Pioneers, Prospectors and Trout a Historic Context for La Plata County, Colorado

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Pioneers, Prospectors and Trout a Historic Context for La Plata County, Colorado Pioneers, Prospectors and Trout A Historic Context For La Plata County, Colorado By Jill Seyfarth And Ruth Lambert, Ph.D. January, 2010 Pioneers, Prospectors and Trout A Historic Context For La Plata County, Colorado Prepared for the La Plata County Planning Department State Historical Fund Project Number 2008-01-012 Deliverable No. 7 Prepared by: Jill Seyfarth Cultural Resource Planning PO Box 295 Durango, Colorado 81302 (970) 247-5893 And Ruth Lambert, PhD. San Juan Mountains Association PO Box 2261 Durango, Colorado 81302 January, 2010 This context document is sponsored by La Plata County and is partially funded by a grant from the Colorado State Historical Fund (Project Number 2008-01-012). The opinions expressed in this report do not necessarily reflect the opinions or policies of the staff of the Colorado State Historical Fund. Cover photographs: Top-Pine River Stage Station. Photo Source: La Plata County Historical Society-Animas Museum Photo Archives. Left side-Gold King Mill in La Plata Canyon taken in about1936. Photo Source Plate 21, in U.S.Geological Survey Professional paper 219. 1949 Right side-Local Fred Klatt’s big catch. Photo Source La Plata County Historical Society- Animas Museum Photo Archives. Table of Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1 New Frontiers................................................................................................................ 3 Initial Exploration ............................................................................................. 4 Native American-European Contact ................................................................. 7 First Miners and Settlers .................................................................................. 12 Frontiers in Natural Resources..................................................................................... 23 Precious Metal Mining ..................................................................................... 24 Coal Mining ..................................................................................................... 35 Mining For the Nuclear Age ............................................................................ 42 Open Rangers and Ranchers ............................................................................ 45 Homesteading and Water ................................................................................. 50 Farming ............................................................................................................ 55 Timber .............................................................................................................. 65 Oil and Gas ...................................................................................................... 67 Transportation .............................................................................................................. 71 Railroads .......................................................................................................... 72 Roads and Routes ............................................................................................. 85 Airport ............................................................................................................. 92 Federal Government..................................................................................................... 93 Agencies ........................................................................................................... 94 New Deal In La Plata County .......................................................................... 97 Tourism ........................................................................................................................ 99 Community Development ........................................................................................... 109 Settlement and Population .............................................................................. 110 Commercial Development .............................................................................. 118 Religious, Cultural and Social Institutions ..................................................... 121 Leisure............................................................................................................. 124 Afterword .................................................................................................................... 127 References Cited and Interviews ................................................................................ 129 Appendix ................................................................................................................ After 131 Coal Mines Post Offices Schools List of Figures and Maps Figure 1 Parrott City Business Listings ................................................................... 19 Figure 2 Map of Ute Ownership Changes .................................................... end of report Figure 3 Time Table No.19........................................................................................ 77 Figure 4 Plat of Tiffany ............................................................................................. 80 List of Tables Table 1 Elected County Officials in 1874 ............................................................... 16 Table 2 County Officials in 1879 ............................................................................. 17 Table 3 Early Assessed Values ................................................................................ 18 Table 4 La Plata and San Juan Counties Mineral Production............................. 25 Table 5 Mineral Production in the La Plata District .......................................... 28-29 Table 6 Packers/Freighters in the La Platas .......................................................... 33 Table 7 Eleven Largest Producing Coal Mines...................................................... 37 Table 8 Livestock Average Values .......................................................................... 48 Table 9 Farms and Farm Sizes ................................................................................ 56 Table 10 Irrigated Acreages ...................................................................................... 57 Table 11 Granges ........................................................................................................ 60 Table 12 Federally Recognized Parks and Monuments ......................................... 102 Table 13 Known Dude Ranches .............................................................................. 105 Table 14 Population of La Plata County ................................................................. 111 List of Photographs Photograph 1 John Moss ........................................................................................... 15 Photograph 2 Olga Little........................................................................................... 32 Photograph 3 La Plata Mine ..................................................................................... 37 Photograph 4 Animas Valley Grange ...................................................................... 59 Photograph 5 Pine River Station .............................................................................. 86 Photograph 6 Wagon in the Mud ............................................................................. 88 Photograph 7 Harry Jackson and a Winton ........................................................... 89 Photograph 8 Airplane .............................................................................................. 92 Photograph 9 Teelawuket ........................................................................................ 105 Photograph 10 A Frame ............................................................................................. 112 Photograph 11 Rockwood School .............................................................................. 117 Photograph 12 Baker’s Bridge Bicycle Trip ............................................................ 124 Photograph 13 Electra Lake Clubhouse ................................................................... 125 New Frontier Section Front Plate .............................................................................. 3 Frontiers In Natural Resources Section Front Plate .............................................. 23 Transportation Section Front Plate ......................................................................... 71 Federal Government Section Front Plate ................................................................ 93 Tourism Section Front Plate ..................................................................................... 99 Community Development Section Front Plate ....................................................... 109 Acknowledgements We thank all who helped with this project. Our sincere appreciation goes to the property owners who shared their stories, time and allowed our visits to their properties. This project benefited by their interest and knowledge. Thank you to the staffs of the project partners. At the State Historical Fund, our thanks to Elizabeth Blackwell and Chris Geddes. The La Plata County staff assisted us in many aspects of the project. Our thanks to La Plata County Commissioners Kellie Hotter, Joelle Riddle and Wally White; La Plata County Planning Department staff Erick Aune-Department Director, Juanita Sauvage, Cindy Simpson,
Recommended publications
  • Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Site Foundation Document
    NATIONAL PARK SERVICE • U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Foundation Document Overview Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Site Colorado Contact Information For more information about the Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Site Foundation Document, contact: [email protected] or (719) 438-5916 or write to: Superintendent, Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Site, 910 Wansted, POB 249, Eads, CO 81036-0249 Purpose Significance Significance statements express why Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Site resources and values are important enough to merit national park unit designation. Statements of significance describe why an area is important within a global, national, regional, and systemwide context. These statements are linked to the purpose of the park unit, and are supported by data, research, and consensus. Significance statements describe the distinctive nature of the park and inform management decisions, focusing efforts on preserving and protecting the most important resources and values of the park unit. • The site of the Sand Creek Massacre has sacred significance © Dan Esarey to the Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes, particularly those tribal members who are descended from victims and survivors of the massacre. The purpose of SAND CREEK MAssACRE • The site is a reminder of the tragic extremes of the 500 years of conflict between American Indians and European NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE is to protect and Americans over land that now comprises the United States. preserve the landscape of the massacre site and interpret the associated • The intense distrust resulting from the Sand Creek cultural values to enhance public Massacre influenced virtually all subsequent conflicts understanding of the massacre and between American Indians and the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Colorado History Chronology
    Colorado History Chronology 13,000 B.C. Big game hunters may have occupied area later known as Colorado. Evidence shows that they were here by at least 9200 B.C. A.D. 1 to 1299 A.D. Advent of great Prehistoric Cliff Dwelling Civilization in the Mesa Verde region. 1276 to 1299 A.D. A great drought and/or pressure from nomadic tribes forced the Cliff Dwellers to abandon their Mesa Verde homes. 1500 A.D. Ute Indians inhabit mountain areas of southern Rocky Mountains making these Native Americans the oldest continuous residents of Colorado. 1541 A.D. Coronado, famed Spanish explorer, may have crossed the southeastern corner of present Colorado on his return march to Mexico after vain hunt for the golden Seven Cities of Cibola. 1682 A.D. Explorer La Salle appropriates for France all of the area now known as Colorado east of the Rocky Mountains. 1765 A.D. Juan Maria Rivera leads Spanish expedition into San Juan and Sangre de Cristo Mountains in search of gold and silver. 1776 A.D. Friars Escalante and Dominguez seeking route from Santa Fe to California missions, traverse what is now western Colorado as far north as the White River in Rio Blanco County. 1803 A.D. Through the Louisiana Purchase, signed by President Thomas Jefferson, the United States acquires a vast area which included what is now most of eastern Colorado. While the United States lays claim to this vast territory, Native Americans have resided here for hundreds of years. 1806 A.D. Lieutenant Zebulon M. Pike and small party of U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • New Core Study Unearths Insights Into Uinta Basin Evolution and Resources
    UTAH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY SURVEY NOTES VOLUME 51, NUMBER 2 MAY 2019 New core study unearths insights into Uinta Basin evolution and resources CONTENTS New Core, New Insights into Ancient DIRECTOR’S PERSPECTIVE Lake Uinta Evolution and Uinta Basin • Exploration and development of Energy Resources ..........................1 by Bill Keach unconventional resources. Oil shale Drones for Good: Utah Geologists As the incoming Take to the Skies ...........................3 director for the Utah and sand continue to be a provocative Utah Mining Districts at Your Fingertips . .4 Geological Survey opportunity still searching for an eco- Energy News: The Benefits of Utah (UGS), I would like to nomic threshold. Oil and Gas Production.....................6 thank Rick Allis for his Glad You Asked: What are Those • Earthquake early warning systems. Can Blue Ponds Near Moab?....................8 guidance and leader- they work on the Wasatch Front? GeoSights: Pine Park and Ancient ship over the past 18 years. In Rick’s first • Incorporating technology into field Supervolcanoes of Southwestern Utah....10 “Director’s Perspective” he made predic- Survey News...............................12 tions of “likely hot-button issues” that the mapping and hazard recognition and UGS would face. These issues included: using data analytics and knowledge Design | Jenny Erickson sharing in our work at the UGS. Cover | View to the west of Willow Creek • Renewed exploration for oil and gas in core study area. Photo by Ryan Gall. the State. The last item is dear to my heart. A large part of my career has been in the devel- State of Utah • Renewed interest in more fossil-fuel-fired Gary R.
    [Show full text]
  • COLORADO MAGAZINE Published by the State Historical Society of Colorado
    THE COLORADO MAGAZINE Published by The State Historical Society of Colorado VO L. VIII Denver, Colorado, May, 1931 No. 3 History of Fort Lewis, Colorado MARY c. AYRES* At the base of the La Plata Mountains, twelve miles west of Durango, was located the military post of Fort Lewis. During frontier days this was an important place not only in military operations a!Ild Indian fights but in the social life of the region as well. Here were stationed not only dashing young graduates of West Point but also many officers who had gained fame on the battlefields of the Civil War. The fort owed its existence to the warfare between the Indians and whites and was abatndoned when the need for protection was no longer felt. The first issue of the La Plata Miner, published in Silverton on Saturday, July 10, 1875, contained an editorial written by the editor, John R. Curry, on the need for the establishment of a mili­ tary post in the Animas valley. Though two years earlier the Utes had signed the Brunot treaty, relinquishing their rights to the San Juan mining region, they still roamed at large through the country, becoming increasingly hostile as the white settlers in­ creased in number and more land was taken up. As the Indians lived largely by hunting they knew of no other way to exist and realized that as more land was occupied by the immense herds of cattle which were being brought in, game would disappear and their food supply be diminished. Their ideal was to preserve their hunting grounds intact while periodically visiting an agency to receive their raLons.
    [Show full text]
  • Schedule of Proposed Action (SOPA) 01/01/2015 to 03/31/2015 San Juan National Forest This Report Contains the Best Available Information at the Time of Publication
    Schedule of Proposed Action (SOPA) 01/01/2015 to 03/31/2015 San Juan National Forest This report contains the best available information at the time of publication. Questions may be directed to the Project Contact. Expected Project Name Project Purpose Planning Status Decision Implementation Project Contact Projects Occurring in more than one Region (excluding Nationwide) Western Area Power - Special use management In Progress: Expected:03/2015 05/2015 Christopher Wehrli Administration Right-of-Way DEIS NOA in Federal Register 435-896-1053 Maintenance and 09/27/2013 [email protected] Reauthorization Project Est. FEIS NOA in Federal EIS Register 01/2015 Description: Update vegetation management activities along 278 miles of transmission lines located on NFS lands in Colorado, Nebraska, and Utah. These activities are intended to protect the transmission lines by managing for stable, low growth vegetation. Location: UNIT - Ashley National Forest All Units, Grand Valley Ranger District, Norwood Ranger District, Yampa Ranger District, Hahns Peak/Bears Ears Ranger District, Pine Ridge Ranger District, Sulphur Ranger District, East Zone/Dillon Ranger District, Paonia Ranger District, Boulder Ranger District, West Zone/Sopris Ranger District, Canyon Lakes Ranger District, Salida Ranger District, Gunnison Ranger District, Mancos/Dolores Ranger District. STATE - Colorado, Nebraska, Utah. COUNTY - Chaffee, Delta, Dolores, Eagle, Grand, Gunnison, Jackson, Lake, La Plata, Larimer, Mesa, Montrose, Routt, Saguache, San Juan, Dawes, Daggett, Uintah. LEGAL - Not Applicable. Linear transmission lines located in Colorado, Utah, and Nebraska. R2 - Rocky Mountain Region, Occurring in more than one Forest (excluding Regionwide) Tri-State Montrose-Nucla- - Special use management In Progress: Expected:08/2015 04/2016 Liz Mauch Cahone Transmission Comment Period Public Notice 970-242-8211 Improvement Project 05/05/2014 [email protected] EA Est.
    [Show full text]
  • UCRC Annual Report for Water Year 2019
    SEVENTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT OF THE UPPER COLORADO RIVER COMMISSION SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH SEPTEMBER 30, 2020 2 UPPER COLORADO RIVER COMMISSION 355 South 400 East • Salt Lake City, UT 84111 • 801-531-1150 • www.ucrcommission.com June 1, 2021 President Joseph R. Biden, Jr. The White House Washington, D.C. 20500 Dear President Biden: The Seventy-Second Annual Report of the Upper Colorado River Commission, as required by Article VIII(d)(13) of the Upper Colorado River Basin Compact of 1948 (“Compact”), is enclosed. The report also has been transmitted to the Governors of each state signatory to the Compact, which include Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, Wyoming and Arizona. The budget of the Commission for Fiscal Year 2021 (July 1, 2020 – June 30, 2021) is included in this report as Appendix B. Respectfully yours, Amy I. Haas Executive Director and Secretary Enclosure 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE .................................................................................................. 8 COMMISSIONERS .................................................................................... 9 ALTERNATE COMMISSIONERS ........................................................... 10 OFFICERS OF THE COMMISSION ....................................................... 10 COMMISSION STAFF ............................................................................. 10 COMMITTEES ......................................................................................... 11 LEGAL COMMITTEE ................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Historical Range of Variability and Current Landscape Condition Analysis: South Central Highlands Section, Southwestern Colorado & Northwestern New Mexico
    Historical Range of Variability and Current Landscape Condition Analysis: South Central Highlands Section, Southwestern Colorado & Northwestern New Mexico William H. Romme, M. Lisa Floyd, David Hanna with contributions by Elisabeth J. Bartlett, Michele Crist, Dan Green, Henri D. Grissino-Mayer, J. Page Lindsey, Kevin McGarigal, & Jeffery S.Redders Produced by the Colorado Forest Restoration Institute at Colorado State University, and Region 2 of the U.S. Forest Service May 12, 2009 Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY … p 5 AUTHORS’ AFFILIATIONS … p 16 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS … p 16 CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION A. Objectives and Organization of This Report … p 17 B. Overview of Physical Geography and Vegetation … p 19 C. Climate Variability in Space and Time … p 21 1. Geographic Patterns in Climate 2. Long-Term Variability in Climate D. Reference Conditions: Concept and Application … p 25 1. Historical Range of Variability (HRV) Concept 2. The Reference Period for this Analysis 3. Human Residents and Influences during the Reference Period E. Overview of Integrated Ecosystem Management … p 30 F. Literature Cited … p 34 CHAPTER II. PONDEROSA PINE FORESTS A. Vegetation Structure and Composition … p 39 B. Reference Conditions … p 40 1. Reference Period Fire Regimes 2. Other agents of disturbance 3. Pre-1870 stand structures C. Legacies of Euro-American Settlement and Current Conditions … p 67 1. Logging (“High-Grading”) in the Late 1800s and Early 1900s 2. Excessive Livestock Grazing in the Late 1800s and Early 1900s 3. Fire Exclusion Since the Late 1800s 4. Interactions: Logging, Grazing, Fire, Climate, and the Forests of Today D. Summary … p 83 E. Literature Cited … p 84 CHAPTER III.
    [Show full text]
  • By Their Hats, Horses, and Homes, We Shall Know Them Opening June 18
    The Magazine of History Colorado May/June 2016 By Their Hats, Horses, and Homes, We Shall Know Them Opening June 18 ALSO IN THIS ISSUE n Awkward Family Photos n A Guide to Our Community Museums n The National Historic Preservation Act at 50 n Spring and Summer Programs Around the State Colorado Heritage The Magazine of History Colorado History Colorado Center Steve Grinstead Managing Editor 1200 Broadway Liz Simmons Editorial Assistance Denver, Colorado 80203 303/HISTORY Darren Eurich, State of Colorado/IDS Graphic Designer Melissa VanOtterloo and Aaron Marcus Photographic Services Administration Public Relations 303/866-3355 303/866-3670 Colorado Heritage (ISSN 0272-9377), published by History Colorado, contains articles of broad general and educational Membership Group Sales Reservations interest that link the present to the past. Heritage is distributed 303/866-3639 303/866-2394 bimonthly to History Colorado members, to libraries, and to Museum Rentals Archaeology & institutions of higher learning. Manuscripts must be documented 303/866-4597 Historic Preservation when submitted, and originals are retained in the Publications 303/866-3392 office. An Author’s Guide is available; contact the Publications Research Librarians office. History Colorado disclaims responsibility for statements of 303/866-2305 State Historical Fund fact or of opinion made by contributors. 303/866-2825 Education 303/866-4686 Support Us Postage paid at Denver, Colorado 303/866-4737 All History Colorado members receive Colorado Heritage as a benefit of membership. Individual subscriptions are available For details about membership visit HistoryColorado.org and click through the Membership office for $40 per year (six issues).
    [Show full text]
  • Colorado River Compact, 1922
    Colorado River Compact, 1922 The States of Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming, having resolved to enter into a compact under the Act of the Congress of the United States of America approved August 19, 1921 (42 Statutes at Large, page 171), and the Acts of the Legislatures of the said States, have through their Governors appointed as their Commissioners: W.S. Norviel for the State of Arizona, W.F. McClure for the State of California, Delph E. Carpenter for the State of Colorado, J.G. Scrugham for the State of Nevada, Stephen B. Davis, Jr., for the State of New Mexico, R.E. Caldwell for the State of Utah, Frank C. Emerson for the State of Wyoming, who, after negotiations participated in by Herbert Hoover appointed by The President as the representative of the United States of America, have agreed upon the following articles: ARTICLE I The major purposes of this compact are to provide for the equitable division and apportionment of the use of the waters of the Colorado River System; to establish the relative importance of different beneficial uses of water, to promote interstate comity; to remove causes of present and future controversies; and to secure the expeditious agricultural and industrial development of the Colorado River Basin, the storage of its waters, and the protection of life and property from floods. To these ends the Colorado River Basin is divided into two Basins, and an apportionment of the use of part of the water of the Colorado River System is made to each of them with the provision that further equitable apportionments may be made.
    [Show full text]
  • REREVISED This Version Includes All Amendments Adopted in the Second House LLS NO
    First Regular Session Seventy-second General Assembly STATE OF COLORADO REREVISED This Version Includes All Amendments Adopted in the Second House LLS NO. 19-0851.01 Jacob Baus x2173 HOUSE BILL 19-1178 HOUSE SPONSORSHIP McLachlan, Van Winkle, Geitner, Buentello, McCluskie, Roberts, Singer SENATE SPONSORSHIP Donovan, Bridges, Crowder, Fields, Gonzales, Priola, Rodriguez, Tate, Todd, Winter House Committees Senate Committees SENATE Education Education April 10, 2019 3rd Reading Unamended 3rd Reading A BILL FOR AN ACT 101 CONCERNING THE NAME SIMPLIFICATION OF WESTERN STATE 102 COLORADO UNIVERSITY TO WESTERN COLORADO UNIVERSITY. SENATE April 9, 2019 Bill Summary 2nd Reading Unamended (Note: This summary applies to this bill as introduced and does not reflect any amendments that may be subsequently adopted. If this bill passes third reading in the house of introduction, a bill summary that applies to the reengrossed version of this bill will be available at http://leg.colorado.gov.) HOUSE The bill simplifies the name of Western state Colorado university March 8, 2019 to Western Colorado university. 3rd Reading Unamended 1 Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Colorado: Shading denotes HOUSE amendment. Double underlining denotes SENATE amendment. HOUSE Capital letters or bold & italic numbers indicate new material to be added to existing statute. March 7, 2019 Dashes through the words indicate deletions from existing statute. 2nd Reading Unamended 1 SECTION 1. In Colorado Revised Statutes, amend 23-56-101 as 2 follows: 3 23-56-101. University established - role and mission. There is 4 hereby established a university at Gunnison, which shall be IS known as 5 Western state Colorado university.
    [Show full text]
  • The Tectonic Evolution of the Madrean Archipelago and Its Impact on the Geoecology of the Sky Islands
    The Tectonic Evolution of the Madrean Archipelago and Its Impact on the Geoecology of the Sky Islands David Coblentz Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM Abstract—While the unique geographic location of the Sky Islands is well recognized as a primary factor for the elevated biodiversity of the region, its unique tectonic history is often overlooked. The mixing of tectonic environments is an important supplement to the mixing of flora and faunal regimes in contributing to the biodiversity of the Madrean Archipelago. The Sky Islands region is located near the actively deforming plate margin of the Western United States that has seen active and diverse tectonics spanning more than 300 million years, many aspects of which are preserved in the present-day geology. This tectonic history has played a fundamental role in the development and nature of the topography, bedrock geology, and soil distribution through the region that in turn are important factors for understanding the biodiversity. Consideration of the geologic and tectonic history of the Sky Islands also provides important insights into the “deep time” factors contributing to present-day biodiversity that fall outside the normal realm of human perception. in the North American Cordillera between the Sierra Madre Introduction Occidental and the Colorado Plateau – Southern Rocky The “Sky Island” region of the Madrean Archipelago (lo- Mountains (figure 1). This part of the Cordillera has been cre- cated between the northern Sierra Madre Occidental in Mexico ated by the interactions between the Pacific, North American, and the Colorado Plateau/Rocky Mountains in the Southwest- Farallon (now entirely subducted under North America) and ern United States) is an area of exceptional biodiversity and has Juan de Fuca plates and is rich in geology features, including become an important study area for geoecology, biology, and major plateaus (The Colorado Plateau), large elevated areas conservation management.
    [Show full text]
  • 36 CFR Ch. II (7–1–13 Edition) § 294.49
    § 294.49 36 CFR Ch. II (7–1–13 Edition) subpart shall prohibit a responsible of- Line Includes ficial from further restricting activi- Colorado roadless area name upper tier No. acres ties allowed within Colorado Roadless Areas. This subpart does not compel 22 North St. Vrain ............................................ X the amendment or revision of any land 23 Rawah Adjacent Areas ............................... X 24 Square Top Mountain ................................. X management plan. 25 Troublesome ............................................... X (d) The prohibitions and restrictions 26 Vasquez Adjacent Area .............................. X established in this subpart are not sub- 27 White Pine Mountain. ject to reconsideration, revision, or re- 28 Williams Fork.............................................. X scission in subsequent project decisions Grand Mesa, Uncompahgre, Gunnison National Forest or land management plan amendments 29 Agate Creek. or revisions undertaken pursuant to 36 30 American Flag Mountain. CFR part 219. 31 Baldy. (e) Nothing in this subpart waives 32 Battlements. any applicable requirements regarding 33 Beaver ........................................................ X 34 Beckwiths. site specific environmental analysis, 35 Calamity Basin. public involvement, consultation with 36 Cannibal Plateau. Tribes and other agencies, or compli- 37 Canyon Creek-Antero. 38 Canyon Creek. ance with applicable laws. 39 Carson ........................................................ X (f) If any provision in this subpart
    [Show full text]