DOCSLIB.ORG

Privacy-Preserving Messaging Formal Verification

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

NEXt generation Techno-social Legal Encryption Access and Privacy nextleap.eu Grant No. 688722. Project started 2016-01-01. Duration 36 months. DELIVERABLE D4.3 PRIVACY PRESERVING MESSAGING FORMAL MODELLING Karthikeyan Bhargavan, Bruno Blanchet, Iness Ben Guirat, Harry Halpin, Benjamin Lipp, Nadim Kobeissi (INRIA) Beneficiaries: INRIA (lead) Workpackage:4 Description: Models of messaging protocols from WP2 with respect to a number of possible primitives for properties related to decentralization,privacy, security, and anonymity. Version: 1.0 Nature: Report (R) Dissemination level: Public (PU) Pages: 107 Date: 2018-12-31 Project co-funded by the European Commission within the Horizon 2020 Programme. D4.2 NEXTLEAP Grant No. 688722 Contents Executive Summary 3 1 Introduction 4 2 W3C Web Authentication (Authentication) 5 3 Signal Protocol (Synchronous Messaging) 22 4 Noise (Network-level Encryption) 58 5 Wireguard (VPN) 83 2 D4.2 NEXTLEAP Grant No. 688722 Executive Summary In this deliverable, we present the results of formally verifying various protocols relevant to privacy-preserving messaging. In general, we verify their security properties, although consideration is taken if possible on privacy and anonymity although these two latter properties are hard to verify with the current toolset. We focus on ProVerif, veriying under the Dolev-Yao symbolic model in order to discover if a protocol is secure, and we also present some new work using CryptoVerif, which creates computational proofs. We detail the verificaton of the W3C Web Authentication API, the Signal Protocol, the Noise Protocol Framework, and the Wireguard VPN. 3 D4.2 NEXTLEAP Grant No. 688722 1 Introduction NEXTLEAP has four main technical components: federated identity, e-mail (originally entitled “asynchronous messaging” although used by Delta.chat for instant messaging), secure messaging (originally entitled “syn- chronous messaging” although secure messaging protocols like Signal and MLS now handle messages in the synchronous setting, just not backwards compatible with e-mail), and privacy-enhancing analytics. The formal verification of federated identity project ClaimChain was already given in D4.1 via its specification in F. The initial ProVerif model of PGP was given D2.3, detecting the authentication attacks that are inherited in Autocrypt. The Message Layer Security Protocol) was described as well in D2.3, and work on its formal specification is still ongoing in F as the standard matures. Due to the statistical nature of the “wisdom of the crowds” analytics, it cannot be formally verified with current tools. Therefore, this deliverable focuses on the completed formal verification work on security (and if possible, privacy, and anonymity) properties done during NEXTLEAP on the fundamental building blocks of secure messaging: Secure authentication, the Signal Protocol, network-level encryption, and VPN primitives (which in our case are a subset of network level encryption. These components, which are vital parts of messaging and will be likely deployed in conjunction with the IETF MLS standard and Autocrypt. These components and their relationship to various protocols are detailed below: W3C Web Authentication (Authentication): One component that is vital for all authentication systems is • to identify the user. However, this act of authentication is typically done via passwords, and is out of scope of the Autocrypt and MLS work. Of course, the possession of a key is assumed to be part of the federated identity system of Claimchain, as well as in Autocrypt and MLS. However, how key material is used to authenticate to an actual messaging system is left undefined. A new standard, W3C Web Authentication, defines a new protocol for using key material, such as those stored in smart cards, to authenticate. This protocol was modelled for security and privacy with considerations on using DAA (Direct Anonymous Authentication) in the Masters thesis of Iness Ben Guirat at Inria, under the supervision of Harry Halpin. We found the handshake to be secure, but there to be possible violations of privacy due to the re-use of device-specific key material by the user. Signal Protocol (Synchronous Messaging): The entire NEXTLEAP project is inspired by the rise of • end-to-end encryption, but the actual popular Signal protocol for messaging was not formally specified. This protocol, which inspired the work on MLS and the modernization of encrypted email of Autocrypt, was formally verified in Proverif by Nadim Kobeissi as part of his Ph.D. dissertation at Inria under the supervision of Bruno Blanchet and Karthik Bhargavan. This work revealed an unknown key share attack. Noise (Network-level Encryption): Most websites and e-mail based protocols like PGP-based Autocrypt • use TLS, but for point to point communication, there are much simpler and less complex Diffie-Hellman handshake-based protocols that can be used. The Noise protocol specifies a framework for specifying these protocols, and WhatsApp uses one of the Noise Protocol frameworks. Never before verified, the security of most of the Noise Protocol framework was formally verified in Proverif by Nadim Kobeissi at Inria under the supervision of Karthik Bhargavan. Wireguard (VPN): One of the Noise protocol handshakes for network-level encryption forms the basis • of Wireguard, a new VPN protocol. This VPN protocol is compatible with any network traffic, including Autocrypt, MLS, and more. This was formally verified in the Masters thesis of Benjamin Lipp at Inria under the supervision of Bruno Blanchet, Karthik Bhargavan, and Harry Halpin. 4 D4.2 NEXTLEAP Grant No. 688722 2 W3C Web Authentication (Authentication) 5 Deliverable D4.2 NEXTLEAP Grant No. 688722 1 Introduction For security to be a science, methodologies that can scientifically guarantee security and privacy properties such as formal verification need to be applied consistently to security issues. One of the largest problems damaging the security of modern information systems is the inability of users to generate and consistently use unique high-entropy passwords per domain. Fundamentally the entire idea of a password as symmetric secret for authentication is in need of replacement by asymmetric cryptography. In this paper, a proposed standard for public-key authentication, W3C Web Authentication, is analyzed using the formal verification. After describing the state of the art of formal verification in Section 2, we describe the background of the issue of authentication and the development of the W3C Web Authentication protocol in Section 3. In Section 4, each step of the W3C Web Authentication protocol is informally described. Using the formal verification tool ProVerif described in Section 5, we automatically formally verify the security properties of W3C Web Authentication in Section 6 and prove that the claimed privacy properties of W3C Web Authentication can be violated. A range of fixes outlined but not mandatory in the specification, such as the use of Direct Anonymous Authentication, are described in Section 7 and next steps for the scientific application of formal verification in terms of future protocols in Section 8. 2 The Science of Security and Formal Verification Security has far too long been viewed as a black art based more on intuition than science, with protocols and cryptographic primitives often judged due to the reputation of their creator.1 In contrast, by definition a science of security would place the security properties of techno-social systems on a scientific basis, including cryptographic primitives, the composition of those primitives into cryptographic protocols, and the embedding of these protocols into user behavior and the wider social world. This is a demanding task, and formal approaches have allowed tremendous amount of progress in the formal definition and verification of security properties [1]. Formalized game-hopping proofs have put the field of cryptography on a sound basis and can work over protocols of considerable complexity, but there exists still much work to be done to put this methodology into production for protocols. Although manual proofs for protocols do exist, even if specified in formal detail, complex protocols have large state spaces where a move in the protocol that was not foreseen by the designers may lead to the security properties of the entire protocol being violated. The classic example is that of the Needham-Shroeder protocol [2], whose security flaws were only discovered more than twenty years afterwards using formal methods [3]. A science demands a methodology and the methodology of formal verification tools provides a promising path for the verification of the security properties, and even privacy properties, of cryptographic primitives and protocols. Formal verification is the creation and checking of the properties of a cryptographic protocol or primitive not via proofs constructed by hand, but by proofs constructed in a fully mechanized manner. This is necessary as often the manual construction of proofs may, by sheer human accident, miss either seemingly routine aspects of the protocols that may violate their security and privacy properties, or that the level of complexity of the protocol is so such that the number of states that need to be inspected by hand are far greater than are possible within a reasonable amount of time. In modern protocols like TLS 1.2, it is precisely these kinds of obscure errors, such as the “triple handshake” renegotiation attack caused by complexity that were discovered via formal analysis [4]. While
Recommended publications
  • M3AAWG Best Common Practices for Mitigating Abuse of Web Messaging Systems, Version 1.1 Updated March 2019 (2010)

    M3AAWG Best Common Practices for Mitigating Abuse of Web Messaging Systems, Version 1.1 Updated March 2019 (2010)

    Messaging, Malware and Mobile Anti-Abuse Working Group (M3AAWG) M3AAWG Best Common Practices for Mitigating Abuse of Web Messaging Systems, Version 1.1 Updated March 2019 (2010) The reference URL for this document is www.m3aawg.org/WebMessagingAbuse Table of Contents Updated in this Version ......................................................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Typical Attacks ...................................................................................................................................................................... 2 Monitoring and Alerting ....................................................................................................................................................... 2 Proactive Defense .................................................................................................................................................................. 3 UI Access ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3 Web Application Security ..............................................................................................................................................................................
  • Cross-Domain Communications

    Cross-Domain Communications

    CSE 361: Web Security Cross-domain Communication Nick Nikiforakis 2 A World Without Separation between Sites http://kittenpics.org https://gmail.com 3 The Same-Origin Policy for JavaScript • Most basic access control policy • controls how active content can access resources • Same-Origin Policy for JavaScript for three actions • Script access to other document in same browser • frames/iframes • (popup) windows • Script access to application-specific local state • cookies, Web Storage, or IndexedDB • Explicit HTTP requests to other hosts • XMLHttpRequest 4 The Same-Origin Policy for JavaScript • Only allows access if origins match Protocol Hostname Port • Origin defined by protocol, hostname, and port http://example.org:80/path/ Originating document Accessed document Non-IE Browser Internet Explorer http://example.org/a http://example.org/b http://example.org http://www.example.org http://example.org https://example.org http://example.org http://example.org:81 5 Domain Relaxation • Two sub-domains of a common parent domain want to communicate • Notably: can overwrite different port! • Browsers allow setting document.domain property • Can only be set to valid suffix including parent domain • test.example.org -> example.org ok • example.org -> org forbidden • When first introduced, relaxation of single sub-domain was sufficient • Nowadays: both (sub-)domains must explicitly set document.domain 6 Domain Relaxation http://sub.kittenpics.org http://kittenpics.org document.domain = "kittenpics.org" document.domain = "kittenpics.org" 7 Domain Relaxation http://sub.kittenpics.org http://kittenpics.org document.domain = "kittenpics.org" Cross-Origin Communication 9 Cross-origin communication • Subdomains of the same domain can use domain relaxation when they want to talk to one another.
  • Move Beyond Passwords Index

    Move Beyond Passwords Index

    Move Beyond Passwords Index The quest to move beyond passwords 4 Evaluation of current authentication method 6 Getting started with passwordless authentication 8 Early results to going passwordless 9 Common approaches to going passwordless 11 Email magic links 11 Factor sequencing 12 Webauthn 14 Planning for a passwordless future 16 Move Beyond Passwords 2 Introduction Traditional authentication using a username and password has been the foundation of digital identity and security for over 50 years. But with the ever-growing number of user accounts, there are a number of new issues: the burden on end users to remember multiple passwords, support costs, and most importantly, the security risks posed by compromised credentials. These new challenges are now outweighing the usefulness of passwords. The case for eliminating passwords from the authentication experience is getting more compelling every day. Emerging passwordless security standards, elevated consumer and consumer-like experience expectations, and ballooning costs have moved eliminating passwords from a theoretical concept to a real possibility. In this whitepaper, we will explore the case for going passwordless for both customer and employee authentication, and map out steps that organizations can take on their journey to true passwordless authentication. Move Beyond Passwords 3 The quest to move beyond passwords Understanding the need for passwordless authentication starts with understanding the challenges presented by passwords. The core challenges with passwords can be broken down into the following areas: Poor Account Security Passwords have spawned a whole category of security/identity-driven attacks — compromised passwords due to credential breaches, phishing, password spraying attacks, or poor password hygiene can result in account takeover attacks (ATO).
  • Cybersecurity in a Digital Era.Pdf

    Cybersecurity in a Digital Era.Pdf

    Digital McKinsey and Global Risk Practice Cybersecurity in a Digital Era June 2020 Introduction Even before the advent of a global pandemic, executive teams faced a challenging and dynamic environ- ment as they sought to protect their institutions from cyberattack, without degrading their ability to innovate and extract value from technology investments. CISOs and their partners in business and IT functions have had to think through how to protect increasingly valuable digital assets, how to assess threats related to an increasingly fraught geopolitical environment, how to meet increasingly stringent customer and regulatory expectations and how to navigate disruptions to existing cybersecurity models as companies adopt agile development and cloud computing. We believe there are five areas for CIOs, CISOs, CROs and other business leaders to address in particular: 1. Get a strategy in place that will activate the organization. Even more than in the past cybersecurity is a business issue – and cybersecurity effectiveness means action not only from the CISO organiza- tion, but also from application development, infrastructure, product development, customer care, finance, human resources, procurement and risk. A successful cybersecurity strategy supports the business, highlights the actions required from across the enterprise – and perhaps most importantly captures the imagination of the executive in how it can manage risk and also enable business innovation. 2. Create granular, analytic risk management capabilities. There will always be more vulnerabilities to address and more protections you can consider than you will have capacity to implement. Even companies with large and increasing cybersecurity budgets face constraints in how much change the organization can absorb.
  • Implementing a Web Application for W3C Webauthn Protocol Testing †

    Implementing a Web Application for W3C Webauthn Protocol Testing †

    proceedings Proceedings Implementing a Web Application for W3C WebAuthn Protocol Testing † Martiño Rivera Dourado 1,* , Marcos Gestal 1,2 and José M. Vázquez-Naya 1,2 1 Grupo RNASA-IMEDIR, Departamento de Computación, Facultade de Informática, Universidade da Coruña, Elviña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain; [email protected] (M.G.); [email protected] (J.M.V.-N.) 2 Centro de Investigación CITIC, Universidade da Coruña, Elviña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain * Correspondence: [email protected] † Presented at the 3rd XoveTIC Conference, A Coruña, Spain, 8–9 October 2020. Published: 18 August 2020 Abstract: During the last few years, the FIDO Alliance and the W3C have been working on a new standard called WebAuthn that aims to substitute the obsolete password as an authentication method by using physical security keys instead. Due to its recent design, the standard is still changing and so are the needs for protocol testing. This research has driven the development of a web application that supports the standard and gives extensive information to the user. This tool can be used by WebAuthn developers and researchers, helping them to debug concrete use cases with no need for an ad hoc implementation. Keywords: WebAuthn; authentication; testing 1. Introduction Authentication is one of the most critical parts of an application. It is a security service that aims to guarantee the authenticity of an identity. This can be done by using several security mechanisms but currently, without a doubt, the most common is the username and password method. Although this method is easy for a user to conceptually understand, it constitutes many security problems.
  • 8 Steps for Effectively Deploying

    8 Steps for Effectively Deploying

    8 Steps for Effectively Deploying MFA Table of Contents The value of MFA 3 1. Educate your users 4 2. Consider your MFA policies 5 3. Plan and provide for a variety of access needs 7 4. Think twice about using SMS for OTP 10 5. Check compliance requirements carefully 11 6. Plan for lost devices 12 7. Plan to deploy MFA to remote workers 14 8. Phase your deployment: Be prepared to review and revise 16 8 Steps for Effectively Deploying MFA 2 The value of MFA Multi-factor authentication (MFA) has never been more important. With the growing number of data breaches and cybersecurity threats—and the steep financial and reputational costs that come with them—organizations need to prioritize MFA deployment for their workforce and customers alike. Not doing so could spell disaster; an invitation for bad actors to compromise accounts and breach your systems. Adopting modern MFA means implementing a secure, simple, and context-aware solution that ensures that only the right people have access to the right resources. It adds a layer of security, giving your security team, your employees, and your customers peace of mind. Unfortunately, while the benefits are clear, implementing MFA can be a complex project. In our Multi-factor Authentication Deployment Guide, we’ve outlined eight steps that you can take to better enable your MFA deployment: Educate your users Consider your MFA policies Plan and provide for a variety of access needs Think twice about using SMS for OTP Check compliance requirements carefully Plan for lost devices Plan to deploy MFA to remote workers Phase your deployment: be prepared to review and revise In this eBook, we’ll take a deeper dive into each of these elements, giving you tactical advice and best practices for how to implement each step as you get ready to roll out Okta MFA.
  • A Trusted Infrastructure for Symbolic Analysis of Event-Driven Web

    A Trusted Infrastructure for Symbolic Analysis of Event-Driven Web

    A Trusted Infrastructure for Symbolic Analysis of Event-Driven Web Applications Gabriela Sampaio Imperial College London, UK [email protected] José Fragoso Santos INESC-ID/Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal Imperial College London, UK [email protected] Petar Maksimović Imperial College London, UK [email protected] Philippa Gardner Imperial College London, UK [email protected] Abstract We introduce a trusted infrastructure for the symbolic analysis of modern event-driven Web applica- tions. This infrastructure consists of reference implementations of the DOM Core Level 1, DOM UI Events, JavaScript Promises and the JavaScript async/await APIs, all underpinned by a simple Core Event Semantics which is sufficiently expressive to describe the event models underlying these APIs. Our reference implementations are trustworthy in that three follow the appropriate standards line-by-line and all are thoroughly tested against the official test-suites, passing all the applicable tests. Using the Core Event Semantics and the reference implementations, we develop JaVerT.Click, a symbolic execution tool for JavaScript that, for the first time, supports reasoning about JavaScript programs that use multiple event-related APIs. We demonstrate the viability of JaVerT.Click by proving both the presence and absence of bugs in real-world JavaScript code. 2012 ACM Subject Classification Software and its engineering → Formal software verification; Software and its engineering → Software testing and debugging Keywords and phrases Events, DOM, JavaScript, promises, symbolic execution, bug-finding Digital Object Identifier 10.4230/LIPIcs.ECOOP.2020.28 Acknowledgements Fragoso Santos, Gardner, and Maksimović were partially supported by the EPSRC Programme Grant ‘REMS: Rigorous Engineering for Mainstream Systems’ (EP/K008528/1) and the EPSRC Fellowship ‘VetSpec: Verified Trustworthy Software Specification’ (EP/R034567/1).
  • Get Started with HTML5 ● Your Best Bet to Experiment with HTML5 – Safari – Chrome As of – Beta: Firefox 4 and IE 9

    Get Started with HTML5 ● Your Best Bet to Experiment with HTML5 – Safari – Chrome As of – Beta: Firefox 4 and IE 9

    BibhasBibhas BhattacharyaBhattacharya CTO,CTO, WebWeb AgeAge SolutionsSolutions [email protected]@webagesolutions.com www.webagesolutions.com/trainingwww.webagesolutions.com/training Get Started With HTML5 ● Your best bet to experiment with HTML5 – Safari – Chrome As of – Beta: FireFox 4 and IE 9. October 2010 ● Test your browser: – html5test.com – html5demos.com – www.findmebyip.com/litmus ● JavaScript library to test for HTML5 features – www.modernizr.com Browser Support ● Dreamweaver CS5 11.0.3 update will install HTML5 compatibility pack. ● CS4 and CS3 users should download the pack from Dreamweaver Exchange. ● See a demo: – www.youtube.com/watch?v=soNIxy2sj0A DreamWeaver Story - The canvas element - Custom audio & video player - New semantic elements - Geolocation (header, section, footer etc.) - Local data storage - New form input elements - Web SQL & IndexedDB (e-mail, date, time etc.) - Offline apps - Audio and video - Messaging - CSS3 - Web worker - Push using WebSocket For web page designers For developers What's New in HTML5? SimplifiedSimplified <!DOCTYPE html> DOCTYPEDOCTYPE <html> <head> <title>Page Title</title> Simplified <meta charset="UTF-8"> Simplified charsetcharset settingsetting </head> <body> <p>Hello World</p> </body> </html> Basic HTML 5 Document ● Elements that have no special visual styling but are used to provide structure and meaning to the content. ● HTML4 semantic elements – div (block) – span (in line) ● HTML5 semantic elements – header, footer, section, article, aside, time and others..
  • Mfaproxy: a Reverse Proxy for Multi-Factor Authentication

    Mfaproxy: a Reverse Proxy for Multi-Factor Authentication

    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Creative Components Dissertations Fall 2019 MFAProxy: A reverse proxy for multi-factor authentication Alan Schmitz Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/creativecomponents Part of the Digital Communications and Networking Commons Recommended Citation Schmitz, Alan, "MFAProxy: A reverse proxy for multi-factor authentication" (2019). Creative Components. 425. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/creativecomponents/425 This Creative Component is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Creative Components by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. MFAProxy: A reverse proxy for multi-factor authentication by Alan Schmitz A Creative Component submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Major: Information Assurance Program of Study Committee: Doug Jacobson, Major Professor The student author, whose presentation of the scholarship herein was approved by the program of study committee, is solely responsible for the content of this Creative Component. The Graduate College will ensure this Creative Component is globally accessible and will not permit alterations after a degree is conferred. Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2019 Copyright c Alan Schmitz, 2019. All rights reserved. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES . iii ABSTRACT . iv CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION . .1 CHAPTER 2. BACKGROUND . .3 2.1 Passwords and PINs . .3 2.2 Short Message Service . .4 2.3 One-Time Passwords . .5 2.4 U2F and WebAuthn .
  • Web Messaging and Notification System Between Journalists And

    Web Messaging and Notification System Between Journalists And

    FACULDADE DE ENGENHARIA DA UNIVERSIDADE DO PORTO Web messaging and notification system between journalists and citizens Cláudia Margarida da Rocha Marinho Mestrado Integrado em Engenharia Informática e Computação Supervisor: Maria Teresa Magalhães da Silva Pinto de Andrade Second Supervisor: Pedro Miguel da Silva Santos July 19, 2019 Web messaging and notification system between journalists and citizens Cláudia Margarida da Rocha Marinho Mestrado Integrado em Engenharia Informática e Computação Approved in oral examination by the committee: Chair: Jorge Manuel Gomes Barbosa (Assistant Professor) External Examiner: Paula Viana (Coordinator Professor) Supervisor: Maria Teresa Andrade (Assistant Professor) July 19, 2019 Abstract Over the recent years, live streaming has become a popular trend among events’ attendees, al- lowing them to share their own experiences of the event with people around the world. Realizing that this might be an opportunity for content providers to enrich their coverage of large events by making use of the attendees’ contributions, MOG Technologies started a project in a partnership with INESC TEC, Jornal de Notícias and OSTV. The idea of the project is to offer simple means for the event attendees, who can be general public or professional reporters, to send video streams in real-time to the TV producer who is covering the event and live broadcasting it to the public. The video streams are captured with the smartphones of the attendees through an intuitive web app. On the production side, the intention is to allow the TV event producer to continuously browse through the different received feeds using a drag-and-drop web-based GUI and, at any instant, to select a given feed to be inserted automatically in the main broadcast stream, which can also appear in the on-site large TV screens.
  • Strong Authentication Based on Mobile Application

    Strong Authentication Based on Mobile Application

    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Helsingin yliopiston digitaalinen arkisto STRONG AUTHENTICATION BASED ON MOBILE APPLICATION Helsingin yliopisto Faculty of Science Department of Computer Science Master's thesis Spring 2020 Harri Salminen Supervisor: Valtteri Niemi Tiedekunta - Fakultet - Faculty Osasto - Avdelning - Department Faculty of Science The Department of Computer Science Tekijä - Författare - Author Harri Salminen Työn nimi - Arbetets titel Title STRONG AUTHENTICATION BASED ON MOBILE APPLICATION Oppiaine - Läroämne – Subject Computer Science Työn laji/ Ohjaaja - Arbetets art/Handledare - Aika - Datum - Month and Sivumäärä - Sidoantal - Number of Level/Instructor year pages Master's thesis / Valtteri Niemi June, 2020 58 Tiivistelmä - Referat - Abstract The user authentication in online services has evolved over time from the old username and password-based approaches to current strong authentication methodologies. Especially, the smartphone app has become one of the most important forms to perform the authentication. This thesis describes various authentication methods used previously and discusses about possible factors that generated the demand for the current strong authentication approach. We present the concepts and architectures of mobile application based authentication systems. Furthermore, we take closer look into the security of the mobile application based authentication approach. Mobile apps have various attack vectors that need to be taken under consideration when designing an authentication system. Fortunately, various generic software protection mechanisms have been developed during the last decades. We discuss how these mechanisms can be utilized in mobile app environment and in the authentication context. The main idea of this thesis is to gather relevant information about the authentication history and to be able to build a view of strong authentication evolution.
  • Audioworklet: the Future of Web Audio

    Audioworklet: the Future of Web Audio

    AudioWorklet: The future of web audio Hongchan Choi Google Chrome [email protected] ABSTRACT 1.2 Web Audio API processing model To appreciate the advantages of AudioWorklet over Script- This paper presents a newly introduced extension to the ProcessorNode, it is helpful to understand how Web Audio Web Audio API that enables developers to author custom API operates internally. The following is a quick recap of audio processing on the web. AudioWorklet brings JavaScript- the processing model embodied in the API specification. based audio processing that is fast, reliable and secure while addressing numerous problems found in the earlier Browser main thread High priority thread ScriptProcessorNode. AudioWorklet’s design is discussed, followed by technical aspects, usage examples, and what Control thread Render thread the new functionality offers to the computer music commu- User script nity. Audio graph code change update 1. BACKGROUND Command AudioNodes queue 1.1 What is AudioWorklet? Asynchronous messaging Since its birth in 2010, the Web Audio API [1] has trans- formed the web browser into a platform for interactive ap- Figure 1. The processing model of the Web Audio API plications for music and audio. Although it has been rea- sonably successful in accommodating various use cases Two crucial premises of the Web Audio API rendering with its highly dynamic design, there has been a major mechanism are that 1) the audio rendering needs to be per- criticism pointing out its lack of flexibility and extensi- formed on a dedicated thread with high priority and 2) the bility. Besides built-in features for basic audio processing rendering pipeline must have a fixed size render quantum and synthesis, the API also provided developers with a way of 128 frames.