air pollution and cognitive Research, Puducherry, India Abstract impairment among adults in rural Puducherry. Methodology: A community‑based cross‑sectional study was done among 295 adults residing in rural field practice area of tertiary care institute in Puducherry during February and March 2018. Information regarding sociodemographic profile and household was collected using pretested semi‑structured questionnaire. Mini‑Mental State Examination was done to assess cognitive function. We calculated adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) to identify the factors associated with cognitive impairment. Results: Among 295 participants, 173 (58.6) were in 30–59 years; 154 (52.2%) were female; and 59 (20.0%) were exposed to indoor air pollution. Prevalence of cognitive impairment in the general population was 11.9% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 8.7–16.1). Prevalence of cognitive impairment among those who were exposed to indoor air pollution was 27.1% (95% CI: 17.4–39.6). Individuals exposed to indoor air pollution (aPR = 2.18, P = 0.003) were found to have two times more chance of having cognitive impairment.
    [Show full text]
  • Exposure and Body Burden of Environmental Pollution and Risk Of
    Ingela Helmfrid Ingela Linköping University medical dissertations, No. 1699 Exposure and body burden of environmental pollutants and risk of cancer in historically contaminated areas Ingela Helmfrid Exposure and body burden of FACULTY OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCES environmental pollutants and risk Linköping University medical dissertations, No. 1699, 2019 of cancer in historically Occupational and Environmental Medicine Center and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine contaminated areas Linköping University SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden www.liu.se 2019 Linköping University Medical Dissertation No. 1699 Exposure and body burden of environmental pollutants and risk of cancer in historically contaminated areas Ingela Helmfrid Occupational and Environmental Medicine Center, and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine Linköpings universitet, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden Linköping 2019 © Ingela Helmfrid, 2019 Printed in Sweden by LiU-Tryck, Linköping University, 2019 Linköping University medical dissertations, No. 1699 ISSN 0345-0082 ISBN 978-91-7685-006-0 Exposure and body burden of environmental pollutants and risk of cancer in historically contaminated areas By Ingela Helmfrid November 2019 ISBN 978-91-7685-006-0 Linköping University medical dissertations, No. 1699 ISSN 0345-0082 Keywords: Contaminated area, cancer, exposure, metals, POPs, Consumption of local food Occupational and Environmental Medicine Center, and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine Linköping University SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden Preface This thesis is transdisciplinary, integrating toxicology, epidemiology and risk assessment, and involving academic institutions as well as national, regional and local authorities. Systematic and transparent methods for the characterization of human environmental exposure to site-specific pollutants in populations living in historically contaminated areas were used.
    [Show full text]
  • The First Line in the Above Code Defines a New Variable Called “Anemic”; the Second Line Assigns Everyone a Value of (-) Or No Meaning They Are Not Anemic
    The first line in the above code Defines a new variable called “anemic”; the second line assigns everyone a value of (-) or No meaning they are not anemic. The first and second If commands recodes the “anemic” variable to (+) or Yes if they meet the specified criteria for hemoglobin level and sex. A Note to Epi Info DOS users: Using the DOS version of Epi you had to be very careful about using the Recode and If/Then commands to avoid recoding a missing value in the original variable to a code in the new variable. In the Windows version, if the original value is missing, then the new variable will also usually be missing, but always verify this. Always Verify Coding It is recommended that you List the original variable(s) and newly defined variables to make sure the coding worked as you expected. You can also use the Tables and Means command for double-checking the accuracy of the new coding. Use of Else … The Else part of the If command is usually used for categorizing into two groups. An example of the code is below which separates the individuals in the viewEvansCounty data into “younger” and “older” age categories: DEFINE agegroup3 IF AGE<50 THEN agegroup3="Younger" ELSE agegroup3="Older" END Use of Parentheses ( ) For the Assign and If/Then/Else commands, for multiple mathematical signs, you may need to use parentheses. In a command, the order of mathematical operations performed is as follows: Exponentiation (“^”), multiplication (“*”), division (“/”), addition (“+”), and subtraction (“-“). For example, the following command ASSIGNs a value to a new variable called calc_age based on an original variable AGE (in years): ASSIGN calc_age = AGE * 10 / 2 + 20 For example, a 14 year old would have the following calculation: 14 * 10 / 2 + 20 = 90 First, the multiplication is performed (14 * 10 = 140), followed by the division (140 / 2 = 70), and then the addition (70 + 20 = 90).
    [Show full text]
  • Diagnostic Value of Alpha-Fetoprotein Combined with Neutrophil-To
    Hu et al. BMC Gastroenterology (2018) 18:186 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12876-018-0908-6 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Diagnostic value of alpha-fetoprotein combined with neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio for hepatocellular carcinoma Jian Hu1†, Nianyue Wang2†, Yongfeng Yang2,LiMa2, Ruilin Han3, Wei Zhang4, Cunling Yan3*, Yijie Zheng5* and Xiaoqin Wang1* Abstract Background: To investigate the diagnostic performance of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) as well as their combinations with other markers. Methods: Serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), AFP and levels as well as the numbers of neutrophils and lymphocytes of all enrolled patients were collected. The NLR was calculated by dividing the number of neutrophils by the number of lymphocytes. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was conducted to determine the ability of each marker and combination of markers to distinguish HCC and liver disease patients. Results: In total, 545 patients were included in this study. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) values for AFP, ALT, AST, and NLR were 0.775 (0.738–0.810), 0.504 (0.461–0.547), 0.660 (0.618–0.699), and 0.738 (0.699–0.774) with optimal cut-off values of 24.6 ng/mL, 111 IU/mL, 27 IU/mL, and 2.979, respectively. Of the four biomarkers, AFP and NLR showed comparable specificity (0.881 and 0.858) and sensitivity (0.561 and 0.539). The combination of AFP and NLR showed the highest AUC (0.769) with a significantly higher sensitivity (0.767) and a lower specificity (0.773) compared to AFP or NLR alone, and it had the highest sum of sensitivity and specificity (1.54) among all combinations.
    [Show full text]
  • Research a Retrospective Comparison of Dental Hygiene Supervision Changes from 2001 to 2011
    Research A Retrospective Comparison of Dental Hygiene Supervision Changes from 2001 to 2011 April V. Catlett, RDH, BHSA, MDH; Robert Greenlee, PhD Introduction Abstract Several factors contribute to the Purpose: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the extent of poor dental health of low-income change in the professional practice environment for dental hy- populations in the U.S. Some of the gienists in the 50 states and District of Columbia by comparing most significant factors that contrib- the state supervision requirements for dental hygienists during ute to this lack of access to care are a 2001 to 2011 to the previous 7 year period, 1993 to 2000. shortage of dentists, poor participa- Methods: A retrospective comparison evaluation was conduct- tion of dentists in public assistance ed using the 2 tables entitled “Tasks Permitted and Mandat- programs and dental hygiene prac- ed Supervision of Dental Hygienists by State, 1993, 1998 and tice acts.1 The dental hygiene prac- 2000” and “Dental Hygiene Practice Act Overview: Permitted tice act supervision requirements, Functions and Supervision Levels by State.” To score the net dictated by state dental boards, lim- change in supervision, a numerical score was assigned to each it the dental workforce conditions. level of alteration in supervision with a +1 or -1 for each level In 2006, the dentist-to-population of change. ratio in the U.S. was 5.8 dentists per 10,000 residents.1 In May 2010, Results: With a 95% confidence level, the mean change in there were over 25% more dental dental hygiene supervision from 2001 to 2011 was 6.57 with a hygienists as general dentists in the standard deviation of 5.70 (p-value=0.002).
    [Show full text]
  • An Examination of Epidemiological Study Designs in Veterinary Science Jonah Nelson Cullen Iowa State University
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Graduate Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2016 An examination of epidemiological study designs in veterinary science Jonah Nelson Cullen Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd Part of the Epidemiology Commons, and the Veterinary Medicine Commons Recommended Citation Cullen, Jonah Nelson, "An examination of epidemiological study designs in veterinary science" (2016). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 15687. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/15687 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. An examination of epidemiological study designs in veterinary science by Jonah N. Cullen A thesis submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Major: Veterinary Preventive Medicine Program of Study Committee: Annette M. O’Connor, Major Professor Duck-chul Lee Kenneth J. Koehler Jeffrey J. Zimmerman Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2016 Copyright © Jonah N. Cullen, 2016. All rights reserved. ii DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my amazing wife Kelly, and always-supportive parents Dan and Jeanne. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .......................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Clujul Medical MIRUNA ANTONESEI, SORINA DOMNIŢA, IOAN VICTOR POP
    - Clujul Editor Medical - Revistă de Medicină şi Farmacie Dan L. Dumitraşcu Nr. 2, Vol. LXXXII, 2009 ISSN 1222-2119 Comitet de redacție CUPRINS (Editorial board) Monica Acalovschi Editorial ............................................................................................................... 155 (Cluj-Napoca) Andrei Achimaş (Cluj-Napoca) Articole de orientare Doina Azoicăi (Iaşi) Patologie digestivă Radu Badea (Cluj-Napoca) Fiziologia motilității veziculei biliare (articol în engleză) Grigore Băciuţ (Cluj-Napoca) PIeRO PORTINCASA .......................................................................................................... 157 Gyorgy Benedek (Szeged) Marius Bojiţă (Cluj-Napoca) Motilitatea și tranzitul în intestinul subțire (articol în engleză) Anca Buzoianu (Cluj-Napoca) JueRGeN BARNeRT .......................................................................................................... 161 Radu Câmpeanu (Cluj-Napoca) Patologie imunologică Constantin Ciuce (Cluj-Napoca) evaziunea imună - factor important în patogeneza infecţiei cu virusul citomegalic Mihai Coculescu (Bucureşti) eRICA CHIOReAN, NICOLAe MIRON, VICTOR CRISTeA ........................................... 167 Sorin Dudea (Cluj-Napoca) Dorin Farcău (Cluj-Napoca) Aspecte actuale în imunodeficienţa comună variabilă Ion Fulga (Bucureşti) MARIANA MARC, ALINA GRAMA, CORINA CORPODeAN ....................................... 171 Jean-Paul Galmiche (Nantes) Modificări ale statusului imunologic la vârstnici Alexandru Georgescu CRISTINA CăTANă, VICTOR CRISTeA
    [Show full text]
  • Cross-Sectional Study Design
    Cross-sectional Study Design İlker Kayı, MD, DPH Koç University School of Medicine 10th RMHS, 2019 Outline • Design of x-sectional studies • Measures obtained in x-sectional studies • When to use • Sample selection • Sample size calculation Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h8vaYG5z5lw CASE-CONTROL STUDY Exposure X-SECTIONAL STUDY Outcome COHORT STUDY What kind of study? Definition • Cross-sectional studies examine the relationship between diseases (or other health-related characteristics) and other variables of interest as they exist in a defined population at a particular point in time. • “Snapshot” of a society • Prevalence studies • Disease frequency studies X-Sectional Studies • The study domain of a survey is a particular segment of a demographic population, or, within a geographical area, a collection of institutions or other functional units in health care. • The population surveyed can be very large, as in national surveys, or relatively small, as when a single school or village is surveyed. • The occurrence relation usually involves many different outcomes of interest. • The interest may be whether a factor has an association with the outcome and/or whether determinant-outcome relations differ according to third variables (such as sociodemographic characters etc.) X-Sectional studies • Data collection tool: Surveys, health records (databases), clinical observations • Direction: None • People are studied at a “point” in time, without follow-up. • Outcome measure: Prevalence • A cross-sectional study can be combined with
    [Show full text]
  • 32942.Pdf (3.33
    MP RJ Vaitinadin – PhD Epidemiology Dissertation A Study of Cardiometabolic Traits and their Progression, over a Decade, in a Croatian Island Population A dissertation submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Cincinnati in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Division of Epidemiology of the Department of Environmental Health of the College of Medicine by Nataraja Sarma Vaitinadin M.B.B.S. - Jawaharlal Institute of Post-Graduate Medical Education and Research M.P.H. - University of Cincinnati March, 2019 Committee Chair: Ranjan Deka, Ph.D. 1 MP RJ Vaitinadin – PhD Epidemiology Dissertation Abstract The growth of computation and big data have allowed us to ask more and more complex questions about healthcare. One of the key questions being asked is about using data to predict outcomes. With the alarming rise in cardiometabolic diseases, and associated healthcare costs, it is about time to focus energy and resources on developing methodologies to predict disease status in the future. We have implemented a productive workflow that takes data from epidemiologic field studies, to develop prediction models to determine disease status a decade into the future. The models were tested for accuracy and were used to develop a diagnostic test. The test was validated using an ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) curve. Further, the model was cross validated on untrained data. The robustness of the approach was demonstrated across four different disease outcomes – high blood pressure, coronary heart disease, diabetes and gout. We further examined changes in biomarker measurements at the population level, over time and with sex.
    [Show full text]
  • Operational Research on Menstrual Hygiene Management (MHM) Kit for Emergencies
    Final report: Operational Research on Menstrual Hygiene Management (MHM) Kit for Emergencies Somalia (Dilla & Alleybadey) Credit: IFRC October 2015 Report developed by Somali Red Crescent Society 1 Table of Contents Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 3 Background ................................................................................................................................... 4 Research Protocol and Target Population ............................................................................... 5 TARGET POPULATION ......................................................................................................... 5 Methodology .............................................................................................................................. 5 BASELINE SURVEY STUDY DESIGN .................................................................................... 6 SAMPLE SIZE DETERMINATION. ....................................................................................... 6 Sampling frame......................................................................................................................... 6 Data collection and quality control ......................................................................................... 6 Ethical approval and consent ................................................................................................. 7 Data entry and analysis ..........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Individual and Community Level Factors with a Significant Role In
    Alemu et al. Archives of Public Health (2017) 75:27 DOI 10.1186/s13690-017-0193-9 RESEARCH Open Access Individual and community level factors with a significant role in determining child height-for-age Z score in East Gojjam Zone, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia: a multilevel analysis Zewdie Aderaw Alemu1,2*, Ahmed Ali Ahmed2, Alemayehu Worku Yalew2, Belay Simanie Birhanu3 and Benjamin F. Zaitchik4 Abstract Background: In Ethiopia, child undernutrition remains to be a major public health challenge and a contributing factor for child mortality and morbidity. To reduce the problem, it is apparent to identify determinants of child undernutrition in specific contexts to deliver appropriately, targeted, effective and sustainable interventions. Methods: An agroecosystem linked cross-sectional survey was conducted in 3108 children aged 6–59 months. Multistage cluster sampling technique was used to select study participants. Data were collected on socio-demographic characteristics, child anthropometry and on potential immediate, underlying and basic individual and community level determinants of child undernutrition using the UNICEF conceptual framework. Analysis was done using STATA 13 after checking for basic assumptions of linear regression. Important variables were selected and individual and community level determinants of child height-for-age Z score were identified. P values less than 0.05 were considered the statistical level of significance. Results: In the intercept only model and full models, 3.8% (p < 0.001) and 1.4% (p < 0.001) of the variability were due to cluster level variability. From individual level factors, child age in months, child sex, number of under five children, immunization status, breast feeding initiation time, mother nutritional status, diarrheal morbidity, household level water treatment and household dietary diversity were significant determinants of child height for age Z score.
    [Show full text]
  • Intervention on Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infections in Central Java, Indonesia: a Pilot Study
    Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease Article Impact of the “BALatrine” Intervention on Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infections in Central Java, Indonesia: A Pilot Study 1 1, , 2 3 4 Darren J Gray , Johanna M Kurscheid y * , MJ Park , Budi Laksono , Dongxu Wang , Archie CA Clements 5,6, Suharyo Hadisaputro 7, Ross Sadler 8 and Donald E Stewart 8 1 Department of Global Health, Research School of Population Health, the Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia; [email protected] 2 College of Nursing, Konyang University, Deajeon 35365, Korea; [email protected] 3 Yayasan Wahanna Bakti Sehatera (YWBS) Foundation, Semarang 50183, Indonesia; [email protected] 4 Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia; [email protected] 5 Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia; [email protected] 6 Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia 7 Poltekkes Kemenkes Semarang 50268, Indonesia; [email protected] 8 School of Medicine, Griffith University and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4222, Australia; ross.sadler@griffith.edu.au (R.S.); donald.stewart@griffith.edu.au (D.E.S.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Joint first Author. y Received: 12 November 2019; Accepted: 4 December 2019; Published: 6 December 2019 Abstract: Many latrine campaigns in developing countries fail to be sustained because the introduced latrine is not appropriate to local socio-economic, cultural and environmental conditions, and there is an inadequate community health education component. We tested a low-cost, locally designed and constructed all-weather latrine (the “BALatrine”), together with community education promoting appropriate hygiene-related behaviour, to determine whether this integrated intervention effectively controlled soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections.
    [Show full text]