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A Blockchain-Based Spatial Data Trading Frame A Blockchain-Based Spatial Data Trading Framework liu hui Beijing Normal University WeiPeng Tai Anhui University of Technology Yaofei Wang Beijing Normal University Wang Shenling ( [email protected] ) Beijing Normal University Research Keywords: spatial data, data trading, data pricing, Blockchain Posted Date: January 23rd, 2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-150049/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License 1 Liu et al. 2 3 4 5 6 RESEARCH 7 8 9 A Blockchain-Based Spatial Data Trading Frame- 10 11 12 work 13 1,2 14 Hui Liu 2 1 1* 15 , WeiPeng Tai , Yaofei Wang and Shenling Wang 16 17 *Correspondence: [email protected] 18 1School of Artificial Intelligence, Abstract Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 19 China With the increasing utilization of space related data, the demand for spatial big 20 Full list of author information is data sharing and trading is growing rapidly, which promotes the emergence of 21 available at the end of the article spatial data market. However, in conventional data markets, both data buyers and 22 data sellers have to use a centralized trading platform which might be dishonest. 23 Blockchain is a decentralized distributed data storage technology, which uses the 24 traceability and unforgeability to confirm and record each transaction, can solve 25 the disadvantages of the centralized data market, however, it also introduces the 26 problems of security and privacy. 27 To address this issue,in this paper,we propose a blockchain-based spatial data 28 29 trading framework with Trusted Execution Environment to provide a trusted de- 30 centralized platform, including data storage, data query, data pricing and security 31 computing. Based on this framework, a spatial data trading demonstration system 32 was implemented and its feasibility and security were verified. 33 Keywords: spatial data; data trading; data pricing; Blockchain 34 35 36 37 38 Introduction 39 40 With the increasing popularity of all kinds of sensors and the wide application 41 of mobile positioning technology, the amount of spatial data is increasing rapidly. 42 Spatial data has become a key asset in our economy, the utilization of spatial data 43 44 can bring huge economic benefits or help us make better decision. In order to ensure 45 the normal circulation and use of data, many emerging institutions about spatial 46 data sharing and trading have emerged in recent years. In addition to the traditional 47 48 way of data circulation, there is also a big data trading market, which facilitates 49 data transactions by matching data demand with data sources. 50 In a conventional data market [1–4], data seller sends the data to a centralized 51 52 trading platform. Although the data trading platform accelerates the sharing and 53 circulation of data, there are still many problems in the data trading platform at 54 present: 55 56 1)The dishonest data buyer may resell the data seller’s data to others after ob- 57 taining the data seller’s data, thus damaging the data seller’s interests. At present, 58 the data circulating on the data trading platform is the source data without data 59 analysis, and the data has the feature of ”read it and have it”. That is to say, ma- 60 61 licious data buyers can cache the source data and resell them to others at a lower 62 price than the data seller after purchasing the data. 63 64 65 1 Liu et al. Page 2 of 15 2 3 4 5 6 2)The centralized trading platform may be dishonest who may cache and resell the 7 source data without the permission of the data seller, thus damaging the interests 8 of both parties to the transaction. 9 3)When data trading platform is a centralized system with low fault tolerance for 10 11 faults or attacks, once a fault occurs or is attacked by an attacker, the entire data 12 trading platform may be paralyzed, which will affect the data transaction between 13 the data buyer and the data seller, and even cause the leakage or loss of key data 14 of the platform. 15 16 In addition, the centralized trading platform lacks effective information commu- 17 nication channel between data buyer and data seller, which leads to low efficiency 18 of data transaction [5]. 19 In order to avoid the disadvantages in centralized data market, such as data 20 21 security and privacy, data copyright protection and sharing and circulation perfor- 22 mance bottlenecks, decentralized data market was born. Decentralized data market 23 architecture can get rid of single point of failure and single point of performance 24 bottleneck, and improve the transparency and credibility of data transactions. How- 25 26 ever, due to the lack of centralized management in decentralized data market, its 27 system design and security assurance will be more difficult than centralized data 28 market. For example, double payment has always been the difficulty of distributed 29 system [6, 7]. 30 31 Blockchain is a distributed public ledger first introduced by Nakamoto in 2008 [8]. 32 It maintains a continuously growing list of ordered records called blocks. Each block 33 in the chain is linked to the previous block through a cryptographic hash. All nodes 34 in the network share the same copy of digital ledger. Information stored in the 35 36 blockchain is open to everyone, making the actions of nodes transparent. 37 The introduction of blockchain into the data market system will enable data 38 sellers to enter into transactions with the data buyers directly without relying on 39 any third party, so that sellers can maintain the ownership of data and ensure the 40 41 openness and transparency of the transaction process, can solve the disadvantages 42 of the centralized data market, however, it also introduces the problems of security 43 and privacy [9–12], as explained below: 44 1)Data files are stored safely. In the scenario of data trading, the data files to be 45 46 traded by both parties need to be properly stored. First of all, data files cannot be 47 stored in the blockchain. The design of the blockchain system is only suitable for 48 storing transaction data with a small amount of data, but not suitable for storing 49 data files with a large amount of data. Secondly, the data file stored procedure 50 51 cannot disclose identity information. Finally, it is necessary to ensure that the data 52 buyer can easily obtain the data, and the buyer and the seller can not identify the 53 real identity of the other party. 54 2)Privacy protection. Based on the business requirements of blockchain and data 55 56 transaction, it is necessary to research and design privacy protection scheme in 57 data transaction process, to protect the user’s real identity from being disclosed 58 and ensure the security of transaction data under the condition of ensuring the 59 normal operation of data transaction. 60 61 To address this issue, we propose a blockchain based spatial data trading frame- 62 work which takes advantages of the blockchain to build a decentralization platform 63 64 65 1 Liu et al. Page 3 of 15 2 3 4 5 6 for data trading, including data storage, data query, data pricing and security com- 7 puting. 8 To tackle the first challenge, we use IPFS (InterPlanetary File System) to store 9 data files, which is a distributed file storage system. When a file is uploaded to 10 11 IPFS, it is available to all peers in the IPFS network. the user will receive a hash 12 index, which will allow the user to retrieve the file later. This index will replace the 13 data stored in the smart contract, saving the burden of the entire system. 14 To address the second challenge, we adopt smart contract to realize the data 15 16 transaction, and the combination of cryptography technology and Ethereum account 17 mechanism is used to solve the privacy protection and data security problems in 18 the transaction. 19 In our design, data buyers and data sellers conduct transactions directly on the 20 blockchain, which avoids risks caused by centralized trading platforms. All pay- 21 22 ment records and reviews generated by data buyers are faithfully recorded in the 23 blockchain through consensus protocol, and can be protected securely with Trusted 24 Execution Environment. The rest of this paper is organized as follows: In Section 1, 25 we introduce the background and related work. In Section 2, we design the frame- 26 27 work of spatial data trading based on blockchain. In Section 3-4, we verify feasibility 28 and security of a spatial data trading system. At last, we summarize our results and 29 make some concluding remarks. 30 31 1 Background Knowledge 32 33 Due to its decentralized immutable and traceable characteristics, blockchain tech- 34 nology is used in data trading market in recent years, which has attracted great 35 attention of the industry. Some of these companies directly sell their collected data 36 sets, while others collect personal data from the public and sell it to individual 37 users. There are also some domestic examples of using blockchain technology to 38 39 build data market. For example, Shanghai Data Trading Center [13] uses alliance 40 chain to store transaction related information in blockchain nodes to ensure data 41 transaction security, efficiency and credibility. 42 Zyskind [14]used blockchain to protect the privacy of personal data, transform- 43 44 ing the blockchain into an automatic access control manager that does not rely on 45 trusted third parties to clarify the ownership of data and ensure that users con- 46 trol their data.
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