The Center. the Purpose Was, As It Seams Possible, to Find Whether the Bells Were Welded to the Barrel Or the Object Was Cast in One Piece by the Lost Wax Process

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Center. the Purpose Was, As It Seams Possible, to Find Whether the Bells Were Welded to the Barrel Or the Object Was Cast in One Piece by the Lost Wax Process the center. The purpose was, as it seams possible, to find whether the bells were welded to the barrel or the object was cast in one piece by the lost wax process. First, microscopic examination was performed at low magnification, with a binocular stereoscopic microscope at 10 to 40 X. A X-ray shadowgraph was taken in order to see if there were different metals or alloys, particularly at the union between the bells and the ring. Besides that, a SEM and EDS was applied at the same place and a metallograph was also taken, using a replica method. The result shows that there is no evidence of welding; the radiography does not show metals of different X-ray density. EDS shows no significant changes in the elemental chemical composition along the joint. Also, the metallograph shows dendritic structure, characteristic of the cast metals, indicating that the object was cast probably by the lost wax process. A theory of the way the object was cast is proposed. KEYWORDS: Copper, alloys, metallurgy, lost wax. THE SOURCES OF, AND TRADE IN, TIN IN THE BRONZE AGE MEDITERRANEAN WORLD: THE POSSIBLE CONTRIBUTION OF TIN ISOTOPES (26) Gale, N. H. Isotrace Laboratory University of Oxford, UK One of the more important unsolved problems of Bronze Age Mediterranean archaeology is the elucidation of the sources of tin for the prehistoric world, which began to appear as bronze in the Royal Cemeteries of Ur and in such Anatolian sites as Troy, and later spread throughout the Mediterranean world. Although early 2nd millennium BC, texts from Assyrian trading colonies in Anatolia and from Mari on the Euphrates record an important caravan trade in tin, they do not reveal the source of the tin, though it seems to have come from east of these sites. It is remarkable that, after twenty years of intensive scholarly investigation and fieldwork, we still have no hard evidence regarding the sources of tin. The Isotrace Laboratory has been exploring the use of: (a) comparative lead isotope analyses of the traces of lead in tin ores and in tin objects; (b) tin isotope analyses of tin ores, tin metal objects and of the tin separated by chemical means from prehistoric bronze objects. Here we report initial tin isotopic analyses of cassiterite ores and of ancient tin ingots using the relatively new method of ICPMS with magnetic sector and simultaneous multicollection. Earlier data suggesting that the isotopic composition of tin is invariate in nature is shown to be incorrect, and the possibility that tin may be provenanced using variations in the isotopic composition of tin will be examined. KEYWORDS: provenancing, tin, tin isotopes. THE EXAMINATION OF THE GOLD SAMPLES FROM SARDIS THE REPLICATION EXPERIMENTS (27) Geckinli,A.E. Meeks, N. D. MX0000173 Istanbul Teknik Universitesi, Turkey Craddock, P. T. Ozbal, H. Department of Scientific Research Bogazi?i Universitesi, Turkey The British Museum, UK Sardis was the capital of the Lydian kingdom that ended with the reign of King Croesus, who ruled from 562 to 547 BC. His legendary wealth was from the gold found in the placer deposits of the alluvial from the Pactolus stream that flows through Sardis from mount Tmolus. The first gold and electrum coinage is attributed to the Lydians. The excavations began at Sardis in 1958 and continue under the Harvard-Cornell expedition, but the first archaeological evidence for the purification of gold was discovered in 1968 in the area designated as Pactolus North. The excavators found and recorded the parting furnace and cupellation hollows associated with gold refining and silver recovery. The furnace brick are found to be impregnated with considerable amounts of silver absorbed from the purification process. In addition to various refractory remains gold foil fragments, globules, cut lump, square sided tuyers and litharge cakes which physically fit cupellation hollows ware also found in this area. In this work the scientific examination of the 36 tiny selected samples by the excavators were received from the Manisa Archaeological Museum and were studied by means of SEM and Energy Dispersive X-ray Microanalysis (EDX). Of those 26 were in the form of foil fragments, 3 were lump pieces, 5 were in the form of minute globes and 2 were gold dust. The gold remains studied came from the 1968 excavation season and with the exception of the gold dust. The samples of gold dust were panned from the bed of the Pactolus stream by mineralogist during the survey and are kept at the Manisa Archaeological Museum. The microanalysis results indicated that the silver content of the samples were between 0-35%. Copper content of the samples are about the same and not exceeding 2%. According to the results, half of the gold foils are pure and the others are having silver composition in the range of 1.1 to 22.8%. The surface as well as the bulk of the gold foils show either extensive or fine porosity presumably as a result of parting process. The amount of porosity seems to be related to silver content of the sample. In all the samples neither surface enrichment nor platinum group elements were detected. The preliminary results of the examination of gold treated in a series of refining replication experiments were also discussed. The results of this work have an important bearing on the interpretation of the structure observed in the Sardis gold samples. KEYWORDS: Metals, Sardis, Energy Dispersive X-ray Microanalysis. SEARCHING FOR THE PROVENANCE OF GOLD. THE METHODOLOGY OF GOLD ANALYSIS BY ICP-MS (29) Gondonneau, A. Cowell, M. Guerra, M. F. The British Museum CNRS, Centre Ernest-Babelon/IRAMAT, Department of Scientific Research, UK France The problems posed by ancient metalwork often concern two major questions: the manufacturing technology of the objects and the source of the raw materials. If, for the first question, a coupling of both analytical and metallurgical data is in general ne- cessary to understand the different processes, for the second question analytical data, especially trace elements in precious metals, may be enough to tackle a certain number of cases. «The problems posed by ancient metalwork often concern two major questions: the manufacturing technology of the objects and the source of the raw materials. If, for the first question, a coupling of both analytical and metallurgical.
Recommended publications
  • Piece Mold, Lost Wax & Composite Casting Techniques of The
    Piece Mold, Lost Wax & Composite Casting Techniques of the Chinese Bronze Age Behzad Bavarian and Lisa Reiner Dept. of MSEM College of Engineering and Computer Science September 2006 Table of Contents Abstract Approximate timeline 1 Introduction 2 Bronze Transition from Clay 4 Elemental Analysis of Bronze Alloys 4 Melting Temperature 7 Casting Methods 8 Casting Molds 14 Casting Flaws 21 Lost Wax Method 25 Sanxingdui 28 Environmental Effects on Surface Appearance 32 Conclusion 35 References 36 China can claim a history rich in over 5,000 years of artistic, philosophical and political advancement. As well, it is birthplace to one of the world's oldest and most complex civilizations. By 1100 BC, a high level of artistic and technical skill in bronze casting had been achieved by the Chinese. Bronze artifacts initially were copies of clay objects, but soon evolved into shapes invoking bronze material characteristics. Essentially, the bronze alloys represented in the copper-tin-lead ternary diagram are not easily hot or cold worked and are difficult to shape by hammering, the most common techniques used by the ancient Europeans and Middle Easterners. This did not deter the Chinese, however, for they had demonstrated technical proficiency with hard, thin walled ceramics by the end of the Neolithic period and were able to use these skills to develop a most unusual casting method called the piece mold process. Advances in ceramic technology played an influential role in the progress of Chinese bronze casting where the piece mold process was more of a technological extension than a distinct innovation. Certainly, the long and specialized experience in handling clay was required to form the delicate inscriptions, to properly fit the molds together and to prevent them from cracking during the pour.
    [Show full text]
  • Gomposition and Occurrence of Electrum Atthe
    L37 The Canadian M inerala g i st Vol.33,pp. 137-151(1995) GOMPOSITIONAND OCCURRENCEOF ELECTRUM ATTHE MORNINGSTAR DEPOSIT, SAN BERNARDINOCOUNTY, GALIFORNIA: EVIDENCEFOR REMOBILIZATION OF GOLD AND SILVER RONALD WYNN SIIEETS*, JAMES R. CRAIG em ROBERT J. BODNAR Depanmen of Geolngical Sciences, Virginin Polytechnic h stitate and Stale (Jniversity, 4A44 Dening Hall, Blacl<sburg, Virginin 24060, U.S-A,. Arsrnacr Elecfum, acanthiteand uytenbogaardtite have been examined from six depthswithin the tabular quartzt calcite sockwork and breccia-filled veins in the fault-zone-hostedMorning Star depositof the northeasternMojave Desert, Califomia. Six distinct types of electrum have been identified on the basis of minerat association,grain moryhology and composition. Two types, (1) p1'rite-hostedand (2) quartz-hostedelectrum, occur with acanthite after argentite and base-metalsulfide minerals in unoxidized portions of the orebody; the remaining forr types, (3) goethite-hostedelectrum, (4) electnrm cores, (5) electrumrims and (6) wire electrum,are associatedwith assemblagesof supergeneminerals in its oxidizedportions. Pyrite- hosted quartz-hostedand goethite-hostedelectrum range in compositionfrom 6l ta 75 utt.7oAu and have uniform textures and no zoning. In lower portions ofthe oxidized ore zone, electrum seemsto replacegoethite and occursas small grains on surfacesof the goethite.Textural evidencefavors supergeneremobilization of Au and Ag, which were depositedas electrum on or replacinggoethite. This type of electrumis identical in appearanceand compositionto prinary electrum,In the upper portions of the oxidized zone,secondary electum occursas a gold-rich rim on a core of elechum and as wire-like grains,both with acanthiteand uytenbogaardtite.Such secondaryelectrum contains from 78 to 93 wt./o Au. Textural relations and asso- ciated minerals suggestthat the primary electrum was hydrothermally depositedand partially remobilized by supergene processes.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ag/Au Ratio of Native Gold and Electrum and the Geochemical Environment of Gold Vein Deposits in Japan
    Mineral. Deposita 22, 309-314 (1987) MINERALIUM DEPOSITA © Springer-Verlag 1987 The Ag/Au ratio of native gold and electrum and the geochemical environment of gold vein deposits in Japan N. Shikazono 1 and M. Shimizu 2 1 Geological Institute, Faculty of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113, Japan 2 Department of Petrology and Mineral Deposits, University Museum, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113, Japan Abstract. The chemical composition of native gold and Yamaoka and Nedachi 1978; Shikazono 1985 a). Also, the electrum from auriferous vein and gold-silver vein de- geochemical environment (activity of 02 and $2, i.e., ao~ posits in Japan has been analyzed and summarized. The and ass, pH, total dissolved sulfur concentration, and Ag/Au ratios of native gold and electrum from these two temperature) of these deposits has been estimated (Shika- types of deposits are distinct, i.e., 10-20 Ag at % (auri- zono 1974, 1977a, 1978; Hattori 1975; Takeuchi and ferous vein) and 30-70 Ag at % (gold-silver vein). Thermo- Shikazono 1984). In contrast, few analytical data on native chemical calculations suggest that the Ag/Au ratio of gold and electrum from auriferous vein deposits are native gold and electrum should decrease with increasing available and the geochemical environment has not been chloride concentration and temperature. This is consistent elucidated except for the Kohoku deposit (Nedachi 1974). with analytical results of native gold and electrum and The objectives of this paper are to (1) present analyti- fluid inclusion studies. Based on the Ag content of native cal data on native gold and electrum from representative gold and electrum, the Fe content of sphalerite, and the auriferous vein deposits in Japan, (2) compare analytical estimated temperatures, it is deduced that the sulfur data on the native gold and electrum from auriferous veins activity for auriferous vein-type systems was lower than with those from gold-silver veins, and (3) discuss the that of gold-silver vein-type systems.
    [Show full text]
  • Selective Brush Plating for Decorative Applications
    SELECTIVE BR USH PLATING FOR DECOJ$ATIVE AP PLICATIONS Jeff Hurrell Brooktronics Engineering Corp. 13161-B Sherman Way North Hollywood, CA 91605 Abstract The selective brush plating process is generally known as a selective metal deposition process for industrial or aerospace applications. However, the brush plating process has been successful in producing decorative finishes for a vast array of decorative finishing applications. Special techniques have been used to produce attractive, high quality decorative .finishes in many instances were conventional bath plating would be impossible or too costly. Also, additional finishes have been developed for use with brush plating, such as a patented, corrosion resistent, brass colored finish. ,Introduction For many years, conventional tank plating has been invaluable for the decorative finishing of metal and plastic parts. Through the extensive use of decorative plating, applications for brush plating have become significant in the decorative finishing industry. The versatility of brush plating has played an important role in the growth of decorative brush plating. This paper will explore brush plating as a processing technique for decorative finishing. Areas of discussion will include an explanation of brush plating, various applications, finishes available, processing techniques including the limitations of the process, and future developments in brush plating for decorative finishing. The Brush Platina Process The brush plating process is an electrodeposition process by which metal, pure or alloy, is selectively deposited on only the specific area which requires electroplating. The brush plating process can be used as a portable system or a fixed installation (see Figure 1). The equipment and solutions for brush plating are capable of producing high quality deposits, although brush plating systems are relatively inexpensive.
    [Show full text]
  • Gold.Rich Rim Formation on Electrum Grains in Placers
    Canadion Minerqlogist Vol. 28, pp. i0148 0990) GOLD.RICHRIM FORMATIONON ELECTRUMGRAINS IN PLACERS JOHN C. GROEN, JAMES R. CRAIG ANDJ. DONALD RIMSTIDT Departmentof GeologicalSciences, Virginia Polytechnic Inslitute and State University, Blacksburg,Virginia 24061 -0420, U.S.A. ABsrRAcr ce m€canismene peut expliquerla pr€sencede gradients abruptsen composition.Une comparaison de l'efficacit6 Grains of placer gold from several localities in the relativede complexationde 49 ligandsdiff€rents montre southeasternUnited Statesexhibit a high-purity gold rim. queCN-, OH-, NH3,Cf, I-, Br- etHS- (en ordre d€crois- The individual rims on the various grains rangefrom ( I sant)pourraient transporter I'or dansun tel mitieu.Un pro- to 60 rm in thicknessand have silver contentsof 3.3 to 0 cessusd'autoelecfio-affinage des grains d'6lectrum dans un wt.9o (averageof 0.9 wt.Yo), eventhough the core com- gravierserart impliqu6 dans I'origine de cesbordures, et positionsrange from 45.1to 2.8 wt.qo silver.This gold rim- agiraitavec un ph€nombnede dissolutionet pr€cipitation ming most likely is responsiblefor the commonly cited cases (cimentation)pour produireles liser6s. of gold from placer deposits assayingat higher values of finenessthan the gold in the correspondingsource lode. (Traduit par la Rddaction) A gold-rich rim apparently forms by precipitation of gold from the surrounding solution, becausesimple leaching of Mots-clds;or (Au), argent(Ag)t enrichissementsecondaire silver from the electrum surface is an ineffective mechan- enor, Au(CN);, 6lectrum,bordures d'or, transfertde ism for the enrichmentof gold. Diffusion of silver to the I'or, 6lectro-affinage,complexes aqueux' thermodyna- surface of a placer gold grain to expose it to oxidizing miquedes complexes aurifbres.
    [Show full text]
  • Barbara Cartlidge and Electrum Gallery Datasheet
    TITLE INFORMATION Tel: +1 212 645 1111 Email: [email protected] Web: https://www.accartbooks.com/us Barbara Cartlidge and Electrum Gallery A Passion for Jewellery Beatriz Chadour-Sampson Janice Hosegood ISBN 9783897904705 Publisher Arnoldsche Binding Hardback Territory USA & Canada Size 8.86 in x 11.61 in Pages 280 Pages Illustrations 219 color, 4 b&w Price $70.00 Tracing the history of Electrum Gallery, a pre-eminent platform devoted to art jewelry and a major creative force for the understanding of new work The book looks also at the extraordinary life of Barbara Cartlidge - artist, gallery director, curator and author - a prime mover in the field of art jewelry for nearly fifty years The story is told through the words and images of 70 internationally renowned artist jewelers; including previously unpublished historical photographs The extraordinary life of Barbara Cartlidge (b. 1922 in Berlin) - influential gallerist, curator, jewelry artist and author - together with the history of her legendary Electrum Gallery, which she founded in 1971 with Ralph Turner in London, are documented for the first time in a single publication. Pioneers and colleagues as well as around seventy internationally renowned artists of the gallery all have their say and, in anecdotes and recollections, countless illustrations and hitherto unpublished images, tell of a strong and resolute woman and the significance of her gallery as a promoter and platform for the understanding of contemporary art jewelry. Particular attention is paid to the life of Barbara Cartlidge, who fled from Germany in 1938. For over fifty years she was a driving force in what she described as the 'the brotherhood of jewelers who make modern and thought-provoking jewelry all over the world'.
    [Show full text]
  • Electrum Tarnish by Sulfur
    ELECTRUM TARNISH BY SULFUR: A STUDY OF AN IRREVERSIBLE PROCESS. BY DONALD MICHAEL FRANCIS B.Sc. McGill University, 1968 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE In the Department of Geology We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard: THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA April 1971 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the Head of my Department or by his representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department The University of British Columbia Vancouver 8, Canada Date ABSTRACT The tarnishing of electrum (40 atom % Ag) at 750°C and a sulfur fugacity of -2.8 to -2.9 1og1Q atmospheres is heterogenous and irreversible. This is the case even though these conditions are less than 37°C and .4 log-jQ atmospheres above the point at which tarnish is first observed on the electrum. The tarnish forms initially on the grain boundaries and lattice defects of the electrum. With time, the interiors of the electrum grains become completely masked by tarnish except for narrow untarnished borders adjacent to the grain boundaries. Microprobe analysis indicates that the untarnished borders are depleted in silver and thus cannot tarnish at 750°C.
    [Show full text]
  • CHARON KRANSEN ARTS 817 WEST END AVENUE NEW YORK NY 10025 USA PHONE: 212 627 5073 FAX: 212 663 9026 EMAIL: [email protected]
    CHARON KRANSEN ARTS 817 WEST END AVENUE NEW YORK NY 10025 USA PHONE: 212 627 5073 FAX: 212 663 9026 EMAIL: [email protected] www.charonkransenarts.com SEP. 2019 A JEWELER’S GUIDE TO APPRENTICESHIPS: HOW TO CREATE EFFECTIVE PROGRAMS suitable for shop owners, students as well as instructors, the 208 page volume provides detailed, proven approaches for finding , training and retaining valuable employees. it features insights into all aspects of setting up an apprenticeship program, from preparing a shop and choosing the best candidates to training the apprentice in a variety of common shop procedures. an mjsa publication. $ 29.50 ABSOLUTE BEAUTY – 2007catalog of the silver competition in legnica poland, with international participants. the gallery has specialized for 30 years in promoting contemporary jewelry. 118 pages. full color. in english. $ 30.00 ADDENDA 2 1999- catalog of the international art symposium in norway in 1999 in which invited international jewelers worked with jewelry as an art object related to the body. in english. 58 pages. full color. $ 20.00 ADORN – NEW JEWELLERY - this showcase of new jewelry offers a global view of exciting work from nearly 200 cutting-edge jewelry designers. it highlights the diverse forms that contemporary jewelry takes, from simple rings to elaborate body jewelry that blurs the boundaries between art and adornment. 460 color illustrations. 272 pages. in english. $ 35.00 ADORNED – TRADITIONAL JEWELRY AND BODY DECORATION FROM AUSTRALIA AND THE PACIFIC adorned draws on the internationally recognised ethnographic collection of the macleay museum at the university of sidney and the collections of individual members of the oceanic art society of australia.
    [Show full text]
  • UYTENBOGAARDTITE, Ag.Aus2, Ln the BULLFROG MINING
    89 Canalian Mineralogist Vol. 31, pp. 89-98 (1993) UYTENBOGAARDTITE,Ag.AuS2, lN THEBULLFROG MINING DISTRICT, NEVADA STEPHENB.CASTOR NevadaBureau of Minesand Geology, University of Nevads.Rem, Nevada 89557, U.S.A. JAMES J: SJOBERG IJ.S.Bureau of Mines,Reno Research Center, 1605 Evans Avenue, Reno, Nevada 89507, U.S.A. ABSTRAc"I The rare mineral uyenbogaardtite,Ag3AuS2, has been identified in specimensfrom two mines in the Bultlrog district of southemNevada. The minesexploit gold-silver vein depositsof the low-sulfur type that arehosted by volcanicrocks of middle Mioceneage. At both mines,uytenbogaardtite occurs in local massesof high-gradeore within shallowly to moderatelydipping systemsof quartz-caxbonateveins emplacedduring late Miocene volcanismand extensionaltectonism. Uytenbogaardtite from the Bullfrog district is chemicallyand structurallyidentical to previouslydescribed synthetic and naturalAg3AuS2. It occursin associationwith two types ofelectrum: relatively coarse,early electrurn,with approximatelyequal molar amountsofgold and silver, andlate gold-rich electrum.It is also associatedwith acanthite,copper-bearing sulfides, and products of oxidationsuch as limonite and chrysocolla.Textural evidenceindicates that the uytenbogaardtitereplaced early electrum,formed contemporane- ously with late electrumand acanthite,and that its depositionmay have overlapped,in part, with that of mineralsformed in an oxidizing environment.Equilibrium relationshipsamong electrum, acanthite, and uytenbogaardtite in specimensfrom theBulllirog district
    [Show full text]
  • The Electrum Coinage of Samos in the Light of a Recent Hoard », in : E
    Koray Konuk, « The Electrum Coinage of Samos in the Light of a Recent Hoard », in : E. Schwertheim & E. Winter (ed.), Neue Forschungen zu Ionien, Asia Minor Studien (Bonn, forthcoming). The Electrum Coinage of Samos in the Light of a Recent Hoard 1 The origins of struck money (coinage) and, in particular, the reasons which led to its creation are still much debated.2 Its primary function remains equally hypothetical. What we may take for granted is that this invention took place in western Asia Minor, in the area controlled by the Lydians, and that it happened, with less certainty, in c. 600 BC. For about half a century an alloy mainly made of gold and silver called electrum, which occurs naturally in Lydia, was the only metal used for these first coins. Identifying minting authorities, i.e. states and perhaps private individuals, is a difficult task owing to the paucity of inscriptions on coins and provenances. The study of hoards and the analysis of the metal of these coins may provide some answers. Among the first civic mints identified with certainty are Sardis, Kyzikos, Phokaia, Ephesos, Miletos and Samos. Like its powerful Ionian neighbours, Samos struck its first coinage c. 600 BC in electrum.3 The attribution of these coin types to the mint of Samos is mainly based on finds made on the island, of which the most important was a hoard found in 1894. Ernest Babelon published 34 coins from the hoard of which 18 were acquired by the Cabinet des Médailles in Paris.4 A further group of 25 coins passed to the British Museum through Lawson of Smyrna.5 Some pieces went astray and altogether the hoard comprised more than 60 coins in 7 denominations: 3 staters (units), 4 hemistaters (1/2), 24 hektai (1/6), 15 hemihekta (1/12), 12 quarter hektai (1/24), 1 forty-eighth and 1 sixty-fourth.6 What distinguishes the Samian electrum coinage is the use of the Euboic-Samian standard, whereas the Milesian standard prevailed in Lydia and Ionia, with the exception of northern Ionia where the Phokaic standard was used.
    [Show full text]
  • JEWELLERY ALLOYS – PAST, PRESENT and FUTURE
    1 JEWELLERY ALLOYS – PAST, PRESENT and FUTURE Dr Christopher W Corti COReGOLD Technology, Reading Berks., UK INTRODUCTION It is a privilege to be asked to present a Keynote at this inaugural Jewellery Materials Congress. Bearing in mind my metallurgy expertise and precious metals experience over the last 40 years, I thought it appropriate to talk about precious metal jewellery alloys. In considering what to talk about, several questions that sprang to mind included the following: Do we fully understand their metallurgy? Are they optimised to suit modern manufacturing processes? Do they meet the demands of the customer in terms of performance in service as well as decorative effect? What are the current deficiencies? Has there been much change over the years? Will there be much change in the future years? These are questions which I will attempt to answer in this presentation. As I have lectured on jewellery alloys and modern manufacturing technologies to jewellers around the world, it has been apparent that there is a strong perception in our traditionally conservative industry that nothing much has changed over the years in terms of precious metal alloys for jewellery application. A little reflection suggests that is not true. How else can the major jewellery technology conference in the USA – the Santa Fe Symposium - sustain itself successfully for over 33 years, if there have been no changes in alloys and processes? What is the point of substantial research and development if there are no improvements? I noted in a recent consultancy with an international jewellery company in Asia that we covered over 20 topics relating to alloy developments and processes and that was principally focussed on gold alloys.
    [Show full text]
  • Gold and Silver Have Calendar of Events 2011
    The TNA News Vol. 53 No. 5 Serving the Numismatic Community of Texas september/october 2011 Coin Design Winners AnnounCeD by Raul H. Gonzalez Hidalgo Coin Club President he members of the Hidalgo Youth Coin an avid supporter of wildlife preservation. Club have been meeting every Saturday this The adults of the 118-member strong Hidalgo Tsummer to advance their knowledge in the Coin Club were shown the five newly created coin collecting hobby. The club is made up of designs during their August monthly meeting 12 students from several valley cities and 6 eager and were given the task of choosing the design adults wishing to learn more about the field of they thought best commemorated something. numismatics. They meet on the 3rd floor of the They selected the aforementioned designs McAllen Memorial Library. from Trey and Donna. Both designers won an In the months of June and July, the students uncirculated Morgan Dollar for their efforts. (ages 10 to 18) studied all of the commemorative The student Honorable Mention awards went coin designs that the U.S. Mint has produced to Hugo Solano (16) of McAllen High School since the program began in 1892. Fifty-Five with his tribute to New York City and the 10th classic (early) commemoratives from 1892 Anniversary of the Sept. 11 attack as well as - 1954 were judged for their beauty, subject Justin Havoc (14) of Donna High School for his matter and their historical significance. The design featuring Star Trek and the Federation of students chose the 1926 Oregon Trail Memorial Planets symbol on the reverse.
    [Show full text]