Notes

Chapter 1

1. The name of Dade County was formally changed to Miami-Dade County in 1957, when the county adapted a two-tier form of county-city management and the county government assumed many of the responsibilities of local city govern- ments. At the time of the 1977 events, the county government was referred to as “Metro-Dade” in local press accounts. However, for clarity and consistency, it will be referred to as the Dade County Commission, the name often used in national press reporting. “Metro in the Right on ‘Gays’ Decision,” Miami Her- ald, January 20, 1977. 2. Metro-Dade County Commission, Commission Meeting (taped transcript), January 18, 1977, Miami, FL. 3. “The Anti-Gay Vote’s Impact in California,” San Francisco Chronicle, June 10, 1977. 4. John D. Skrentny, The Minority Rights Revolution (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002). 5. Ibid., 20. 6. Ibid., 91, 93, 96–100, 265–75. 7. Ibid., 315. 8. Ibid., 325–26. 9. Seymour Kleinberg, Alienated Affections: Being Gay in America (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1980), 70–71; Alan Yang, “Trends: Attitudes Towards Homo- sexuals,” Public Opinion Quarterly 61, no. 3 (Autumn 1997): 477–507. 10. New Catholic Encyclopedia, ed., s.v., “HOMOSEXUALITY.” 11. John J. Rumbarger, Profits, Power, and Prohibition: Alcohol Reform and the Indus- trializing of America, 1800–1930 (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1989).

Chapter 2

1. George Chauncey, Gay New York: Gender, Urban Culture and the Gay Male World 1890–1940 (New York: Basic Books, 1994), 47–64. 2. Vito Russo, The Celluloid Closet: Homosexuality in the Movies, rev. ed. (New York: Harper and Row, 1987), 5–59; James Robert Parish, Gays and Lesbians in Main- stream Cinema (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 1993), 153–54. 3. Edward Alwood, Straight News: Gays, Lesbian and the News Media (New York: Columbia University Pres, 1996), 19–21; Paula S. Fass, “Making and Remaking 232 Notes

an Event: The Leopold and Loeb Case in American Culture,” The Journal of American History 80, no. 3 (December 1993): 919–51; Hal Higdon, The Crime of the Century: The Leopold and Loeb Case (New York: G. P. Putnam and Sons, 1975). 4. Alexander Doty, “The Gay Straight Man: Jack Benny and the Jack Benny Show,” in Making Things Perfectly Queer: Interpreting Mass Culture (Minneapolis: Uni- versity of Minnesota Press, 1993), 71; Allan Berube, Coming Out Under Fire: The History of Gay Men and Women in World War II (New York: Plume, 1990), 67–97; Irving Fein, Jack Benny: An Intimate Biography (New York: Putnam, 1976), 24. 5. Doty, “The Gay Straight Man,” 64. 6. Lynda Hunt, Fatal Women: Lesbian Sexuality and the Mark of Aggression (Princ- eton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994), 3–28; George Chauncey, “From Sexual Inversion to Homosexuality,” Salmagundi 58–59 (Fall 1982–Winter 1983): 28–31; Lisa Duggan, Sapphic Slashers: Sex, Violence and American Moder- nity (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2000); Steven Capsuto, Alternate Channels: The Uncensored Story of Gay and Lesbian Images on Radio and Television (New York: Ballantine Books, 2000), 3–22; Andrea Weiss, Vampires and Violets: Lesbians in Film (New York: Penguin, 1992), 53–54. 7. Berube, Coming Out Under Fire; John D’Emilio, Sexual Politics, Sexual Com- munities: The Making of a Homosexual Minority in the United States, 1940–1970 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983), 24–33. 8. Berube, Coming Out Under Fire, 152. 9. Alfred C. Kinsey, Wardell B. Pomeroy, and Clyde E. Martin, Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 1948). 10. Miriam Grace Reumann, “American Sexual Character in the Age of Kinsey, 1946–1964” (PhD diss., Brown University, 1998), 376. 11. Alfred C. Kinsey et al., Sexual Behavior in the Human Female (Philadelphia: Saunders, 1953); Reuman, “American Sexual Character,” 379–93. 12. Reuman, “American Sexual Character,” 393–407. 13. Philip Jenkins, Moral Panic: Changing Concepts of the Child Molester in Modern America (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998), 50–58; Estelle Freed- man, “‘Uncontrolled Desires’: The Response to the Sexual Psychopath, 1920– 1960,” in Passion and Power: Sexuality and History, ed. Kathy Peiss and Christina Simmons (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1989), 199–225; George Chauncey, “The Postwar Sex Crime Panic,” in True Stories from the American Past, ed. William Graeber (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1993), 160–79. 14. David K. Johnson, The Lavender Scare: The Cold War Persecution of Gays and Les- bians in the Federal Government (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003). 15. Gaye Tuchman, Making News: A Study in the Construction of Reality (New York: The Free Press, 1978); Ralph H. Major Jr., “New Moral Menace to Youth,” Coronet, September 1950, 101–8; “Let’s Be Honest about Homosexuality,” Our World, August 1954, 48–49; John Howard, “The Library, the Park, and the Per- vert: Public Space and Homosexual Encounter in Post-World War II Atlanta,” in Carryin’ On in the Lesbian and Gay South, ed. John Howard (New York: New Notes 233

York University Press, 1997), 128, n. 40; Johnson, The Lavender Scare, 6, 34; Michael S. Sherry, Gay Artists in Modern American Culture: An Imagined Con- spiracy (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007), 42–43. 16. Max Lerner, “The Washington Sex Story,” New York Post, July 10–22, 1950. 17. Max Lerner, “The Tragedy of the ‘Gay,’” New York Post, January 18–27, 1954; Sanford Lakoof, Max Lerner: Pilgrim in the Promised Land (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998), 187–224; Johnson, The Lavender Scare, 106–7. 18. “Queer People,” Newsweek, October 10, 1949, 52–53; Michael Allen Smyth, “Queers and Provocateurs: Hegemony, Ideology and the Doctrine of Provoca- tion” (Master’s thesis, University of California–Irvine, 2004). 19. Erich Goode and Nachman Ben-Yehuda, Moral Panics: The Social Construction of Deviance (Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1994). 20. Neil Miller, Sex-Crime Panic: A Journey to the Paranoid Heart of the 1950s (Los Angeles: Alyson Books, 2002); John Gerassi, The Boys of Boise: Vice and Folly in an American City (New York: Macmillan, 1966). Howard, “The Library, the Pervert, and the Park,” 117. 21. Parish, Gays and Lesbians in Mainstream Cinema, 327–28, 98–100; review of Compulsion, New York Times, April 2, 1959; review of Compulsion, Time, April 13, 1959, 52; Russo, The Celluloid Closet, 115–18. 22. Parish, Gays and Lesbians in Mainstream Cinema, 72–75, 421–23. 23. Donald Webster Cory, The Homosexual in America: A Subjective Approach (New York: Greenberg, 1951); D’Emilio, Sexual Politics, 33. 24. D’Emilio, Sexual Politics, 57–70, 101–7, 115; Rodger Streitmatter, Unspeakable: The Rise of the Gay and Lesbian Press in America (Boston: Faber and Faber, 1995), 22; Jim Kepner, Rough News, Daring Views: 1950s Pioneer Gay Press Journalism (New York: Haworth Press, 1998), 1–12. 25. D’Emilio, Sexual Politics, 115; David Leeming, James Baldwin: A Biography (New York: Knopf, 1994); Richard F. Dick, The Apostate Angel: A Critical Review Study of Gore Vidal (New York: Random House, 1974); Claude J. Summers, Gay Fictions: Wilde to Stonewall: Studies in a Male Homosexual Literature Tradition (New York: Continuum, 1990); Robert J. Corber, Homosexuality in Cold War America: Resistance and the Crisis of Masculinity (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1997). 26. Parish, Gays and Lesbians in Mainstream Cinema, 120–22, 141–43, 162–63. 27. “Growth of Overt Homosexuality in City Provokes Wide Concern,” New York Times, December 17, 1963; “City Side,” Newsweek, December 30, 1963, 42; Alwood, Straight News, 44–45. 28. Alwood, Straight News, 39–50. 29. Ibid., 57–62; “Homosexuals in Denver,” editorial, Denver Post, February 25, 1965; “Atlanta’s Lonely ‘Gay’ World,” Atlanta Constitution January 2–8, 1966; “The Twilight World,” Chicago Daily News, June 20–23, 1966. 30. “Homosexuality in America,” Life, June 26, 1964, 66–74; “The Law and the Homosexual Problem,” Life, June 11, 1965, 4. 31. “The Detective,” Look, December 3, 1965, 90–118. 234 Notes

32. “The Homosexual in America,” Time, January 21, 1966, 40–41; Jack Star, “The Sad ‘Gay,’ Life,” Look, January 10, 1967, 30–33. 33. “Homosexuals Proud of Deviancy, Medical Academy Study Finds,” New York Times, May 19, 1964; Irving Bieber, “Speaking Frankly on a Once Taboo Sub- ject,” New York Times Magazine, August 23, 1964. 34. Irving Bieber, “What You Should Know about Homosexuality,” Parents’ Maga- zine, May 1966, 31–32; Lawerence Hatterer, “What Every Parent Should Know about Homosexuality,” Parents Magazine, March 1968, 56–57; Vincent T. Lath- bury, “Mothers and Sons: An Intimate Discussion,” Ladies’ Home Journal, Janu- ary 1965, 43–45; “Alma Hid from the Truth,” Ladies’ Home Journal, October 1968, 30–32; “Feminine Attractions,” Seventeen, August 1968, 284–85. 35. Capsuto, Alternate Channels, 51–53; Alwood, Straight News, 69–74. 36. Alwood, Straight News, 69–74. 37. “Homosexuality in America,” Life, June 26, 1964, 66–74; Alwood, Straight News, 61–62; “The Twilight World,” Chicago Daily News, June 20–23, 1966. 38. Alwood, Straight News, 45–47; D’Emilio, Sexual Politics, 158–59; Capsuto, Alternate Channels, 40–42. 39. John D’Emilio and Estelle B. Freedman, Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America (New York: Harper and Row, 1988), 250–53; David Allyn, Make Love, Not War—The Sexual Revolution: An Unfettered History (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 2000); Alan Nourie and Barbara Nourie, American Mass Market Magazines (New York: Greenwood Press, 1990), 367–75; G. L. Sullivan and P. J. O’Connor, “Women’s Role Portrayals in Magazine Advertising: 1958–1983,” Sex Roles 18 (1988): 181–88. 40. D’Emilio, Sexual Politics, 301–8; Tom W. Smith, “The Sexual Revolution?” Pub- lic Opinion Quarterly 54, no. 3 (Autumn 1990): 415–35; Beth Bailey, “Sexual Revolution(s),” in The Sixties: From Memory to History, ed. David Farber (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1994), 235–62. 41. William N. Eskridge, Gaylaw: Challenging the Apartheid of the Closet (Cam- bridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999), 84; John Grigg, “Is Homosexual- ity a Crime?” The New York Times Magazine, June 27, 1965; Robert Woetzel, “Do Our Homosexuality Laws Make Sense?” Saturday Review, October 9, 1965, 65; “Justice for Homosexuals,” Nation, November 8, 1965, 318–19; “Law and Homosexuality,” America, July 17, 1965, 71; “Reappraising Laws on Homosex- uality,” The Christian Century May 26, 1965, 669; “Abolition of Death Penalty Urged,” New York Times, January 8, 1971. 42. Kinsey, Pomeroy, and Martin, Sexual Behavior in the Human Male; Kinsey et al., Sexual Behavior in the Human Female; Cleland Ford and Frank Beach, Patterns of Sexual Behavior (New York: Harper’s, 1951); Henry L. Minton, Departing from Deviance: A History of Homosexual Rights and the Emancipatory Science in America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002), 219–65; Ronald Bayer, Homosexuality and American Psychiatry: The Politics of Diagnosis (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1987), 39–40. 43. Bayer, Homosexuality and American Psychiatry, 41–66. 44. Jenkins, Moral Panic, 94–117. Notes 235

45. Webster Schott, “Civil Rights and the Homosexual,” New York Times Magazine, November 12, 1967. 46. Marc Stein, City of Sisterly and Brotherly Loves: Lesbian and Gay Philadelphia, 1945–1972 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), 273–74; D’Emilio, Sexual Politics, 164–65; Alwood, Straight News, 54–55. 47. D’Emilio, Sexual Politics, 194–95. 48. D’Emilio, Sexual Politics, 227; Don Teal, The Gay Militants (New York: Stein and Day, 1971), 44; Brett Beemyn, “The Silence is Broken: A History of the First Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual College Student Groups,” Journal of the History of Sexuality 12, no. 2 (April 2003): 205–23. 49. Teal, The Gay Militants, 24–37; David Carter, Stonewall: The Riots That Sparked the Gay Revolution (New York: St. Martin Griffin, 2005). 50. Teal, The Gay Militants, 54–55; Stein, City of Sisterly and Brotherly Loves, 295–97. 51. Dennis Altman, Homosexual: Oppression and Liberation (New York: Outerbridge and Dienstfrey, 1971); Toby Marotta, The Politics of Homosexuality (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1981); D’Emilio, Sexual Politics, 234. 52. Alwood, Straight News, 90; “Police Riot on NY Club Sets Off First Gay Riot,” Advocate, September 1969, 1. 53. Streitmatter, Unspeakable, 116–53. 54. Jack Star, “A Changing View of Homosexuality,” Look, December 2, 1969, 68; “Coming to Terms,” Time, October 24, 1969, 82; “Policing the Third Sex,” Newsweek, October 27, 1969, 76. 55. “Homosexuals: Newly Visible, Newly Understood,” Time, October 31, 1969, 56–59. 56. Russo, The Celluloid Closet, 174–79; Richard Dyer, “Coming Out as Going In: The Image of the Homosexual as a Sad Young Man,” in The Matter of Images: Essays on Representations (New York: Routledge, 1993), 73–93. 57. Jack Star, “The Faces of the Boys in the Band,” Look, December 2, 1969, 63–67; “Letters to the Editor,” Look, January 13, 1970, 10. 58. “Filmed ‘Boys’ Winds Up Just a Nasty Exhibition,” Advocate, May 13, 1970, 24; “Letters to Editor,” Look, January 13, 1970, 10. 59. Tom Burke, “The New Homosexuality,” Esquire, December 1969, 178–81. 60. “The ’60s: Decade of Tumult and Change,” Life, December 26, 1969, 8–25; “Good-by to the ’60s,” Newsweek, December 29, 1969, 12–19; “An Unbeliev- able Decade: The Sixties,” Look, December 30, 1969, 10–32; Andrew Hunt, “‘When Did the Sixties Happen?’ Searching for New Directions,” Journal of Social History 33, no. 1 (1999): 147–61; Rick Perlstein, “Who Owns the Sixties: The Opening of a Scholarly Generation Gap,” Lingua Franca (May/June 1996): 30–37. 61. “Homosexuals Disrupt Psychiatry Parley,” New York Times, March 9, 1970; “Homosexuals Hold Protest in Village,” New York Times, May 5, 1970. 62. Dudley Clendinen and Adam Nagourney, Out for Good (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1999), 61–64; “Gay Pride: Thousands March in New York, L.A.,” Advocate, July 22, 1970, 1. 236 Notes

63. “Thousands of Homosexuals Hold a Protest Rally in Central Park,” New York Times, June 29, 1970; “Homosexuals March in N.Y.,” Washington Post, June 29, 1970; “20,000 March in N.Y. for Sex Freedom,” Miami Herald, June 29, 1970; “Gay Pride,” Time, July 13, 1970, 96; “Parade: First-Anniversary Celebration of the Gay Liberation Movement,” New Yorker, July 11, 1970, 19–20; “Homo- sexuals Stage Hollywood Parade,” Los Angeles Times, June 29, 1970; Leo Skir, “We’re Freakin’ On In: A Look at Gay Power,” Mademoiselle, September 1970, 150–52. 64. Clendinen and Nagourney, Out for Good, 550–51; Justin David Suran, “Coming Out against the War: Antimilitarism and the Politicization of Homosexuality in the Era of Vietnam,” American Quarterly 53, no. 3 (September 2001): 452–88. 65. Joseph Epstein, “Homo/Hetero: The Struggle for Sexual Identity,” Harper’s, September 1970, 37–44; “Letters,” Harper’s, November 1970, 6–10; Alwood, Straight News, 103–5. 66. Merle Miller, “What It Means to Be a Homosexual,” New York Times Magazine January 17, 1971; Merle Miller, On Being Different; What It Means to be a Homo- sexual (New York: Random House, 1971); Merle Miller, “What It Means to Be a Homosexual (Continued),” New York Times Magazine, October 10, 1971; “Authors and Editors,” Publisher’s Weekly, October 4, 1971, 17–18. 67. Judy Klemesrud, “The Disciples of Sappho, Updated,” New York Times Maga- zine, March 28, 1971; “The Homosexual Couple,” Look, January 26, 1971, 69–71. 68. Teal, The Gay Militants; Dotson Rader, “Review of The Gay Militants,” New York Times Book Review, October 3, 1997; Martin Duberman, “Homosexual Literature,” New York Times Book Review, December 10, 1972; Dennis Altman, Homosexual: Oppression and Liberation; “The Different,” Time, February 28, 1972, 81–82; Jill Johnston, “Review of Homosexual: Oppression and Liberation,” New York Times Book Review, February 20, 1972. 69. “Here is a Man Who Was Guilty,” Newsweek, August 1970, 13–15; David Steigerwald, The Sixties and the End of Modern America (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1995), 60–64; Todd Gitlin, The Whole World Is Watching: Mass Media in the Making and Unmaking of the New Left (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980); “Protest: A Week Against the War,” Time, May 3, 1970, 10–12; “The Chess Ending of a War,” Time, May 10, 1970, 12–15; Jeremy Varon, Bringing the War Home: The Weather Underground, the Red Army Faction, and the Revolutionary Violence in the Sixties and Seventies (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004). 70. “The Militant Homosexual,” Newsweek, August 23, 1971, 45–48. 71. “Homosexuals in Revolt: The Year That One Liberation Movement Turned Militant,” Life, December 31, 1971, 62–72. 72. “Gay Mecca No. 1,” Time, November 2, 1970, 12; Timothy E. Cook and Bevin Hartnett, “Spitting Images: The Nightly Network News and the Politics of the Lesbian and Gay Movement,” in Sexual Identities, Queer Politics, ed. Mark Bla- sius (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press), 286–318; “Alpine Project Off? Only ’til the Snow Melts,” Advocate, January 6, 1971, 2. Notes 237

73. Thomas Ferguson and Joel Rogers, Right Turn: The Decline of the Democrats and the Future of American Politics (New York: Hill and Wang, 1986), 78–113; Wil- liam Martin, With God on Our Side: The Rise of the Religious Right in America (New York: Broadway Books, 1996), 100–140. 74. Clendinen and Nagourney, Out for Good, 191–98; John D’Emilio, “Organi- zational Tales: Interpreting the NGLTF Story,” in Creating Change: Sexuality, Policy, and Civil Rights, ed. John D’Emilio, William Turner, and Urvashi Vaid (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2000), 469–86. 75. Alwood, Straight News, 92–93,120–21, 143–51. 76. Bayer, Homosexuality and American Psychiatry, 67–101; “Psychiatrists in a Shift Declare Homosexuality No Mental Illness,” New York Times, December 16, 1973; “Instant Cure,” Time, April 1, 1974, 45; Minton, Departing from Devi- ance, 151. 77. Robert Gould, “What We Don’t Know about Homosexuality,” New York Times Magazine, February 24, 1977; Hatterer, “What Every Parent Should Know about Homosexuality,” 56–57; Laurence Hatterer, “What Parents Should Know about Homosexuality,” PTA Magazine, June 1971, 6–9; Louis Sabin, “Homo- sexuality Today: What Parents Want to Know,” Parents’ Magazine, March 1974, 46–47. 78. Russo, Celluloid Closet, 88, 200, 203, 214–18; Parish, Gays and Lesbian in Main- stream Cinema, 65–67, 342–44, 350–52, 403–4; Arthur Bell, “Let the Boys in the Band Die,” New York Times, April 8, 1973; Arthur Bell, “Why Do Homo- sexuals Want to Bust ‘Busting’?” New York Times, March 3, 1974. 79. Parish, Gays and Lesbian in Mainstream Cinema, 138–40, 213–14; Russo, Cel- luloid Closet, 196–200, 215–17. 80. Parish, Gays and Lesbian in Mainstream Cinema, 271–72; Russo, Celluloid Closet, 228. 81. Bell, “Let the Boys in the Band Die”; Bell, “Why Do Homosexuals Want to Bust ‘Busting’?” 82. Capusuto, Alternate Channels, 49, 57–58, 69–88; Russo, The Celluloid Closet, 221–23. 83. “3 Stations Reject ‘Welby’ Episode,” New York Times, September 28, 1974; John J. O’Connor, “Pressure Groups Are Increasingly Putting the Heat on TV,” New York Times, October 6, 1974; Alwood, Straight News, 149–55; Katherine Mont- gomery, Target: Prime Time—Advocacy Groups and the Struggle Over Entertain- ment Television (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), 51–74. 84. Montgomery, Target: Prime Time, 89, 153. 85. House Subcommittee on Communications, Committee on Interstate and For- eign Commerce, Sex and Violence on TV, 94th Cong., 2nd sess., July 9, August 17, 18, 1976. 86. Cook and Hartnett, “Spitting Images,” 286–318. 87. Ibid.; Martin Duberman, “The Case of the Gay Sergeant,” New York Times Magazine, November 9, 1975; “Gays on the March,” Time, September 8, 1975, 32–34; “Letter from the Publisher,” Time, September 8, 1975, 1. 238 Notes

88. Cook and Hartnett, “Spitting Images,” 286–318; “Gays on the March,” Time, 32–34. 89. “Gays and the Press,” Newsweek, October 1975, 93. 90. Jane J. Mansbridge, Why We Lost the Era (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986), 128–29. 91. Sidney J. Levy, “Symbolism and Life Style,” in Toward Scientific Marketing, ed. Stephen A. Greyser (Chicago: American Marketing Association, 1964), 140–50; Joseph T. Plummer, “Life Style Patterns: A New Constraint for Mass Communi- cations Research,” Journal of Broadcasting 16, no. 1 (Winter 1971–72): 70–89; Streitmatter, Unspeakable, 81. 92. Connie DeBoer “The Polls: Attitudes toward Homosexuality,” Public Opinion Quarterly 42, no. 2 (Summer 1978): 265–76. 93. “Letters to the Editor,” Look, January 13, 1970, 10–14; “Letters to the Editor,” Time, September 29, 1975, 6.

Chapter 3

1. John D. Skrentny, The Minority Rights Revolution (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002), 314–17. 2. Wendell W. Cultice, Youth’s Battle for the Ballot: A History of Voting Age in Amer- ica (New York: Greenwood Press, 1992). 3. “New Seattle Law Protects Gay Jobs,” Advocate, October 10, 1973, 1; “Seattle Rights Law: Seldom Has So Little Produced So Much,” Advocate, October 24, 1973, 1; Gary Atkins, Gay Seattle: Stories of Exile and Belonging (Seattle: Univer- sity of Washington Press, 2003), 194–217; “D.C. Rights Bill Signed Into Law, Advocate, December 19, 1973, 1; “Rights Bill Passed in Minneapolis,” Advo- cate, April 4, 1974, 16; Dudley Clendinen and Adam Nagourney, Out for Good: The Struggle to Build a Gay Rights Movement in America (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1999), 230–37; “Gay Rights Up to Voter in Detroit,” Advocate, Octo- ber 25, 1972,2; “Detroit’s No 1 on Gay Rights,” Advocate, July 17, 1974, 15; “Newsline,” Advocate, June 2, 1976, 11. 4. Clendinen and Nagourney, Out for Good, 265. 5. “City Rights Laws—Are They Just Toothless Paper Tigers?” Advocate, March 10, 1976, 12. 6. “Lindsay Issues Anti-Bias Order,” Advocate, March 1, 1972, 1; “Governor Bans Discrimination in State Employment,” Advocate, March 26, 1975, 4; “Boston Mayor Order Rights,” Advocate, May 19, 1976, 7; “Columbus Mayor Vetoes Unanimous Council, Advocate, January 2, 1974, 3; “Civil Rights,” Advocate, April 23, 1975, 8; “Sullivan Vetoes Equal Rights Bill,” Anchorage Daily News, March 3, 1976; “Anchorage Mayor Vetoes, ‘Deviate’ Bill,” Advocate, April 7, 1976, 8. 7. “Reds, Rock, and the Gay Menace,” Advocate, March 13, 1974,2; “Gay Jobs Rights Backing Prompts Recall Attempt,” Advocate, March 27, 1974; “Rights Law Offered to Voters,” Advocate, April 24, 1974, 3; “Sex Preference Measure Defeated,” The Denver Post, May 8, 1974; “Boulder Defeats Sexual Bias Ruling,” Notes 239

Rocky Mountain News, May 8, 1974; “Voters Upset Gay Rights Law,” Advocate, June 19, 1974, 6; “Tate Retained, Fuller Loses in Recall,” Denver Post, Septem- ber 11, 1974; “Gay Issue Fires Up Conservatives,” Advocate, October 9, 1974, 11. 8. “Gay Bar Beating Death Memorialized,” Citizen (Tucson), June 7, 1977; “Tuc- son Passes Rights Bill,” Philadelphia Gay News, March 1977. 9. City of Tulsa, Oklahoma, Community Relations Commission, Sexual Preference Study, prepared by Victoria A. Myers (November 1976); “Surprises in the Sooner State,” Advocate, February 23, 1977, 8. 10. Arva Moore Parks, Miami: The Magic City (Miami: Centennial Press, 1991). 11. Fred Fejes, “Murder, Perversion, and Moral Panic: The 1954 Media Campaign against Miami’s Homosexuals and the Discourse of Civic Betterment,” Journal of the History of Sexuality 9, no. 3 (July 2000): 305–47. 12. Marvin Dunn, Black Miami in the Twentieth Century (Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1997). 13. Alejandro Portes and Alex Stepick, City on the Edge: The Transformation of Miami (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994), 123–50. 14. Mike Abrams, interview by author, January 12, 2005, Miami, FL. 15. Nixon Smiley, Knights of the Fourth Estate: The Story of the Miami Herald (Miami: E. A. Seaman Publishing, 1974). 16. “Ebb-Tide at Miami Beach,” Time, December 17, 1977, 12; “Report Says Job Outlook Dim in Dade,” Miami Herald, November 23, 1977. 17. “¿Qué Pasa, Miami?” (five-part series), Miami Herald, July 2–6, 1978; Research Division, Metropolitan Dade County (FL) Planning Deptartment, Dade County Facts–1996, 8; “Anti-Bilingualism Measure Approved in Dade County,” Miami Herald, November 5, 1980. 18. Dunn, Black Miami in the Twentieth Century, 221; Metropolitan Dade County (FL) Metropolitan Dade County (FL) Planning Department, Growth and Change in the Dade Economy 1970–1990 (Miami, 1994); Bruce Porter and Mar- vin Dunn, The Miami Riot of 1980: Crossing the Bounds (Lexington, KY: Lexing- ton Books, 1984), 189, 194–96. 19. “Cubans Fare Better,” Miami Herald, July 5, 1978; “Young Exiles: A Genera- tion in Abyss,” Miami Herald, July 4, 1978; “Cuban Exile Admits Bombing an Airliner Killing 73 Aboard,” New York Times, October 19, 1976; “Cuban Refugees Go on Trial in Miami Tomorrow,” New York Times, November 28, 1976; “Suspects Arrested in Bomb Spree,” Miami Herald, May 7, 1976; “Miami Cubans Condemn Bombings; Several Link Terrorism to Castro,” Miami Herald, December 6, 1975. 20. Portes and Stepick, City on the Edge; “Paradise Lost/Trouble in Paradise,” Time, November 23, 1981, 5–12. 21. Siobahn B. Somerville, “The Queer Career of Jim Crow: Racial and Sexual Transformation in Early Cinema,” in Queering the Color Line: Race and the Invention of Homosexuality in American Culture (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2000), 39–76; Witold Rybczynski and Laurie Olin, Vizcaya: An American 240 Notes

Villa and Its Makers (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007), 15, 219–27. 22. Fejes, “Murder, Perversion, and Moral Panic.” 305–47; Fred Fejes, “Florida,” Encyclopedia of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender History in America, compl. Marc Stein (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 2005). 23. Stacy Braukman, “Anticommunism and the Politics of Sex and Race in Florida 1954–1965” (PhD diss., University of North Carolina, 1999). 24. “The Life of the Homosexual: It’s Sad, not Gay,” Miami Herald, August, 9, 1964; “Homosexuality in Youth on the Rise,” Miami Herald, August 4, 1963; “Lawmen Conduct a Study,” Miami Herald, 12, 1963; “Moral Squad Takes Homosexual Issue to Parents,” Miami Herald, April 12, 1966. 25. “FYI: The Homosexual,” WTVJ News and Public Affairs Special Show, April 19, 1966, Wolfson Media Archives, Miami Dade Public Library, Miami, FL; “The Homosexual Program Gets Results,” Press Release, WTVJ, May 19, 1966, News File: Homosexual, Florida Collection: The Florida Room, Miami-Dade Public Library, Miami, FL. 26. “Homosexuals’ Church a Theater,” Miami Herald, December 5, 1970; “Miami Bar Ordinance Held Void,” Advocate, January 5, 1972, 2; “Miami Vote Goes Against Gays,” Advocate, December 8, 1971, 6. 27. “Miami Gays Preparing for Convention Influx,” Advocate, April 12, 1972, 12; “Gay Pride in Miami: Dancing, Demonstrating,” Advocate, July 5, 1972, 3; “Miami Confab Agrees Strong NCGO Needed,” Advocate, August 2, 1972, 10; “At Least 20 Gays Arrested in Protests at GOP Conclave,” Advocate, September 13, 1972, 3. 28. “Miami’s Silent Minority,” Tropics (Miami Herald Sunday Magazine), August 24, 1969; “The Homosexual” (eight-part series), Miami News, August 24–Sep- tember 1, 1970; “Gay Activists Call Court Ruling on Impersonation ‘Great Vic- tory,’” Miami News, July 3, 1972. 29. Jack Campbell, interview by author, February 19, 1997, Miami, FL; “Police Arrest 67 Men at Club,” Miami Herald, February 14, 1975; “Homosexual Charges Tossed Out,” Miami Herald, May 9, 1975; “Homosexual Club Gets Court Order against Police,” Miami Herald, September 23, 1975; “Club for Gays Won’t Accept Police Pledge,” Miami News, October 8, 1975. 30. James Sears, Rebels, Rubyfruit, and Rhinestones: Queering Space in the Stonewall South (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2001), 226–45; Robert Basker, telephone interview by author, May 18, 25, 1997; Carl Hiassen, “Out of the Closet, and Then Some,” Tropics Magazine (Miami Herald Sunday Magazine), June 5, 1977; “Bob Basker: A Portrait of a Pioneer,” GL, June 25, 1982,13–15; “Ahead of His Time: An Interview With Bob Basker,” Gay Community News, July 30 1983; “Application Essay for Graduate Program in Psychology,” Robert Basker Papers, 1999, Box 2, File 5, Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual and Transgender His- torical Society, San Francisco. 31. Bob Kunst, interview by author, January 19, 1998. Miami Beach, FL; “Transpe- rience Provides Forum for Alternative Life Styles,” Miami News, November 11, 1976; “Gay Activist Alan Rockway,” Miami Herald, November 13, 1987. Notes 241

32. “Gays Present Proposal to End Discrimination,” Miami Herald, July 10, 1976; “CRB to Handle Complaints by Gays of Harassment,” Miami Herald, July 16,1976; Kunst interview. 33. Campbell interview; Basker interview. 34. Basker interview; I Robert Winnick, interview by author, October 25, 2001, Miami FL; “Battle Lines are Drawn Over Gay Rights Issue,” Miami Herald, March 27, 1977. 35. “Transperience Provides Forum for Alternative Life Styles”; Ruth Shack, inter- view by author, January 8, 1997, Miami, FL. 36. Shack interview. 37. “Commission to Hear Ordinance to Eliminate Bias Against Gays,” Miami Her- ald, December 17, 1976; Ike Seamans, interview by author, December 17, 1998, Miami, FL. 38. John D’Emilio, Sexual Politics, Sexual Communities: The Making of a Homosex- ual Minority in the United States, 1940–1970 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983), 192–95; Melissa M. Wilcox, “Of Markets and Missions: The Early History of the Universal Fellowship of Metropolitan Community Churches,” Religion and American Culture 11, no. 1 (Winter 2001): 83–108; Thomas Fur- man Hewitt, “The American Church’s Reaction to the Homophile Movement, 1948–1978” (PhD dissertation, Duke University, 1983). 39. Harry N. Hollis Jr., “Homosexuality: The Issue of Legalization,” The Baptist Press, February 1976, quoted in Hewitt, “The American Church’s Reaction,” 286–88. 40. Hewitt, “The American Church’s Reaction,” 289. 41. Ibid.; Nancy Tatom Ammerman, Baptist Battles: Social Change and Religious Conflict in the Southern Baptists Convention (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers Uni- versity Press, 1990), 99–110. 42. “Resolution on Homosexuality,” Annual of the Southern Baptist Convention: 1976 (Nashville: Executive Committee, Southern Baptist Convention, 1976), 58; “TM and Gay People Get Rap,” Advocate, August 11, 1976, 6; Clendinen and Nagourney, Out for Good, 269–85. 43. John J. McNeil, The Church and the Homosexual (Boston: Beacon Press, 1988), 1–28, 217–41; John J. McNeil, Both Feet Planted in Midair: My Spiritual Journey (Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 1998), 89–91. 44. Douglas W. Johnson, Paul R. Picard, and, Bernard Quinn, Churches and Church Membership in the United States: An Enumeration by Region, State and County (Atlanta: Glenmary Research Center, 1982); Michael J. McNally, Catholicism in South Florida:1868–1968 (Gainesville: University Presses of Florida, 1982), 42–45; Dunn, Black Miami, 106–17. 45. McNally, Catholicism in South Florida, 102–10, 199; “Carroll-A Benefactor to Many,” Miami Herald, July 27, 1977. 46. Robert Brake, interview with author, May 28, 1997, Coral Gables, FL. 47. “Group Seeks God-Fearing Politicians,” Miami Herald, September 4, 1976. 48. Anita Bryant, interview with Ken Kelley, Playboy, May 1978, 74–95; News File “Anita Bryant,” Florida Room, Miami-Dade Public Library. Miami, FL. 242 Notes

49. Anita Bryant, The Anita Bryant Story: The Survival of Our Nation’s Families and the Threat of Militant Homosexuality (Old Tappan, NJ: Revell, 1977), 13–19. Ironically, it was questionable how much of the concern of allowing open homo- sexuals to teach in schools, including religious schools was justified. In Florida, county ordinances had no effect on the employment practices of the school dis- trict. Moreover, religious institutions, including schools affiliated with churches, could discriminate for religious reasons, an exception recognized in the 1964 Civil Rights Act. Bruce N. Bagni, “Discrimination in the Name of the Lord: A Critical Examination of Discrimination by Religious Organizations,” Columbia Law Review 79, no. 8 (December 1979): 1514–1549. 50. “Miami Talk Show Host Comes Out on the Air,” Gay Community News, January 8 1977, 2; Bryant, The Anita Bryant Story, 13–19; “Anti-Bias Bill Criticized,” Miami Herald, January 17, 1977. 51. Metro-Dade County Commission, Commission Meeting (taped transcript), January 18, 1977, Miami, FL. 52. Bryant, The Anita Bryant Story, 21–28; Brake interview; “Gay Controversy in Retrospect,” Miami Review and Daily Record, August 23, 1977. 53. “Metro in the Right on ‘Gays’ Decision,” Editorial, Miami Herald, January 20, 1977; Charles Whited, “Personalities Clashing Over an Old Issue,” Miami Her- ald, January 18, 1977; “Dade Approves Ordinance Banning Bias Against Gays, Miami Herald, January 19th, 1977; Shack interview. 54. Jesse Monteagudo, interview with author, February 21, 1998, Fort Lauderdale, FL.

Chapter 4

1. William C. Berman, America’s Right Turn: From Nixon to Bush (Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press, 1994); Peter N. Carroll, It Seemed Like Nothing Happened: The Tragedy and Promise of American in the 1970s (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1982); Dudley Clendinen and Adam Nagourney, Out for Good: The Struggle to Build a Gay Rights Movement in America (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1999), 261–90; Thomas Ferguson and Joel Rogers, Right Turn: The Decline of the Democrats and the Future of American Politics (New York: Hill and Wang, 1986); James Davison Hunter, Culture Wars: The Struggle to Define America (New York: Basic Books, 1991); Jonathan Rieder, “The Rise of the ‘Silent Majority,’” in The Rise and Fall of the New Deal Order, 1930–1980, ed. Steve Fraser, and Gary Gestle (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989), 243–68; “Liberals Forged Winning Coalition,” Miami Herald, March 10, 1976; Mike Abrams, interview by author, January 12, 2005, Miami, FL. 2. William Martin, With God on Our Side: The Rise of the Religious Right in Amer- ica (New York: Broadway Books, 1996), 144–59; “The Year of the Evangelical,” Newsweek, October 25, 1977, 68–78. 3. Martin, With God on Our Side, 100–147, 169–71; Sara Diamond, Roads to Dominion: Right Wing Movements and Political Power in the United States (New York: Guildford Press, 1995), 92–108, 161, 177. Notes 243

4. The full text of the amendment reads: “Section 1. Equality of rights shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex. Sec- tion 2. The Congress shall have the power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this Article. Section 3. This Amendment shall take effect two years after the date of ratification.” 5. Jane J. Mansbridge, Why We Lost the ERA (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986), 10–14. 6. Joan S. Carver, “The Equal Rights Amendment and the Florida Legislature,” Florida Historical Quarterly 60, no. 4 (1982): 455–81. 7. These polls were very poor guides as to how people would actually act. Many states held referenda on ERA-style amendments to their state constitutions, and polls often showed overwhelming support. However, when voted on, many of these measures lost, often by large margins. Mary Frances Berry, Why the ERA Failed: Politics, Women’s Rights, and the Amending Process of the Constitution (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986), 56–69; Mansbridge, Why We Lost the ERA, 14–18. 8. Ibid., 50–52; Sonya K. Foss, “Equal Rights Amendment Controversy: Two Worlds in Conflict,” Quarterly Journal of Speech 65, no. 3 (1979): 275–88; Rebecca E. Klatch, Women of the Right (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1987), 20–54,119–59; David Frum, How We Got Here: The 70s: The Decade That Brought You Modern Life—For Better or Worse (New York: Basic Books, 2000), 246–48. 9. Samuel T. Perkins and Arthur J. Silverstein, “The Legality of Homosexual Mar- riage,” Yale Law Journal 82 (1973): 573; Mansbridge, Why We Lost the ERA, 128–29, 290–91. 10. “Republican Convention: ERA,” ABC Evening News, August 10, 1976, Van- derbilt Television News Archive, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Rene Feinberg, The Equal Rights Amendment: An Annotated Bibliography of the Issues, 1976–1986 (New York: Greenwood Press, 1986), 14–15. 11. Daniel S. Moreti, Obscenity and Pornography: The Law Under the First Amend- ment (New York: Oceana Publications, 1984); Franklin Mark Osanka and Sara Lee Johann, Sourcebook on Pornography (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1989), 4–6; Willard D. Rowland, The Politics of TV Violence: Policy Uses of Com- munication Research (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1983), 116–98. 12. J. M. Payton, “Child Pornography LegislationNotes,” Journal of Family Law 17 (1979): 505–43; Christopher T. Donnelly, “Protection of Children from Use in Pornography: Toward Constitutional Legislation,” University of Michigan Jour- nal of Law Reform 12 (Winter 1979): 292–337. 13. Donnelly, “Protection of Children,” 320–21. 14. Osanka and Johann, Sourcebook on Pornography, 448–68. 15. “Child Pornography: Outrage Starts to Stir Some Action,” Newsweek, June 13, 1977, 66; “Child’s Garden of Perversity,” Time, April 4, 1977, 55–56; “Kid Sex: Pornography’s All Time Low,” Reader’s Digest, July 1977, 73–77; “‘60 Minutes’ of Insensitivity and Confusion, Gay Community News, June 4, 1977; Osanka and Johann, Sourcebook on Pornography, 456–57. 244 Notes

16. John D’Emilio and Estelle Freedman, Intimate Matters (New York: Harper & Row, 1988), 344–54. 17. “Metro in the Right on ‘Gays’ Decision,” Miami Herald, January 20, 1977; “Per- sonalities Clashing Over Old Issues,” Miami Herald, January 18, 1977; “Pres- sure Fails to Stop Metro on Gay Rights,” Miami Herald, January 19, 1977; “An Editor’s Comment,” Miami Herald, January 30, 1977; “Metro Wrong on Gays,” Miami News, January 20, 1977; “New Gay Law An Unhappy Dilemma,” WTVJ Editorial No. 4004, January 28,1977, Wolfson Media Archives, Miami Dade Public Library, Miami, FL; “Bias Against Homosexuals is Outlawed in Miami,” New York Times, January 19, 1977; “Letters to the Editor,” Miami Herald, Janu- ary 25, 27, 1977. 18. Mike Thompson, What’s the Difference? Gray Liberal Mush or Vivid Conservative Facts (Victoria, BC, Canada: Trafford, 2006). 19. Robert Brake, interview by author, May 29, 1997, Coral Gables, FL; “Gay Law Foes to Plan Vote Drive,” Miami Herald, January 26, 1977; Anita Bryant, The Anita Bryant Story: The Survival of Our Nation’s Families and the Threat of Mili- tant Homosexuality (Old Tappan, NJ: Revell, 1977), 41, 46–47; Michael J. Mal- gaard, “The New Politics of Fear: The 1977 Dade County Referendum and the Regeneration of the Radical Right 1969–1980” (Master’s thesis, University of North Dakota, 1992), 99–121. 20. “Archbishop to Defy Gay-Rights Law,” Miami Herald, January 27, 1977. 21. Bryant, The Anita Bryant Story, 46–47; Brake interview; “Brake: Gays Could Influence Youth,” Coral Gables Times, January 29/30, 1977. 22. “Singer Opens Drive to Repeal Gay Law,” Miami Herald, February 12, 1977; “Gay Rights Group Accused of School Recruit Attempts,” Miami News, Febru- ary 12, 1977; Bryant, The Anita Bryant Story, 88–89. 23. “11,000 Favor Gay Law Repeal,” Miami Herald, February 14, 1977; “Gay-Law Foes Say Petitions Ensures a Vote,” Miami Herald, February 23, 1977; “Petition- ers Keep Busy,” Coral Gables Times, February 19/20, 1977; Frank Rose, “Trouble in Paradise,” New Times, April 14, 1977, 44–52. 24. Jesse Monteagudo, “Anita and I: An Activist’s Memoir,” The Weekly News, Octo- ber 29, 1977, 12–17; Mike Hippler, Matlovich: The Good Soldier (Boston: Aly- son Publications, 1989), 89. 25. “Miami Gay Bill Passes as Celebrities Lead Foes,” Gay Community News, January 29, 1977; “Miami Gears for Referendum Battle,” Gay Community News, Febru- ary 12, 1977; Ken Ross, “Miami: The Media Massacre,” Blueboy, November 1977, 33–45; Jack Campbell,interview by author, February 19, 1997, Miami, FL; Robert Basker, telephone interview by author, May 18, 25, 1997. 26. “Miami Readies,” Gay Community News, February 12, 1977; “Tipoff: Gay Con- troversy,” Miami Herald, January 22, 1977; “Gay Leaders Want Bryant Out of Ads,” Miami Herald, January 28, 1977. 27. Basker interview; Campbell, interview; Bob Kunst, interview by author, Janu- ary 19, 1998. Miami Beach, FL; Rose, “Trouble in Paradise”; Bill Hutchinson and James R. Kukar, “Bryant/Kunst: Caught in the Middle,” Miami Magazine, May 1977, 45–49; Carl Hiaasen, “Out of Closet Gay Leaders: Just Who Are Notes 245

They?” Tropics (Miami Herald Sunday Magazine), June 5, 1977; Ross, “Miami: The Media Massacre.” 28. “Non-Gay, Non-Establishment Activists,” Advocate, June 15, 1977, 14–15; “Priest Says Anti-Gay Forces Have Distorted Idea of Bible,” Miami Herald, Feb- ruary 21, 1977; “Gay Rights Group Rips Scare Tactics,” Miami Herald, February 26, 1977. 29. “Notes on People,” New York Times, February 25, 1977; “Bryant’s Fight against Gays Costs Her a Host Spot on TV,” Miami Herald, February 25, 1977; Bryant, The Anita Bryant Story, 61–62. 30. “The Blacklist Returns,” WTVJ Editorial No. 4020, February 24,1977, Wolf- son Media Archives, Miami Dade Public Library, Miami, FL; “Anita Bryant Is Victim of Worst Kind of Smear,” Miami Herald, February 26, 1977; “Anita vs. Gays: Who’s Discriminated Against?” Miami Herald, February 27, 1977; “Let- ters to the Editor,” Miami Herald, March 4, 1977. 31. “The Anita Bryant Show,” Washington Post, March 2, 1977; “Topics: On With the Show,” New York Times, March 14, 1977; Bryant, The Anita Bryant Story, 63–65; “Reply,” WTVJ Editorial No. 4021, February 25, 1977, Wolfson Media Archives, Miami Dade Public Library, Miami, FL; “Gays Rap Decision to Dump Anita,” Miami News, February 25, 1977. 32. “Bryant and Singer Back in Harmony,” Miami Herald, March 5, 1977. 33. Anita Bryant, A New Day (Nashville: Broadman Press, 1992), 66–67; Malgaard, “The New Politics of Fear,” 394. 34. Kenneth Nordon, “Consensus Religion: National Newspaper Coverage of Reli- gious Life in America, 1849–1960” (PhD diss., University of Michigan, 1975); Debra Mason, “God in the News Ghetto: A Study of Religion News from 1944–1989” (PhD diss., Ohio State University, 1995); Robert B. Petit, “Reli- gion through the Times: An Examination of the Secularization Thesis through Analysis of the New York Times, 1855–1975” (PhD diss., Columbia University, 1986). 35. Michael McIntyre, “Religionists on the Campaign Trail,” The Christian Century, December 27, 1972. 36. Francis Fitzgerald, “A Disciplined, Charging Army,” The New Yorker, May 18, 1981, 52–68; Mike Maus, “News Coverage of Evangelicals by the Secular Media,” in American Evangelicals and the Mass Media, ed. Quentin J. Schultze (Grand Rapids, MI: Academie Books, 1990), 253–73. 37. Martin, With God on Our Side, 149; NBC Evening News, March 23, 1976, Van- derbilt Television News Archive, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN. 38. Allan Fisher, “EvangelicalChristian Publishing: Where It’s Been and Where It’s Going,” Publishing Research Quarterly (Fall 1998): 3–11. 39. Margaret Lamberts Bendroth, “Fundamentalism and the Media, 1930–1990,” in Religion and the Mass Media; Audiences and Adaptations, ed. Daniel A. Stout and Judith M. Buddenbaum (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1996), 74–84; Jeffrey K. Hadden and Anson Shipe, Televangelism: Power and Politics on God’s Frontier (New York: Henry Holt, 1988); Stuart M. Hoover, Mass Media Religion: The Social Sources of the Electronic Church (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1988), 49–72. 246 Notes

40. The PTL stood for Praise the Lord. 41. Hoover, Mass Media Religion, 80. 42. Ibid., 63–72. 43. Edward Alwood, Straight News: Gays, Lesbian and the News Media (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996); 156–80. 44. Ibid., 183–89, 217–19. 45. Bryant, The Anita Bryant Story, 41–43; “Gay Rights Dispute Stops Bryant’s Show,” Washington Post, February 25, 1977; Gerard Sullivan, “A Study of Politi- cal Campaigns of Discrimination Against Gay People in the United States, 1950–1978” (PhD diss., University of Hawaii, 1987), 187; Matthew DeHart, Sex, Gender and the Politics of the ERA (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), 87. 46. “Miami Gay Bill Passes As Celebrities Lead Foes”; “Who is Anita Bryant and Why Does She Hate Us?” Gay Community News, January 29, 1977; “Time to Stop Anita,” Gay Community News, February 26, 1977; “Editorial Comments,” San Francisco Sentinel, February 24, 1977; “Miami Moves on Rights,” Advocate, January 12, 1977, 9; Alwood, Straight News, 169. 47. “Gays Rap Decision,” Miami News, February 26, 1977; “Gay-Law Foes Claim 59,918 Back Views,” Miami Herald, March 2, 1977; Brake interview. 48. “Metro Must Reconsider Gay Law,” Miami Herald, March 15, 1977; “Gay Rights Referendum Set June 7,” Miami Herald, March 16, 1977; “Gay Rights Not a $400,000 Issue,” Miami Herald, March 17, 1977; “Voters to Decide Gay Rights in Dade,” Miami News, March 15, 1977; “Repeal Gay Ordinance,” Miami News, March 16, 1977. 49. “Gays Offer to Pay Election Costs,” Miami Herald, March 22, 1977; “We’ll Force Vote on Gay Rights,” Miami Herald, March 26, 1977; “Gay-Law Bal- lot: Vote Costs Spurs Reconsideration,” Miami Herald, March 24, 1977; “Gay Group Wants to Pay for Election,” Miami News, March 21, 1977; “Miami Gays Try to Pick Up $400,000 Vote Tab,” Gay Community News, April 2, 1977. 50. “Shevin: State, Gay Laws May Conflict,” Miami Herald, March 29, 1977; Ellis Rubin, interview by author February 25, 2002, Miami, FL; Ellis Rubin and Dary Matera, Get Me Ellis Rubin! The Life, Times, and Cases of a Maverick Lawyer (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1989); “Ordinance on Homosexual Challenged in Miami Suit,” New York Times, March 30, 1977; “Circuit Judge Orders Halt to Gay Rights Law Moves,” New York Times, April 1, 1977; “Attorneys to Get Say on Merits of Gay Law,” New York Times, April 8, 1977; “Florida Judge Rules in Favor of Gay Rights,” Washington Post, April 6, 1977. 51. “Attorneys to Get Say on Merits of Gay Law,” Miami Herald, April 8, 1977; “Gay Rights Decision by April 15,” Miami Herald, 9 April 1977; “Judge Threat- ened in Gay Rights Case,” Miami News, April 8, 1977; Rubin v. Metropolitan Dade County Board of Commissioners, No. 77–9668 (Fla. 11th Cir. 1977); Bruce Winnick, interview by author, October 25, 2001, Miami, FL. 52. William N. Eskridge, Gaylaw: Challenging the Apartheid of the Closet (Cam- bridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999), 96, 104–7, 126–27, 130; Patricia Notes 247

A. Cain, “Litigating for Lesbian and Gay Rights: A Legal History,” Virginia Law Review 79 (1993): 1551–1642. 53. “No, No, Anita,” New York Times, March 26, 1977; “Anita On the Stump,” Bay Area Reporter, March 31, 1977. 54. “Press Release No. 4,” March 14, 1977: Media Packet file, Dade County 1977, Stonewall Archives, Stonewall Library and Archives, Fort Lauderdale, FL. 55. “Miami Vote Set for June 7: Bostonians Mobilize,” Gay Community News, March 26, 1977; “S.F-Miami Gay Support,” Bay Area Reporter, March 17, 1977; “A Gay Activist Campaign,” Washington Post, April 8, 1977. 56. Sullivan, “Study of Political Campaigns of Discrimination,” 241–49. 57. “Talk of Tallahassee: Passage of ERA Now Inevitable,” Miami Herald, March 6, 1977; “ERA Gains a Senate Majority as 21st Vote Pledged,” Miami Herald, March 11, 1977. 58. “Spellerberg: ERA Defeat Is Her Triumph,” Miami Herald, April 14, 1977. 59. “Anita Squeezes through Tallahassee,” AGAPE (Tallahassee), May 1977; “Stop- ERA Leader Found a Seat,” Miami Herald, April 14, 1977; Charles Wellborn, “The Florida ERA Debate: A Study in Southern Civil Religion,” Bulletin of the Center for the Study of Southern Religion and Culture 2 (1978): 5–6; State of Florida, Journal of the Senate, April 13, 1977, 144–45. 60. “Conservatives vs. ERA: Betty Friedan Speaks about the Dangers,” Gay News (Cleveland), December 1977. 61. Gay Law Is Constitutional,” Miami Herald, April 16, 1977; “Miami Area Aides Uphold Homosexual Rights Law,” New York Times, April 20, 1977; “Court Refuses to Block Gay Ruling Vote,” Miami News, April 15, 1977; “Ruvin Swing Vote May Throw Gay-Rights Issue to Voters,” Miami Herald, April 17, 1977. 62. “Dade Will Be Gay Rights Battlefield,” Miami Herald, April 20, 1977. 63. “Askew Would Vote No,” Miami Herald, May 30, 1977; “Gay Rights Not a $400,000 Issue,” Miami Herald, March 17, 1977. 64. Sullivan, “Study of Political Campaigns of Discrimination,” 194; “Gay Victory Hopes Rise in Metro Rights Fight,” Alive (Miami), May 27, 1977.

Chapter 5

1. “2 Out of 3 Favor Gay Rights,” Miami News, March 31, 1977; “Press Response to SOC,” Media Packet file, Dade County 1977, Stonewall Archives, Stonewall Library and Archives, Fort Lauderdale, FL; interview by author, Jack Campbell, February 19, 1997, Miami, FL. 2. Ethan Geto, telephone interview by author, September 1, 1997; “Dade Coali- tion for Human Rights Receipts and Expenditures,” Bay Area Reporter, October 13, 1977. 3. “Contributions as of May 2, 1977,” Dade County Coalition for Human Rights (DCCHR), Dade County 1977, Stonewall Archives, Stonewall Library and Archives, Fort Lauderdale, FL; Campbell interview. 4. “Opening Space,” Advocate, April 20, 1977, 2. 248 Notes

5. “Advocate Letter,” DCCHR, Dade County 1977, Stonewall Archives, Stonewall Library and Archives, Fort Lauderdale, FL. 6. Mike Hippler, Matlovich: The Good Soldier (Boston: Alyson Publications, 1989), 90; “S.F. Gay to Lead Fight in Miami Vote,” San Francisco Chronicle, April 30, 1977. 7. Miami Diary, James M. Foster Papers, Collection 7439, Box 11, Human Sexual- ity Collection, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. 8. “Campaign Organization Structure,” James M. Foster Papers, Collection 7439, Box 11, Human Sexuality Collection, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; Ken Ross, “Miami: The Media Massacre,” Blueboy, November 1977, 25–28; “Interview: Ethan Geto,” Christopher Street, August 1977, 17–19; “Lessons From Losing,” The Advocate, August 24, 1977, 7–10; Campbell interview; Geto interview; Gerard Sullivan, “A Study of Political Campaigns of Discrimination against Gay People in the United States, 1950–1978” (PhD diss., University of Hawaii, 1987), 195. 9. Memo, “Polling, Media Analysis and Media Buy,” May 16, 1977, James M. Foster Papers, Collection 7439, Box 11, Human Sexuality Collection, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. 10. Quoted in Sullivan, “Study of Political Campaigns of Discrimination,” 222–23. 11. “Bestsellers,” New York Times Book Review, April 17, 1977; “A Campaign Strat- egy,” “Miami Diary,” Jim Foster Papers, Collection 7439, Box 11, Human Sexu- ality Collection, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; “Sen. Brooke Blasts Bryant,” Gay Community News, May 7, 1977. 12. “The Civil Rights of Parents,” advertisement, Miami Herald, March 20, 1977. 13. “Priest Accused of Decades of Abuse,” Miami Herald, March 23, 2002. 14. “Anita Bryant Scores White House Talk with Homosexuals,” New York Times, March 28, 1977; “Around the Nation,” Washington Post, March 28, 1977. 15. Anita Bryant-Gay Rights Tape #2, Wolfson Media Archives, Miami Dade Pub- lic Library, Miami, FL; Anita Bryant, The Anita Bryant Story: The Survival of Our Nation’s Families and the Threat of Militant Homosexuality (Old Tappan, NJ: Revell, 1977), 95. 16. “Interview with Anita Bryant by way of CBS-television,” Arizona Gay News, April 21, 1977; Bill Hutchinson and James R. Kukar, “Bryant/Kunst: Caught in the Middle,” Miami Magazine, May 1977. 17. Bryant Spurs NY Disco Benefits,” Gaysweek, May 30, 1977; “Anita Roasts, Stop Anita Rally Draws 300,” Washington Blade, June 1977; “Orange Ball Draws 4,000 Gaylife (Chicago), May 27, 1977; “Bar Patrons Give $823 to Fight Anita,” Metro Gay News (Detroit), June 1977; “Dade County Day,” Gay Light (Syracuse), May 13, 1977; “Anita Roast Makes Money,” Arizona Gay News, June 2, 1977. 18. “A Mother Day’s Wish,” advertisement, Miami Herald, May 8, 1977; “Northwest Baptist Church Flier,” James Foster Papers, Collection 7439, Box 11, Human Sexuality Collection, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. Notes 249

19. “Metro Commission Conference Erupts,” Miami Herald, May 18, 1977; “Polit- icos Talk about, around Gay Issue,” Miami Herald, May 15, 1977; “Greater Miami Organization for Human Rights,” advertisement, Miami Herald, June 6, 1977; Sullivan, “Study of Political Campaigns of Discrimination,” 233–35; Marshall Harris, interview by author, December 23, 1998, Miami, FL. 20. “Dade Democrats Endorse Human Rights Law,” Miami Herald, June 3, 1977; Interview, Mike Abrams, January 12, 2005, Miami, FL; Sergio Bendixen,interview with author, January 26, 2005, Miami FL. 21. “The Human Rights Ordinance Makes Sense,” advertisement, Miami Herald, May 21, 1977; “Tornillo Wins Raise,” Miami Herald, May 20, 1977; “Teachers Quit on Pay, Gay Rights,” Miami Herald, May 25, 1977; Helen Lynn, inter- view with author, February 22, 1998, Miami, FL; Edda Cimino, interview with author, December 13, 1997, Miami, FL. 22. “Clergy and Laity for Human Rights,” advertisement, Miami Herald, June 2, 1977; “Churchgoers, Ministers Split in Views of Gay Rights Issue,” Miami Her- ald, May 22, 1977; “Beach Church to Vote on Firing of Ministers Who Spoke of Gays,” Miami Herald, July 9, 1977. 23. “Here is What President Jimmy Carter Really Said about Homosexuals,” adver- tisement, Miami Herald, June 5, 1977; Sullivan, “Study of Political Campaigns of Discrimination,” 229–34. 24. “A Message from the People of Holland,” advertisement, Miami Herald, June 4, 1977; Joost de Wals, “International Diffusion of Movement Mobilization— Dutch Actions against Anita Bryant and the Birth of Gay Pride” (Master’s thesis, Katholieke Universiteit Nijmegen, 1996). 25. Sullivan, “Study of Political Campaigns of Discrimination,” 230; “Anti-Gay Groups Try to Ignore Human Rights, Steinem Declares,” Miami Herald, May 10, 1977; “Psychiatrists, Clergy Speak Out on Gays,” Miami Herald, June 4, 1977. 26. “Churchgoers, Ministers Split,” Miami Herald, May 22, 1977; “Misguided Ordinance,” advertisement, Miami News, June 6, 1977; Bryant, The Anita Bry- ant Story, 154–55. 27. Michael J. Malgaard, “The New Politics of Fear: The 1977 Dade County Refer- endum and the Regeneration of the Radical Right 1969–1980” (Master’s thesis, University of North Dakota, 1992), 169–70; “Anti-Gay Rally at the Alamo,” San Francisco Chronicle, May 30, 1977; “S.F. Deputies Back Bryant,” San Fran- cisco Chronicle, May 28, 1977. 28. Stephen O. Murray, “Machismo, Male Homosexuality and Latin Culture,” in Latin American Male Homosexuality, ed. Stephen O. Murray (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1995), 49–70; Mirta Mulhare de la Torre, “Sexual Ideology in Pre-Castro Cuba: A Cultural Analysis” (PhD diss., Univer- sity of Pittsburgh, 1969), 30–31, 87, 90; B. Ruby Rich and Lourdes Arguelles, “Homosexuality, Homophobia, and Revolution: Notes toward an Understand- ing of the Cuban Lesbian and Gay Male Experience, Part II,” Signs 11, no. 1 (1985): 120–36; Gonzalo R. Soruco, Cubans and the Mass Media in South Florida (Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1996), 39. 250 Notes

29. Jesse Monteagudo, interview with author, February 21, 1998, Fort Lauderdale, FL; “Gay-In Draws Straights,” Advocate, January 6, 1971, 14; “Florida March,” Advocate, November 10, 1971, 5; “Admitting His Gayness Led to His Libera- tion,” Miami News, August 31, 1970; “Liberation Goal is Freedom and Official Recognition,” Miami News, September 1, 1970; Hiram Ruiz, personal commu- nication with author, January 24, 2005. 30. Perry Deane Young, God’s Bullies: Native Reflections on Preachers and Politics (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 1982), 53–54; Monteagudo interview. 31. “Anita On the Stomp,” Bay Area Reporter, March 31, 1977; “1st Victim of Bryant Crusade,” Bay Area Reporter, March 31, 1977; “Bryant Appears on Local TV,” Gay Life (Chicago), March 18, 1977; “Miami Gays Try to Pick Up $400,000 Vote Tab,” Gay Community News, April 2, 1977; “Florida Fruit Flap Flares,” Gay Community News, March 24, 1977; “Car of Gay-Rights Activist Burned Out,” Miami Herald, March 23, 1977. 32. Memo: Gómez to Matlovitch and Geto, April 20, 1977, James M. Foster Papers, Collection 7439, Box 11, Human Sexuality Collection, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. 33. B. E. Aguirre, “Ethnic News and Politics: Diario Las Americas and the Watergate Affair,” Ethnic Groups 2 (1979): 155–65; “Un Hurra! Por Anita Bryant,” Diario Las Americas, March 10, 1977; “Una Transcendetal Votacion,” Diario Las Ameri- cas, June 7, 1977; “Bryant Campaigns in Little Havana,” Miami News, June 4, 1977. 34. “Around Miami,” Miami Times, May 26, 1977; Bendixen interview; “Dade Coalition for Human Rights Receipts and Expenditures,” Bay Area Reporter, October 13, 1977. Marvin Dunn, interview by author, March 4, 2006. Miami, FL. 35. “Bryant Ducks Questions,” Miami Times, May 19, 1977; “Gay Rights Spokes- men Get Flak,” Miami Herald, May 26, 1977; “Gays Draw Boos at Prayer Breakfast,” Miami Herald, May 23, 1977. 36. “Black Vote on Issue Unpredictable,” Miami News, June 3, 1977; “Discrimina- tion of Any Kind Cannot Be Condoned,” Miami Times, June 2, 1977; “Califor- nia Lawmaker Urges Blacks to Support Gay Law,” Miami Herald, May 29, 1977; “Gay Rights in Miami-A Black View,” Miami Herald, March 21, 1977. 37. “Bill Imperils Beach Rent Vote,” Miami Herald, May 10, 1977; “Reader Poll Respondents Favor Keeping ‘Gay’ Ordinance,” Daily Sun Reporter (Miami Beach), June 4, 1977. 38. “Let’s Unmask the Issue and Face the Truth,” advertisement, Jewish Floridian, May 28, 1977; “U.S. Watches Dade’s Gay Rights Vote,” Miami Herald, June 5, 1977. 39. “Only a Few Gays Filing Bias Complaints,” Miami Herald, May 30, 1977. 40. Ken Ross, “Miami: The Media Massacre,” 34. 41. Interview, Ruth Shack, January 8, 1997; Miami Dairy, James M. Foster Papers, Collection 7439, Box 11, Human Sexuality Collection, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. Notes 251

42. “Anti-gay’s Low Mail Rate Questioned,” Miami Herald, May 30, 1977; “200,000 Expected to Vote,” Miami Herald, June 5, 1977; “U.S. Watches Dade’s Gay Rights Vote,” Miami Herald, June 5, 1977; Sullivan, “Study of Political Cam- paigns of Discrimination,” 189. 43. “2,000 Hear Anita Bryant Speak,” South Dade News Leader, May 20, 1977; Sullivan, “Study of Political Campaigns of Discrimination,” 210; Bryant, The Anita Bryant Story, 122–24; “10,000 Rally for Repeal,” Miami Herald, May 23, 1977. 44. “Countdown for Bryant’s Anti-Gay War,” San Francisco Chronicle, June 5, 1977. 45. Phone Bank Report, James M. Foster Papers, Collection 7439, Box 11, Human Sexuality Collection, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; “Dade Coalition for Human Rights Receipts and Expenditures,” Bay Area Reporter, October 13, 1977. 46. Campbell interview; Cimino interview; “Conservatives vs. ERA: Betty Friedan Speaks about the Dangers,” Gay News (Cleveland), December 1977. 47. “Press Release No. 4,” March 14, 1977: Media packet file, Dade County 1977, Stonewall Archives, Stonewall Library and Archives, Fort Lauderdale, FL; “Miami Victory Campaign Takes the Show on the Road,” Miami Victory Campaign, Dade County 1977; Stonewall Archives, Stonewall Library and Archives, Fort Lauderdale, FL; “Askew Would Vote No on Gay Rights; Miami Gays Seethe,” Miami Herald, April 30, 1977. 48. “Fear Intense on Both Sides of Gay Rights Vote Tuesday,” Washington Post, June 6, 1977; “Child Pornography: Sickness for Sale” (advertisement), Miami Herald, June 4, 1977. 49. “Mendenhall in Miami,” Bay Area Reporter, June 9, 1977; “SF Deputies Divide on Bryant,” Bay Area Reporter, June 9, 1977; “Ad Battle Argues Over Fla. Gay Rights Issue,” Advertising Age, June 6, 1977; “Anti-Gay Group’s TV Spot Turned Tide of Fla. Vote,” Advertising Age, June 6, 1977. 50. “The Final Days Turn Bitter, Miami News, June 1, 1977; “Direct from Miami,” Bay Area Reporter, June 9, 1977. 51. “It’s All Over but the Shouting and Voting,” advertisement, Miami Herald, June 7, 1977; “Freedom Begins and Ends Here,” advertisement, Miami Herald, June 3, 1977; “A Message from the People of Holland,” advertisement, Miami Herald, June 4, 1977; “Some People Say That Prejudice Is Not a Serious Matter,” adver- tisement, Miami Herald, May 31, 1977. 52. “Myths and Lies,” advertisement, Miami Herald, June 6, 1977, “Memo—To the People of Dade County,” advertisement, Miami Herald, June 1, 1977; “Lessons from Losing,” Advocate, August 25, 1977, 7–10. 53. “Battle over Gay Rights,” Newsweek, June 6, 1977, 16–20. 54. “Editorial,” Miami News, April 25, 1977; Sullivan, “Study of Political Cam- paigns of Discrimination Against Gay People,” 191; “Should Homosexuals be Teachers?” editorial, New York Times, May 24, 1977; Richard Cohen, “Head Is Anti-Bryant, Heart Cheers Her,” Washington Post, June 2, 1977; George Will, 252 Notes

“How Far Out of the Closet?” Newsweek, May 30, 1977, 92; “Editorial Writers Abuzz Over Dade Gay Issue,” Miami Herald, May 29, 1977. 55. “60 Minutes of Insensitivity and Confusion,” Gay Community News, June 4, 1977; “TV: ‘Alexander,’ Effective Story of a Male Hustler,” New York Times, May 16, 1977. 56. “Child Pornography,” ABC Evening News, May 23, 1977, Vanderbilt Televi- sion News Archive, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; “Child Pornography,” NBC Evening News, May 23, 1977, Vanderbilt Television News Archive, Vander- bilt University, Nashville, TN; “Congress Hears of Child Porn,” Miami Herald, May 28, 1977; “Homosexual Scoutmaster is Sentenced,” Miami Herald, May 28, 1977; “Homosexuals Ring’s Advertisement Lured Boys,” Miami Herald, May 31, 1977; “Priest Is Convicted on Child-Sex Charges,” Miami Herald, June 4, 1977. 57. “Gay Rights Is Not a $400,000 Issue,” Miami Herald, March 17, 1977; “An Unneeded Ordinance,” Miami Herald, June 5, 1977. 58. “Gay Rights Debate,” Montage, June 5, 1977, Wolfson Media Archives, Miami Dade Public Library, Miami, FL; “Rent Control Apparently Off the Ballot,” Miami Herald, June 4, 1977. 59. “Opinions on Gay Rights Flow from Dade Pulpits,” Miami Herald, June 6, 1977. 60. “Archbishop’s Letter,” Florida Voice, June 3, 1977. 61. “30–35 Percent Turn Out Expected,” Miami News, June 6, 1977; “Vote Turnout Expected to Pass 50 Pct,” Miami News, June 7, 1977; “8 Precincts and How They Voted,” Miami Herald, June 8, 1977; “Inside Look at the Gay Vote,” Miami Herald, June 8, 1977. 62. “Outcome an Expression of Fears and Emotions,” Miami Herald, June 8, 1977; “It Could Have Been Worse,” Miami News, June 8, 1977. 63. “Defeat Doesn’t Dampen Gay Spirits,” Miami News, June 8, 1977; “Gays Defi- ant, Vow to Take on the World,” Miami Herald, June 8. 1977. 64. “Gay Rights Battle Just Beginning,” San Francisco Chronicle, June 9, 1977; “Bry- ant Group to Take Crusade Through Nation,” Miami Herald, June 9, 1977; “Miami Vote Increases Activism on Homosexual Rights,” New York Times, June 9, 1977. 65. “Defiant Gays March in San Francisco,” San Francisco Chronicle, June 8, 1977; “Gays March up Polk St. Fourth Night in Row,” San Francisco Chronicle, June 11, 1977; “Thousands Backing Homosexuals March Uptown to Columbus Circle, New York Times, June 9, 1977. 66. “A ‘No’ to the Gays,” Time, June 20, 1977, 59–60; “Miami Vote: Tide Turn- ing against Homosexuals,” U.S. News and World Report, June 20, 1977, 46; “Reprise,” New York Times, June 13, 1977; “Anita Bryant’s Campaign,” Washing- ton Post, June 11, 1977; “Dade County Heard From,” San Francisco Chronicle, June 9, 1977; William Raspberry, “Now Ease Up, Anita,” New York Times, June 9, 1977. 67. WTVJ Editorial, June 8, 1977, Media packet file, Dade County 1977; Stone- wall Archives, Stonewall Library and Archives, Fort Lauderdale, FL; “Bury the Notes 253

Bitterness, Miami News¸ June 8, 1977; “Repeal is Voted—Now Let It Be,” Miami Herald, June 9, 1977; John McMullan, “Don’t Ruin It, Anita: Back in the Closet,” Miami Herald, June 12, 1977; “Importante Factor el Voto Cubano en la Derrota de la Ordenanza Pro Homosexuales,” Diario Las Americas, June 9, 1977. 68. “Aftermath,” Washington Blade, July 1977; “Anita Takes Miami,” Body Politic, July/August, 1977; “Lessons from Losing: Four Perspectives of Dade County,” Advocate, August 24, 1977, 7–10; “Gay-rights Law Is Crushed,” Miami Herald, June 8, 1977. 69. “A Little More Sunshine,” letter to editor, Christopher Street, September, 1977, 5. 70. Mike Thompson, “Anita Bryant’s Crusade: What’s Next?” Conservative Digest, August, 1977, 12–14. 71. “Gay Rights Opponents Whoop It Up in Church,” Miami Herald, June 13, 1977; “Where Did the Liberals Go on Gay-Rights Issue?” Miami News, June 9, 1977. 72. Thompson, “Anita Bryant’s Crusade.” 73. “Aftermath,” Washington Blade, July, 1977. 74. “Gays Defiant, Vow to Take on the World,” Miami Herald, June 8, 1977. 75. Ibid. 76. Robert Dawidoff, “1977,” in Long Road to Freedom, ed. Mark Thompson (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1994), 146.

Chapter 6

1. “The Band Gets Bigger,” Time, July 11, 1977, 30; “Homosexual March for Equal Rights,” New York Times, June 27, 1977; “Thousand March, Boston Cel- ebrates Gay Pride,” Gay Community News, July 2, 1977; “Cleveland Hosts Two Gay Pride Marches,” High Gear (Cleveland), July 1977; “S.F. Gay Pride Parade Draws 375,000,” Los Angeles Times, June 27, 1977. 2. “This is Your Warning Australia, Get off Your Butts,” Campaign (Australia), July, 1977; “Dutch Stage Vigil at the US Embassy,” Gay News (London) 123 (June 1977); Frederic Martel, The Pink and the Black: Homosexuals in France since 1968 (Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 1999), 98; Jean Le Bitoux, “The Construction of a Political and Media Presence: The Homosexual Libera- tion Groups in France Between 1975 and 1978,” Journal of Homosexuality, 41 (2001): 249–64; “Spain Disperses Demonstrators,” New York Times, June 22, 1977; “Record Pride Days for Nation, World,” Out, July 29, 1977. 3. “200 Mark ‘Gay Pride Day,’” Miami Herald, June 27, 1977. 4. “Ominous Slaying,” San Francisco Chronicle, June 24, 1977; “Neighbors React to Arrests in Gay Killing,” San Francisco Chronicle, June 26, 1977; “Flags Honor Slain Homosexual,” New York Times, June 25, 1977; “Teenager Charged in Shooting Gay,” Miami News, July 15, 1977; “Campaign to End Gay’s Attackers Stepped Up,” Miami Herald, July 20, 1977. 254 Notes

5. Connie De Boer, “The Polls: Attitudes toward Homosexuality,” Public Opinion Quarterly 42, no. 2 (Summer 1978): 265–76; “After the Vote a ‘No’ to Gays,” Newsweek, June 20, 1977, 27–29; “Gays Act to Protect Themselves,” Miami Herald, June 28, 1977; “Church Votes to Keep Pro-Gay Minister,” Miami Her- ald, July 11, 1977. 6. “Carter: Gays Don’t Threaten Family,” San Francisco Chronicle, June 19, 1977; “After the Vote a ‘No’ to Gays,” Newsweek, June 20, 1977, 27–29. 7. U.S. Congressional Record, 95th Congress, 1st Session House of Representa- tives, 19076–19077 (June 15, 1977); U.S. Congressional Record, 95th Con- gress, 1st Session House of Representatives, 20919–20920 (June 27, 1977); “Anti-Gay Vote Impact,” San Francisco Chronicle, June 10, 1977. 8. “Gay Rights Dropped from Two More Laws,” Advocate, October 1, 1977, 14; “Two Ordinances Fail,” Advocate, July 13, 1977, 6; D. Marianne Bremer to Del Martin, October 31, 1977, Lyon/Martin Papers, Box 106 File 5, Gay Lesbian Bisexual and Transgender Historical Society, San Francisco, CA; Gerard Sullivan, “A Study of Political Campaigns of Discrimination Against Gay People in the United States, 1950–1978” (PhD diss., University of Hawaii, 1987), 259–60. 9. “Bryant Group to Take Crusade through Nation,” Miami Herald, June 9, 1977. 10. “Anita Bryant Pops Booking Stirs Protest,” Times-Picayune (New Orleans), May 14, 1977; “Blacklist Anita Bryant,” editorial, Times-Picayune (New Orleans), May 17, 1977; “Anita Bryant—Yeas, Nays,” Times-Picayune (New Orleans), May 24, 1977; “Anita Boycott is Killed,” Times-Picayune (New Orleans), May 26, 1977. 11. “Anita Weeps as Gays Walk Out on Her Sermon,” San Francisco Chronicle, June 10, 1977; “Gay Pride and Anita Bryant in Norfolk, Virginia,” Gaysweek, June 20, 1977. 12. “Eight Arrested as 3,000 Gays Protest,” Chicago Tribune, June 15, 1977; “No Bryant Violence Here, But,” Houston Chronicle, June 17, 1977; “Bryant Not Sure She Can Help Anti-Porn Figure,” Houston Chronicle, June 17, 1977. 13. “Gay Protest Planned for Anita’s Show, Times-Picayune (New Orleans), June 10, 1977; “Anti-Anita Forces Hold Silent Protest,” Times-Picayune (New Orleans), June 18, 1977; “No Incidents at Anita Protest,” Times-Picayune (New Orleans), June 19, 1977; “Jeers and Cherry Bombs for Bryant,” San Francisco Chronicle; July 10, 1977. 14. “Anita May Lose OJ Job,” Times-Picayune (New Orleans), June 19, 1977; “Anita Safe If O.J. Sales Don’t Slip,” Advertising Age, June 27, 1977; Bill Slota, “Anita Bryant: Nearing the End as Citrus Saleswoman,” The South Magazine, January, 1978, 20–21. 15. “Notes on People,” New York Times, July 8, 1977; “Christian Crazies Hurt Anita,” Bay Area Reporter, May 26, 1977. 16. “Charity Sues Bryant Group to ‘Save Their Children,’” Miami Herald, July 9, 1977; “Anti-Homosexual Group Barred from Use of Name,” New York Times, July 16, 1977. Notes 255

17. “Mother of Slain Gay Sues Anita Bryant,” San Francisco Chronicle, July 1, 1977; “Text of the $5 Million Lawsuit Against Anita Bryant,” Gaysweek July 1, 1977; “Bryant Examined in Hillsborough Case,” Gaysweek, October 31, 1977; “Anita Bryant Dropped as Defendant in Hillsborough Trial,” New York Times, Novem- ber 18, 1977. 18. “The Polyester Plot,” Advocate, March 8, 1978, 12–14; “Wichita: The Next Miami,” Gaysweek, February 6, 1978; “Battle Lines Drawn on Gay Rights,” Wichita Eagle, July 6, 1977; “Anita Plans to Skip Fight,” Wichita Eagle, July 6, 1977; “City Commission Sets Hearing on Gay Rights,” Wichita Eagle, August 17, 1977; “Gay Ordinance Passed,” Wichita Eagle, September 2, 1977; “Battle Began Last Summer,” Wichita Eagle, May 7, 1978; Sullivan, “Study of Political Campaigns of Discrimination,” 266–72. 19. Sullivan, “Study of Political Campaigns of Discrimination,” 273–84; “Eugene, Oregon, Takes a Different Route,” Gay Community News, April 29, 1977; The Gay Writers Group, It Could Happen to You: An Account of the Gay Civil Rights Campaign in Eugene, Oregon (Boston: Alyson, 1983); “We Are Your Children, Your Friends,” Willamette Valley Observer (Oregon), May 19, 1978. 20. Interview, Alan Spears, January 31, 2002, Fort Lauderdale, FL; “750 Protest at Anita Bryant Performance,” Minneapolis Tribune, May 22, 1977; “Minneapolis Gays Get Their First Recruit,” Miami News, August 2, 1977. 21. “State Senator Says Bryant to Bring Gay Rights Battle to State,” Minneapolis Tribune, June 9, 1977; “State American Party to Ask Anita Bryant to Come to Minnesota,” Minneapolis Tribune, June 16, 1977; “St. Paul Voters May Decide the Fate of Gay Rights Amendment,” Minneapolis Tribune, January 6, 1978; “St. Paul Petition Seeks to Rescind Gay-rights Clause,” Minneapolis Tribune, Janu- ary 18, 1978; “Gay Rights Vote Held Legal for St. Paul,” Minneapolis Tribune, February 17, 1978; Richard Angwin, Gay Rights—Justice or Judgment? (St. Paul: Revive America, 1983). 22. “People,” New York Times, August 4, 1977; “Notes on People,” New York Times, September 2, 1977; “Notes on People,” New York Times, November 17, 1977; “Farm Bureau Backs Anti-Gay Resolution,” Miami Herald, November 9, 1977; Minutes, September 21, 1977, Florida Citrus Commission, Record Group 000250, Series 1782, Florida State Archives, Tallahassee, FL. 23. “The First Archie Bunker Award,” Washington Post, July 31, 1977; “More Stars Speak Out against Anita Bryant,” Gaysweek, September 19, 1977; “Hope Told to Stop Making ‘Anita Jokes,’” San Francisco Chronicle, April 22, 1978; “Notes,” Advocate, September 2, 1977, 11; “Anita, John: Thunder on the Right,” Los Angeles Times, December 4, 1977; “Notes on People,” New York Times, October 15, 1977. 24. “Around the Nation,” New York Times, December 4, 1977; “Notes on People,” New York Times, December 8, 1977. 25. “650 Picket Anita In Indianapolis,” Gay Community News, October 22, 1977; “Bryant Bombs in South Bend,” Gaylife (Chicago), November 11, 1977; “300 in Early AM Bryant Protest at Rockefeller Center,” Gaysweek, November 7, 1977,” 256 Notes

12; “Anita Wants to Outlaw Gays,” San Francisco Chronicle, November 4, 1977; “Demonstrators Picket Bryant 4–H Appearance,” Gaylife, December 9, 1977. 26. “2,000 People Together to Fight the Miami Nightmare,” Gay News (London) 129 (October 20, 1977): 4; Joost de Wals, “International Diffusion of Move- ment Mobilization—Dutch Actions against Anita Bryant and the Birth of Gay Pride” (Master’s thesis, Katholieke Universiteit Nijmegen, 1996), 39–40; “Notes on People,” New York Times, October 11, 1977; “What’s Going on in America?” advertisement, Time, January 9, 1978, 32. 27. “Bryant Says Gay Ordinance Affords ‘Special Privilege,’” Washington Post, December 6, 1977; “Anita Changes Name but Not Tactics, Gay Community News, January 14, 1978; “Anita Bryant Needs Our Help,” Gaylife, January 13, 1978. 28. “Homosexuals Parade in Columbia,” St. Louis Post Dispatch, November 22, 1977; “Consequences of a Crusade,” Kansas City Star, November 20, 1977; “Bryant’s Show Business and Religion,” Globe and Mail (Toronto), January 16, 1978; “Bryant’s Visit Here Sparks Demonstrations,” Washington Post, January 23, 1978. 29. “Gay Rights Activists Protest Bryant Visit to Tucson,” Arizona Gay News, Feb- ruary 24, 1977; “Anita Ignores Critics,” San Antonio Express News, February 19, 1978; “Civil Rights: Gays vs. Anita,” Illinois Times (Springfield), March 30, 1978; “Letters to the Editor,” Coles County (Illinois) Times Courier, March 8, March 24, 1977. 30. “Controversy and Boycott Must Continue,” Gay Community News, February 11, 1978; “Coalitions Politics: A Necessary Alliance,” Lesbian Tide, September/ October, 1977; “Speech Given at Gay Pride March 1977,” Atalanta (Atlanta Lesbian Feminist Alliance), July 1977; “Feminists and Faggots Unite,” Body Politic, February 1978, 3; Martin Levine, Gay Macho: The Life and Death of the Homosexual Clone (New York: New York University Press, 1998); Becki L. Ross, The House that Jill Built—A Lesbian Nation in Formation (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1995), 157–75. 31. Sullivan, “Study of Political Campaigns of Discrimination,” 263–64; “Gay Rights Law Supported by Clergy, Legislators,” Minneapolis Tribune, January 30, 1978; “Church Leaders Back St. Paul Gay Rights,” Minneapolis Tribune, March 3, 1978. 32. “City Rights Laws—Are They Just Toothless Paper Tigers?” Advocate, March 10, 1976, 6–7; “The Polyester Plot,” Advocate, March 8, 1978, 12–14. 33. Dudley Clendinen and Adam Nagourney, Out for Good: The Struggle to Build a Gay Rights Movement in America (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1999), 323–24: “For Your Protection,” Advocate, May 17, 1978, 3. 34. “Florida Man Sees Survival of St. Paul Gay Rights Rule,” Minneapolis Tribune, March 31, 1977; “Morality, Discrimination Contend as St. Paul Nears Gay- Rights Vote,” Minneapolis Tribune, April 20, 1978; Spears interview; “How the Gays Lost the Battle in St. Paul,” San Francisco Chronicle, April 30, 1978; Sul- livan, “Study of Political Campaigns of Discrimination,” 261–66. Notes 257

35. “A Disappointing Vote,” editorial, Minneapolis Tribune, April 27, 1987; “Gays in Bay Area Fear Voting Trend,” San Francisco Chronicle, April 27, 1978. 36. “Bryant Says Gays Ordinance Affords ‘Special Privilege,’” Wichita Eagle, Decem- ber 6, 1978; Sullivan, “Study of Political Campaigns of Discrimination,” 266–72; “Wichita Loss, Eugene Still Hopeful,” Bay Area Reporter, May 11, 1978. 37. “Religious Caucus Backs Gay Rights,” Wichita Eagle, May 6, 1978; “Catholics Disagree on Gay Ordinance,” Wichita Eagle, May 8, 1978. 38. “Referendum Winners Contemplate Recall,” Wichita Eagle, May 10, 1978; “Most Losers in Referendum Battle Expect to Win the War,” Wichita Eagle, May 10, 1978. 39. “Eugene Gay Rights Test,” Advocate, April 19, 1978, 3. 40. “Vote on Homosexual Rights Bill Overshadows Other Oregon Race,” New York Times, May 23, 1978. 41. Sullivan, “Study of Political Campaigns of Discrimination,” 373–84; “Eugene, Oregon Takes a Different Route,” Gay Community News, April 29, 1977; The Gay Writers Group, It Could Happen to You; “We Are Your Children, You Friends,” Williamette Valley Observer (Oregon), May 19, 1978. 42. “New Battleground over Gay Rights,” San Francisco Chronicle, May 19, 1978. 43. Sullivan, “Study of Political Campaigns of Discrimination,” 373–84; “Hopes Ran High before Eugene Vote,” Seattle Gay News, May 26, 1978; “Poll Shows Close Vote Expected in Eugene,” Gay Community News, May 27, 1978. 44. “The Eugene Campaign,” Lesbian Tide, July/August 1978; “Eugene, Oregon, Voters Reject Gay Rights Ordinance by 2–1 Margin,” Gaysweek, May 29, 1978. 45. “Why the Tide Is Turning against Homosexuals,” U.S. News and World Report, June 5, 1978, 29; De Boer, “The Polls: Attitudes toward Homosexuality.” 46. “Tactical Approaches in Philosophy,” “Laguna Conference File,” National Les- bian and Gay Task Force Papers, 7301, Box 140, Human Sexuality Collection, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. 47. “San Franciscans Mark Day,” New York Times, June 26, 1978; “Thousand March Up Fifth Ave in Support of Homosexual Cause,” New York Times, June 26, 1978; “DC Council Defeats Gay Pride,” Gaysweek, July 17, 1978.

Chapter 7

1. “The Anti-Gay Vote’s Impact in California,” San Francisco Chronicle, June 10, 1977; Gerard Sullivan, “Study of Political Campaigns of Discrimination Against Gay People in the United States, 1950–1978” (PhD diss., University of Hawaii, 1987), 293. 2. “The Anti-Gay Vote’s Impact in California”; Dudley Clendinen and Adam Nagourney, Out for Good: The Struggle to Build a Gay Rights Movement in Amer- ica (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1999), 365–66. 3. “Anita Bryant Motion Fails,” San Francisco Chronicle, June 16, 1978; “Briggs in Clash with Homosexuals,” Los Angeles Times, June 15, 1977; “GOP Candidate John Briggs,” Los Angeles Times, June 12, 1977; Sullivan, “Study of Political 258 Notes

Campaigns of Discrimination,” 291–95; “A Politician Yells for Attention,” Los Angeles Times, June 16, 1977. 4. Clendinen and Nagourney, Out for Good, 356–66. 5. Sullivan, “Study of Political Campaigns of Discrimination,” 296–99; “Gay Rights Backlash Forming?” Los Angeles Times, June 29, 1977. 6. “Initiative Aimed at Firing Homosexuals Teachers Filed,” Los Angeles Times, August 4, 1977; Sullivan, “Study of Political Campaigns of Discrimination,” 305. 7. “Gay Groups Forms Here to ‘Educate,’” San Francisco Chronicle, June 11, 1977; “Anti-Gay Teacher Initiative Filed,” San Francisco Chronicle, August 4, 1977; Clendinen and Nagourney, Out for Good, 367–68, Sullivan, “Study of Political Campaigns of Discrimination,” 326. 8. Clendinen and Nagourney, Out for Good, 367–71; Sullivan, “Study of Political Campaigns of Discrimination,” 325–28; “Dispatches,” Advocate, November 2, 1977, 12. 9. “Opening Space,” Advocate, November 2, 1977, 2; Sullivan, “Study of Political Campaigns of Discrimination,” 328, 337–38. 10. “Hollywood Bowl, A Sexist Bunch,” Lesbian Tide November/December, 1977; “Effort to Forge Coalition to Fight Briggs Initiative,” Advocate, November 16, 1977, 17. 11. “Anti-Gay Teacher Initiative Foiled by Typos,” San Francisco Chronicle, Novem- ber 3, 1977; “New Start for Anti-Gay Initiative,” San Francisco Chronicle, December 3, 1977; “Briggs’ New Issue—Death Penalty Law,” San Francisco Chronicle, November 10, 1977; Sullivan, “Study of Political Campaigns of Dis- crimination,” 300–304. 12. “For Your Protection,” Advocate, May 17, 1978, 8; “Another General Bradley,” Advocate, December 28, 1977, 14; “‘It Feels Good to Win,’” Advocate, Decem- ber 27, 1978, 4. 13. “The Move to Ban Gay Teachers,” Los Angeles Times, January 12, 1978; “Briggs Initiative on Gays Wins Ballot Spot,” San Francisco Chronicle, June 1, 1978; Sul- livan, “Study of Political Campaigns of Discrimination,” 360. 14. “Gay Rights Law OK’d by Supervisors,” San Francisco Chronicle, March 21, 1977. 15. HistoryLink.org: The Online Encyclopedia of Washington State History, “Queer History in Seattle, Part 2: After Stonewall,” http://www.historylink.org/essays/ output.cfm?file_id=4266; Gary L. Atkins, Gay Seattle: Stories of Exile and Belong- ing (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2003), 230. 16. “The Estes Petition Threat,” Seattle Gay News, February 3, 1978; Atkins, Gay Seattle, 238–42; Sullivan, “Study of Political Campaigns of Discrimination,” 234–37, 285–86. 17. “Estes Creates SOME,” Seattle Gay News, February 17, 1978; “SOC Funds SOME,” Seattle Gay News, May 12, 1978; “Anti-Gay Drive Gets a Boost from Anita,” Seattle Post Intelligencer, May 17, 1978. Notes 259

18. “Seattle Battle Looms,” Advocate, July 12, 1978, 9; “Mormons Circulate 13,” Seattle Gay News, July 7, 1978; “Stick Together,” editorial, Seattle Gay News, July 7, 1978; Atkins, Gay Seattle, 250. 19. “Lesbian Blood Protests 13,” Seattle Gay News, June 23, 1978; Atkins, Gay Seat- tle, 239–40, 246–47. 20. “4,000 Gays March in Seattle,” Seattle Gay News, July 7, 1978. 21. Atkins, Gay Seattle, 252–53. 22. “Miami: Dade, But Not Dead,” Advocate, June 14, 1979, 12. 23. “Center Teaches Its Clients They Don’t Have to Be Sexual Conformists,” Miami News, November 29, 1977; “Battle Over Gay Center Funds,” Miami News, December 6, 1977; “The People Speak,” Miami News, December 9, 1977; “Homosexual Center Loses Federal Job-Training Funds,” Miami Herald, December 6, 1977; “Homosexual Counseling Service to Appeal Loss of CETA Funds,” Miami Herald, December 10, 1977; “A.C.T. To Take CETA to Court,” Weekly News, February 28, 1978. 24. “And Why the Sunshine Party Movement?” (June 8, 1978), Sunshine Party, Stonewall Archives, Stonewall Library and Archives, Fort Lauderdale, FL; “New Vote Sought on Gay Rights,” Miami Herald, June 7, 1978; “Proposed Ordi- nance Raises Questions,” Miami Herald, October 22, 1978. 25. “‘Closetitis’ Blamed for Failure of Gay Rights Party,” Miami News, June 8, 1978; “New Miami Referendum Sought,” Advocate, June 26, 1978, 13. 26. “Petitions Are Submitted on Gay Rights Question,” Miami News, July 25, 1977; “Gay Rights Backers Get Second Chance,” Miami News, August 24, 1978; “More Names Needed,” Miami News, August 29, 1978. 27. “Playboy Interview: Anita Bryant,” Playboy, May, 1978, 73–97. 28. “1,800 Demonstrate Against Singer Here,” Atlanta Constitution, June 12, 1978. 29. “Anita Bryant Raps Carter for Failing to Help,” Atlanta Constitution, June 13, 1977; Anita Bryant Beaten in Baptist Ballot,” Atlanta Constitution, June 14, 1977; “Anita Bryant is Top BP Story for 1978,” Florida Baptist Witness, Janu- ary 4, 1979; “Bryant’s Campaign against Homosexuals Marches to Atlanta,” New York Times, June 12, 1977; “Miss Bryant Loses in Baptist Post Bid,” New York Times, June 14, 1978; “Resolution on Homosexuality,” Southern Baptist Convention Annual Meeting 1977, Southern Baptist Convention, http://www .sbc.net/resolutions/; “Resolution on Commendation of Anita Bryant,” South- ern Baptist Convention Annual Meeting 1978, Southern Baptist Convention, http://www.sbc.net/resolutions/. 30. “Bryant Has No Regrets,” Edmonton Journal, April 29, 1978; “Subject of Homosexuality Ignored by Anita Bryant, “Regina Leader-Post, July 3, 1978; Tom Warner, Never Going Back: A History of Queer Activism on Canada (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2002), 136–37. 31. “Anita Launches Drive for Anti-Gay Center, San Francisco Sentinel, August 25, 1978. 260 Notes

32. Sullivan, “Study of Political Campaigns of Discrimination,” 335–36; Clendinen and Nagourney, Out for Good, 385; “Briggs Initiative Foes Fail,” San Francisco Chronicle, July 6, 1978. 33. Sullivan, “Study of Political Campaigns of Discrimination,” 337–39; “Edito- rial,” Advocate, November 2, 1977, 4; Randy Shilts, The Mayor of Castro Street (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1982), 222; Lillian Faderman and Stuart Tim- mons, Gay L. A.: A History of Sexual Outlaws, Power Politics, and Lipstick Lesbians (New York: Basic Books, 2006), 222–23; “California Goes on Orange Alert,” Lesbian Tide, November/December 1977. 34. “Five Propositions Gaining Favor,” San Francisco Chronicle, September 12, 1978; “A Major Shift to No on Prop 6,” San Francisco Chronicle, October 5, 1978; “Prop 6: How We Won,” San Francisco Sentinel, November 17, 1978; Sullivan, “Study of Political Campaigns of Discrimination,” 342–43. 35. “Analysis of Proposition 6,” James M. Foster Papers, Collection 7439, Box 11, Human Sexuality Collection, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. 36. Sullivan, “Study of Political Campaigns of Discrimination,” 303–8. 37. “Angevine Defeat—An Omen,” Seattle Gay News, September 29, 1978. 38. Atkins, Gay Seattle, 243. 39. Sullivan, “Study of Political Campaigns of Discrimination,” 288. 40. “SOME Changes Tactics to Gain Support,” Seattle Gay News, September, 29, 1978. 41. “Anti-Gay Drive Gets a Boost From Anita,” Seattle Post Intelligencer, May 17, 1978; “SOC Funds SOME,” Seattle Gay News, May 12, 1978. 42. “Polls Support Optimism of Initiative’s 13 Opponents,” Seattle Post Intelligencer, November 5, 1978. 43. “‘Closetitis’ Blamed for Failure of Gay Rights Party,” Miami News, June 8, 1978; “Oliver and Shack Re-elected to METRO Commission,” Miami Herald, Sep- tember, 13, 1977. 44. “Episcopal Bishop, Catholic Group Opposes Casinos,” Miami Herald, Novem- ber 4, 1978; “Anti Casino Groups Enlist Theology, Ex-Madam,” Miami Herald, October 21, 1978; “Herald Poll, Don’t Bet on Casinos,” Miami Herald, Novem- ber 5, 1978. 45. “ERA, Elected Cabinet Favored by Over 60%,” Miami Herald, November 5, 1978; “Seven-Day TV Blitz Readied for Little ERA,” Miami Herald, October 22, 1978; “NOW (and) Anita,” Miami Herald, November 1, 1978; “7 Stations to Ban Anti-ERA Ads,” Miami Herald, November 3, 1978; “Bryant Raps Refusal of Anti-ERA Ads,” Miami Herald, November 4, 1978; “Why Anita Bryant was Blacked out on TV,” advertisement, Miami Herald, November 5, 1978. 46. “Gay Rights Issue Born Again.” Miami Herald, October 5, 1978. 47. “An Open Letter from Anita Bryant,” advertisement, Miami Herald, October 8, 1978. 48. “Gay Rights II: Same War over Different Words.” Miami Herald, October 22, 1978; “54% in Herald Poll Say They’ll Vote against Gay Rights,” Miami Herald, November 5, 1978. “Miami,” San Francisco Sentinel, November 3, 1978. Notes 261

49. “Clergymen Oppose Gay Rights Law,” Miami News, October 31, 1978; “‘County Question’ Not Worth Support,” editorial, Miami News, November 4, 1978; “But Not Gay Rights Amendment,” editorial, Miami Herald, Novem- ber 6, 1978; “Gay Rights II: Same War Over Different Words,” Miami Herald, October 22, 1978; “54% in Herald Poll Say They’ll Vote Against Gay Rights,” Miami Herald, November 5, 1978; “‘Little ERA’ Campaign Meets Confusion on Sex, Gay Rights,” Miami News, November 3, 1978; “A Parent Looks at What God Has to Say about Casinos and Homosexuals,” advertisement, Miami Her- ald, November 6, 1978. 50. “Anita Ignites that Old Time Religion,” Miami Herald, October 29, 1977. 51. “This Time, Gay Rights Issue Is Quieter and Runs Deeper,” Miami News, November 1, 1978; “54% in Herald Poll Say They’ll Vote Against Gay Rights,” Miami Herald, November 5, 1978; “Gay Rights Question Hides among the Prose,” Miami News, November 4, 1978. 52. Sullivan, “Political Campaign of Discrimination,” 337; “Prop 6 Battle a Bit Bizarre,” Los Angeles Times, November 6, 1978. 53. Clendinen and Nagourney, Out for Good 383–84. 54. “Prop 6 Battle a Bit Bizarre,” San Francisco Chronicle, November 6, 1978; “A Times Interview with Sen. John Briggs on Homosexuality,” Los Angeles Times October 6, 1978; “Recipe for Victory,” Lesbian Tide, January/February 1978. 55. Sullivan, “Political Campaign of Discrimination,” 343–46; “Dignifying Rumor and Innuendo,” editorial, Los Angeles Times, August 2, 1978; “No on Briggs,” editorial, San Francisco Chronicle, October 30, 1978; Shilts, The Mayor of Castro Street, 247. 56. Clendinen and Nagourney, Out for Good, 385–88. 57. “GOP Shuns a Ballotful of Issues,” San Francisco Chronicle, September 9, 1978; “A Surprising Split on Proposition 6,” San Francisco Chronicle, October 28, 1976; Clendinen and Nagourney, Out for Good, 389; Sullivan, “Political Campaign of Discrimination,” 310–11, 343–49; “Anita Bryant Won’t Join Briggs Drive,” Los Angeles Times, June 13, 1978. 58. “Proposition 6: A Major Shift to ‘No’ on Prop. 6,” San Francisco Chronicle, October 5, 1978. 59. “Prop. 6 Called a Cliff-hanger,” Los Angeles Times, November 5, 1978; Clendinen and Nagourney, Out for Good, 311–12; “Briggs Debates Gay Teacher,” Los Ange- les Times, October 26, 1978; “A Wild Debate—Briggs vs. Milk,” San Francisco Chronicle, October 12, 1978; “Interview with Sen. John Briggs on Homosexual- ity,” Los Angeles Times, October 6, 1978; “John Briggs Models a Role,” San Fran- cisco Chronicle, October 16, 1978; “The Latest Poll,” San Francisco Chronicle, November 3, 1978. 60. “Prop. 6 Will Draw a Moral Line—Briggs,” Los Angeles Times, October 31, 1978. 61. Clendinen and Nagourney, Out for Good, 389. 62. Shilts, The Mayor of Castro Street, 248; “Final Results County by County,” San Francisco Chronicle, November 9, 1978; “Same Factor Helped Beat Props. 5 and 262 Notes

6,” San Francisco Chronicle, November 11, 1978; “The Key Races,” Los Angeles Times, November 8, 1978. 63. “Gay Teacher and Antismoking Initiatives Lose,” Los Angeles Times, June 8, 1978; Shilts, The Mayor of Castro Street, 250. 64. Clendinen and Nagourney, Out for Good, 388. 65. “We Won,” Seattle Gay News, November 10, 1978; “Homosexuals Celebrate the Rejection of Initiative 13,” Seattle Times, November 8, 1978; “But Backers May Try Again,” Seattle Times, November 8, 1978; Atkins, Gay Seattle, 255–57. 66. “54% in Herald Poll Say They’ll Vote against Gay Rights,” Miami Herald, November 5, 1978; “Gays Lose, Hotel Tax OK’d,” Miami Herald, November 8, 1978; “‘Little ERA,’ 7 More Revisions Rejected,” Miami Herald, November 8, 1978; “Bryant Set to Aid Gay ‘Treatment,’” Miami Herald, November 3, 1978; “No to the Gays but Both Sides Call It a Victory,” Miami News, November 8, 1978. 67. “Attempts at Rights Legislation Loses Again in Florida’s Dade County,” Gay Community News, November 18, 1977; “Miami Gay Ordinance Defeated,” Advocate, December 13, 1978, 2.

Chapter 8

1. “After Victories, Leaders Ponder the Next Step,” Advocate, December 27, 1978, 8–9; “Victory Celebrated in Briggs Initiative,” Gay Community News, November 18, 1978. 2. Jeanne Cordova, “Recipe for Victory,” Lesbian Tide, January/February 1978; “Angry Homosexuals Parade Up 8th Ave.,” New York Times, November 10, 1978; “Jersey Hearing on Anti-Homosexual Bill Disrupted,” New York Times, November 21, 1978. 3. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities (New York: Verso, 1991), 6. 4. “Homosexuals Plan Educational Drive,” New York Times, June 19, 1977. 5. Dudley Clendinen and Adam Nagourney, Our for Good: The Struggle to Build a Gay Rights Movement in America (New York: Simon Schuster, 1999), 372–83; “The End of the Experience,” Advocate, April 10, 2001, 14–15. 6. Randy Shilts, The Mayor of Castro Street (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1982), 250. 7. Steve Endean, Bringing Lesbian and Gay Rights into the Mainstream, ed. Vicki L. Eaklos (New York: Harrington Press, 2006), 51–52; “National March on Washington: History,” National (Lesbian and) Gay Task Force Papers, Collec- tion 7301, Box 140, Human Sexuality Collection, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. 8. James Saslow, “1970,” in Long Road to Freedom, ed. Mark Thompson (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1994), 178; “75,000 Attend Gay Rights Rally at the Monument,” Washington Post, October 15, 1979; “75,000 March in Capital in Drive to Support Homosexual Rights,” New York Times, October 15, 1979; Clendinen and Nagourney, Out for Good, 407–9. Notes 263

9. David Snowball, Continuity and Change in the Rhetoric of the Moral Majority (New York: Praeger, 1987), 63. 10. “75,000 March in Capital in Drive to Support Homosexual Rights,” New York Times, October 15, 1979; Snowball, Continuity and Change, 49–53, 64–65; William Martin, With God on Our Side: The Rise of the Religious Right in America (New York: Broadway Books, 1996), 202–5. 11. An examination of the rhetoric used in the Moral Majority Report, the main pub- lication of Falwell’s organization, shows that the issue of homosexuality, while typically included in the list of moral ills confronting society, never was singled out for special consideration until 1982, when a number of articles on AIDS appeared. Snowball, Continuity and Change. 12. Martin, With God on Our Side, 198–99; “Robison Nixes Anita For Rally in Dal- las,” Advocate, June 28, 1979, 12; “Metro Past,” Dallas Morning News, May 15, 1989. 13. “A Gay Who Took Anita’s ‘Cure,’” San Francisco Chronicle, July 6, 1979; Mike Royko, “Anita Crusades for Greenbacks,” Los Angeles Times, September 5, 1979; “Immediate Response,” Christian Century, September 12, 1979, 837; “Anita Launches Drive for Anti-Gay Center,” San Francisco Sentinel, August 25, 1978; “Protect America’s Child—1987 Filing with the Internal Revenue Service,” Larry Bush Papers, Collection 7316, Box 2, Human Sexuality Collection, Cor- nell University, Ithaca, NY; “Anita Bryant Ministries—1978 Filing with Internal Revenue Service,” Larry Bush Papers, Collection 7316, Box 2, Human Sexuality Collection, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; Edward Rowe to Internal Revenue Service, July 10, 1977, Larry Bush Papers, Collection 7316, Box 2, Human Sexuality Collection, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; Anita Bryant Ministries (newsletter), January, 1980, National Lesbian and Gay Task Force, Collection 7301, Box 68, Larry Bush Papers, Collection 7316, Box 2, Human Sexuality Collection, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; “TV Special to Highlight Our Amer- ican Heritage,” Protect America’s Children (newsletter), June 1978, Larry Bush Papers, Collection 7316, Box 2, Human Sexuality Collection, Cornell Univer- sity, Ithaca, NY. 14. “TV: Study of Inflation and Anita Bryant Show,” New York Times, March 27, 1980. 15. “Forbidden Fruit at West Point,” Ohio University Post, May 14, 1980. 16. “Anita Bryant Break-Up: Picking Up the Pieces,” Christianity Today, Octo- ber 10, 1980, 71; “Bryant’s Break-Up,” Washington Post, May 24, 1980; Cliff Jahr, “Anita Bryant’s Startling Reversal,” Ladies’ Home Journal, December 1980, 60–64. 17. “Bryant’s Break-Up,” Washington Post, May 24, 1980; Ellen Goodman, “Between Anita and Her Conscience,” Washington Post, May 31, 1980; “Minis- ter Denounces Anita’s Divorce Plan,” Toronto Star, June 2, 1980. 18. 1 How Gay Is Gay: Homosexuality in America,” Time, April 23, 1979, 72–76. 19. National News Council Report, “Gay Complaint Against CBS Upheld in Part,” Columbia Journalism Review, January/February 1981, 76–82; “Unfair CBS Pic- ture of Gays Alleged,” Los Angeles Times, September 20, 1980. 264 Notes

20. “The Politics of Homosexuality,” editorial, Los Angeles Times, November 12, 1978. 21. The marginal position of lesbians and men in American politics was amply illus- trated in 1984 when Walter Mondale, then running for the Democratic Party presidential nomination, agreed to speak before a Gay Rights National Lobby fundraising dinner. Activists considered his appearance a major triumph. How- ever, one of his conditions for appearing was that he not use the word “gay” in his address. Endean, Bringing Lesbian and Gay Rights into the Mainstream, 101–5. Index

The letter n following a page number indicates a note on that page.

60 Minutes (CBS TV show), 92, 141 American Civil Liberties Union 700 Christian Broadcasting Network, (ACLU), 44, 66, 69, 76, 80, 109, 103 196 700 Club (Christian TV show), 103–4, American Federation of Teachers, 205 106, 120 American Jewish Congress, 133 American Law Institute, 28 ABC TV network, 47, 138, 140–41 American Lutheran church, 170 American Party, 164 abortion, 8, 75–77, 89, 93, 194, 219 American Psychiatric Association (APA), Abrams, Mike, 85, 120, 138 15, 29, 45, 48, 126 Abrams, Robert, 115, 124 American Telephone and Telegraph, 55 Ackerman, Ann, 80 Amin, Idi, 153 Adrian, Rev. Ron, 161–62, 174–75 Amsterdam, 154, 167–68 Advertising Age, 137 Anchorage, Alaska: equal rights ordi- Advice and Consent (film), 23 nance, 55 Advocate Experience, 216 Anderson, Benedict, 215 Advocate (newspaper), 34–35, 50–51, Anderson, Rev. Dale, 170 54, 56–57, 105–6, 115–17, Angora, Rev. Martin, 94 171–73, 175, 179, 184, 190, Angwin, Martin, 164–65, 172–73, 178 196–98, 214–16 Anita Bryant Ministries, 195, 211, Advocates for Human Rights, 110 223–24 Agency for Performing Arts, 160 Anita Bryant Story, The (Bryant), 166 Agnos, Art, 156 Anita Bryant’s Spectacular (TV special), 223–24 AIDS, 229 Aquarian Foundation, 98 Alice B. Toklas Democratic Club, 117 Arboleya, Carlos, 94 Alienated Affections (Kleinberg), 7 Arkansas State Legislature, 111 Allen, Jimmy, 194–95 Asian Americans, 5 Allen, Woody, 99 Askew, Reuben, 112, 114, 126, 136–37, Alliance for Individual Rights (AIR), 67 155, 165 All in the Family (TV show), 47 Asner, Ed, 138 Altman, Dennis, 40 Associated Press, 38–39, 101, 109, 182 America (Catholic magazine), 28 Astaire, Fred, 11 266 Index

Atlanta, 20, 24, 123, 153, 193; Gay Borrel, Dr. Jose, 94 Pride Day Proclamation, 73 Boston, 110, 153, 213; discrimination Atlanta Constitution, 20 ban, 55 Atlantic Monthly, 29 Boston Advocates of Human Rights, 120 Baker, Joe, 116 Boston Strangler (film), 23 Bakker, Jim, 103–4, 221 Boulder gay rights bill and repeal, 56 Bakker, Tammy Faye, 103–4, 221 Boyd, Malcolm, 126 Baldwin, James, 22 Boys in the Band (film), 36–37, 46, 51 Bank of America, 124 Bradley, Don, 186, 197, 204–5, 208–9 Baptist church, 2, 73–78, 94, 102, Bradley, Tom, 125, 184, 209 126–27, 134, 148, 161–62, Brake, Robert, 76–77, 81–82, 93–95, 164–65, 170, 172; black, 131, 107–9, 113, 115, 121, 124, 127, 134. See also Southern Baptist 133, 136, 145, 148–49, 157, 160, Convention 191, 203 Bar Owner’s Association, 65 Briggs, John V., 181–87, 195–99, Barron, Dempsey, 112 203–10 bars, 23, 32, 49–50, 62–63, 65, 123; British sodomy statute, 28 raids, 18, 32–33, 65, 187 Brooke, Edward, 120 Basker, Bob, 66–71, 80, 83, 96–97, Brown, Edmund G. “Pat,” 186 100, 107, 113, 115, 117–18, 129, Brown, Edmund, Jr. “Jerry,” 117, 181, 147, 154 206, 208 Batema, Rev. Ray, 198 Brown, Willie, 120, 131 bathhouses, 23, 50, 66, 140 Bryant, Anita, 205; aftermath of Bay Area Reporter, 105–6 1977–78 campaigns and, 220–25; Bayh, Birch, 115 background of, 78–79; gay com- Beach, Frank, 29 munity response to, 97, 106–7, Beauvoir, Simone de, 168 Bell, Arthur, 46 110–11, 116, 122–23, 125–26, Benny, Jack, 12 136, 214–17, 219; Kunst ordi- Ben-Yehuda, Nachman, 19 nance campaign of 1978 and, Berry, Marion, 125 201–4, 211; lawsuits vs., 160–61; Berube, Allan, 12 national campaign vs. gay rights Bieber, Irving, 25 and, 157–59, 164–65, 172–75, “black analogy,” 5, 81, 82 181–83, 188, 191, 200–201, 207; black churches, 75, 81, 86, 131, 134, protests vs. and career problems 188, 200 of, after repeal, 153–54, 157–61, Black Panthers, 41 165–70, 193–95, 215; recruited Black Power movement, 32, 34, 40–41 to oppose Dade ordinance, 2–4, blacks, 4–5, 30, 36, 58, 60–61, 71, 75, 8, 78–83; referendum campaign 118–19, 130–32, 143–44, 147, and, 93–113, 120–27, 130–51; 149, 190, 211; closeted, 130 Southern Baptist Convention Boise, Idaho, recruitment ring, 19–20 and, 194–95; TV show cancelled, Boland, Edward, 156 99–101 Bold Ones, The (TV series), 47 Brydon, Charles, 187–89, 199, 210 Boone, Pat, 224 Busting (film), 46 Index 267

Cages (film), 20 Chavez, Dennis, 5 California, 2, 73, 122, 156; Farm Chicago, 21, 24, 123, 153, 158, 167 Bureau, 206; Proposition Five, child molestation and recruitment issue, 208, 209; Proposition Seven, 9, 16–17, 20, 30, 47, 64–65, 81, 208–9; Proposition Six (Briggs 90–92, 94, 96, 98–99, 107, 118, initiative), 181–87, 195–99, 121–23, 126, 130–32, 134, 137, 203–10, 213–16, 219–20, 223, 139–42, 145, 147, 198–201, 205, 225, 227–28; State Senate, 182; 210, 222, 227 Supreme Court, 196 child pornography, 90–92, 137, California Defend Our Children 140–41, 223 (CDOC), 183, 198 children and youth, homosexuality in, California Republican Assembly, 206–7 25 Campbell, Jack, 66–69, 83, 96, Children’s Hour (film), 23 107–8, 115–18, 128–29, 135, Chorus Line, A (musical), 135 140, 143–44, 146–47, 150, 172, Christian Century, The (magazine), 28, 190–92, 211–12 223 Campbell, Rev. Ken, 195, 225 Christian conservatives, 7–8, 43, 55, Canada, 28, 195 168, 172, 175–76, 178, 198, Carleton, Phillip, 80, 108–9 203–4; broadcasting and, 101–4, Carroll, Archbishop Coleman Francis, 106, 120, 220–22; California and, 75–77, 81, 94–95, 121, 126, 181–87, 198–99, 206–8; growth 142–43 of political activism of, 85–92; Carson, Johnny, 166 growth of “religious right” and, Carter, Jimmy, 59, 69–70, 73–74, 83, after Miami, 218–27; opposition 85–86, 102, 106, 109, 112, 117, of, to ordinance, 71–83; petition 119, 121, 126, 129, 149, 155–56, drive and, 94–97; referendum 194, 206 campaign and, 121, 126–27, Carter, Rosalynn, 112, 115 132–33, 142–43, 148–49; Seattle Car Wash (film), 46 and, 187–88, 200; St. Paul and, Castro, Fidel, 58, 61, 75, 128 164–65; Wichita and, 161–62. Catholic Church, 2, 8, 55, 74–78, See also specific churches and 81, 86–87, 93–94, 121, 126–27, denominations 142–43, 149, 164, 170–71, 188, Christian liberals, 86. See also specific 200, 202, 206; child abuse scandal churches and denominations and, 141; schools, 75–77, 86, 94 Christian Roundtable, 220 Catholic League for Civil and Religious Christian Voice, 220 Rights, 94 Church and the Homosexual, The CBS Evening News with Walter Cronkite, (McNeill), 74 The (TV show), 44 Church Council of Greater Seattle, 188, CBS Reports (TV show), 25, 226–27 199–200 CBS TV network, 122, 138, 140–41 church-state separation, 86 Chalfin, Paul, 62 Citizens Alert for Morality (CAM), 165, Chancellor, John, 102 172 Chapman, Rev. William, 77–79, 82, Citizens for Decency and Morality, 198 93–95, 142, 148, 165, 168, 172, Citizens for Human Rights (CHR), 178, 188, 191 165, 170–73 268 Index

Citizens for Reagan, 93 Cory, Donald Webster, 21 Citizens to Retain Fair Employment Cosmopolitan (Spanish-language edi- (CRFE), 189, 199–200, 210 tion), 128 City and the Pillar, The (Vidal), 22 Couey, Rev. Charles, 81–82, 94 Civil Rights Act (1964), 5, 149; Title Council on Religion and the Homo- VII, 88–89 sexual, 72 civil rights movement, 3–5, 22, 28, Courtelis, Alec, 134 30–32, 75, 86, 131–32 Cronkite, Walter, 44 civil rights protection, gay rights ordi- cross dressing (drag), 32, 46, 62–63, nance as extension of, 70, 97–98 65–66, 135 Clark, Steve, 126, 133 Crowley, Matt, 36–37 Clergy and Laity Committee for Cuba, 66, 117 Human Rights, 98, 125 Cubans, 58–61, 75, 94, 121, 124, Clergy and Laity for Humanistic Rights, 127–30, 143–44, 146–47, 149, 98 225; closeted, 128–29 Cleveland, 123, 153 Clift, Montgomery, 20 Dade County (Miami-Dade, Metro- Coats, Rev. Joe, 94 Dade), 13, 21, 24; background Coca-Cola, 78 of lesbian and gay community Coconut Grove, 67, 80, 143–44, 154, in, 62–71, 98, 147; cities and 211 unincorporated areas within, 57, Coconut Grove Playhouse, 135–36 59, 69–70, 76; diversity and social Cohen, Richard, 140 tensions in, 57–61, 75 Coles County Times-Courier, 169 Dade County Anti-Defamation League, colleges and universities, 7, 33–34, 40, 132 53–54, 156–57, 187 Dade County Circuit Court, 108 Comeout (newspaper), 34 Dade County Coalition for Humanistic “coming out,” 7, 34, 216, 219, 226 Rights of Gays (later Dade County Committee Against the Briggs Initiative Coalition for Human Rights); (CABI), 196–97 aftermath of referendum defeat Communism, 9, 17 and, 146–49, 190–91; divisions Compulsion (Levin), 20 in, 96–99, 135–37, 170; Kunst Concerned Citizens for Community referendum of 1978 and, 203; Standards (CCCS), 161–62, 174 name changed, 119; passage of Concerned Voters of California (CVC), gay rights ordinance and, 68–71, 184–86, 196–98, 204–6, 208–9 79–81, 83; petition drive and, 92, conservatives, 2, 4–5, 59, 201–2; 96–100; referendum campaign backlash of, 43, 148–49, 154–57; and, 107–8, 113–19, 124–28, ordinance opposed by, 76–77; 130–39, 142–44; religious beliefs petition drive and, 93–97. See also exemption and, 76–77, 149 Christian conservatives; and specific Dade County Commission, 57, 65–71; individuals and organizations ordinance approved by, 2–3, Constanza, Margaret, 126 68–71, 76–85; petition drive and, Coral Gables City Commission, 76–77 94–95; referendum and, 77, 107, Corner Bar, The (TV series), 47 112–13, 149–50 Index 269

Dade County Fair Housing and Appeals Deering, James, 62 Board, 69 Defense Department, 224 Dade County Federation of Women’s deMilly, Michele, 117 Clubs, 95, 127 Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party, 170 Dade County Gay Pride Day of 1977, Democratic Party, 17, 85, 87–88, 93, 154 106, 117, 119, 148–49, 156; Cali- Dade County gay rights ordinance fornia, 181–82, 186, 206; Dade of 1977, 2, 54–55; conservative County, 58–59, 66–67, 69, 80, opposition to, organized, 75–79, 85, 119–20, 124, 131; National 83; divisions among gay rights Convention of 1972, 53, 65, 117 supporters and, 71–72, 98–99; Dern, Bruce, 46 effort to pass, of 1973–77, 66–71; desegregation, 75, 87 national controversy over, 111; Detroit, 123; antidiscrimination law, 54 passage of, 2–3, 80–85; petition Detroit Free Press, 59 drive for repeal of, 77, 82, 92–102, Dewey, John, 165 106–8, 148 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Dade County repeal referendum, 4, Mental Disorders, 15, 29, 44–45 115–51; aftermath of, and gay Diario Las Americas (newspaper), 59, rights movement, 213–29; assess- 130, 146 ment of results following vote, Dignity (Catholic group), 74 146–51; conservative campaign discrimination: and specific localities for, 120–24, 126–39, 143–45, and ordinances; employment, 55, 147–49; date set, 107–8, 112–14; 57, 59–60, 77, 124–25, 176, 187; firings after, 155; gay rights sup- gays not seen as victims of, 6, 81, porters campaign vs., 118–20, 118, 132–33, 148; housing, 69, 134–37; impact of, on Bryant, 157–61; impact of, on conserva- 142, 187; protests vs., of 1960s, tive activists, 161–65; impact of, 32. See also gay and lesbian rights on gay community, and renewed movement attempt of 1978, 190–93, 201–4, Dorian Group, 187 211–13, 222; media coverage and, Doty, Alexander, 12 139–42; protests after vote on, Dracula’s Daughter (film), 13 145, 153–54; vote on, 143–46 Dressner, Richard, 118, 119 Dade County Supervisor of Elections, Drum (newspaper), 34 107 Duberman, Martin, 49 Dade County United Citizens Council, Duggan, Lisa, 13 77 Duncan, Bishop James, 126 Dade County Voters and Taxpayers Dunn, Marvin, 131 League, 127 Daily Sun Reporter, 132 Eastern Airlines, 124 Darwin, Charles, 165, 193 Edwards, Clarence, 131 Daughters of Bilitis (DOB), 22, 40 Eisenhower, Dwight D “Ike,” 40 Dead Orange Parade, 67 elections: of 1968, 58; of 1972, 58, 67, Declaration on Certain Questions 101; of 1974, 148–49; of 1976, Concerning Sexual Ethics (Vatican, 59, 69, 85, 93, 102, 119, 149; of 1975), 74 1978, 201–4 270 Index

El Herald, 59, 128 First Spanish Presbyterian Church, 94, Elligan, Rev. Irwin, 125, 131 109 Episcopal Church, 72–74, 126, 170, Fitzgerald, Francis, 102 202, 206 Fitzgerald, Joseph M., 77, 81, 94 Epstein, Joseph, 40 Florida: ban on gay marriage and adop- Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), 3, tions, 111–12; child pornography 43, 50, 75, 80, 85, 87–89, 92–93, laws, 91; ERA ratification and, 111, 135, 202, 219, 225 88, 90, 111–12, 135–36, 202; Erhard, Werner, 216 Farm Bureau, 166; sodomy laws, Ervin, Sam, 106, 127 69, 108–9; State Attorney Gen- Esquire, 37, 38 eral’s Office, 108; State Court of Estes, David, 187–90, 200, 210 Appeals, 112; state legislature, 63, Eugene Citizens for Human Rights 88, 111–12; statewide ERA, 202, (ECHR), 176–77 204, 211, 222 Eugene gay rights referendum, 4, Florida citrus boycott, 97–98, 107, 110, 162–63, 170–72, 175–77, 186, 159–60, 215 189, 194, 199, 214 Florida Citrus Commission, 2, 78–79, evangelical Christians, 86, 102–4. See 97, 159–60, 165, 166, 223 also Christian conservatives Florida Conservative Union, 93, 122, Evans, Dale, 166 133 Exorcist, The (film), 30 Florida Enchantment (film), 62 Florida Freedom Fighters/Chicago Fairness Doctrine, 103, 222 Chapter, 123 Falk, Dennis, 188, 190, 200 Florida Mattachine Society, 63 Falwell, Jerry, 103–4, 134, 172, 204, Florida Public Service Commission, 155 208, 217, 220–22 Florida State University, 65, 128 family: as cause of homosexuality, 15, Flynt, Larry, 90 25; gay and lesbian couples pre- Fonda, Jane, 100 sented as, 40; strains on, 9, 14 Fong, Hiram, 5 “family values,” 77–78, 89, 93 Ford, Betty, 89, 202 Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Ford, Cleland, 29 61 Ford, Gerald, 89, 93, 207 Federal Communication Commission Fort Lauderdale, 156 (FCC), 48, 103, 222, 224 Fortune and Men’s Eyes (film), 46 federal laws: criminalizing homosexual Foster, Jim, 117–20, 124, 133, 135–36, behavior, repeal of, 28–29; gay 150 rights, 156, 217–19 Frank, Anne, 139 Feinstein, Dianne, 117 Frazier, Eufalia, 131 feminists, 90, 136, 189, 202, 225. See Freedman, Estelle, 16 also Equal Rights Amendment; Freidman, Betty, 112 lesbian feminists Front, The (film), 99 Fiedler, Tom, 111 Fields, Chet, 94 Gainesville, 156 First Amendment, 69, 90, 99 Gay Activists Alliance (GAA), 40, First Baptist Church (Perrine), 142 42–44, 46, 65, 115 Index 271 gay adoption issue, 1–2, 89, 112, 175 Gay Militants (Teal), 40 gay and lesbian community: after- Gay Politics; Gay Power (TV show), math of campaigns of 1977–78 226–27 and, 145, 157–58, 170, 177–79, gay power, 34 213–25; divisions within, 170, Gaypower (newspaper), 34 176, 185, 197; need to remain in Gay Pride Day and marches, 34, 38, 65, closet, 6–7; post-WW II subcul- 153–54, 178–79, 189 ture of, 13; status of, in 1980s, Gay Pride Week Declaration (Seattle, 225–29. See also homosexuals and 1978), 187–89 homosexuality “gay revolution,” as term, 38 gay and lesbian media, 34–35, 105–7, Gay Rights Advocates, 196 115–17, 145. See also specific gay rights (antidiscrimination) laws: publications aftermath of campaigns of gay and lesbian rights movement: after- 1977–78 and, 155–57, 177–79, math of campaigns of 1977–78 218–25; exemption for religious and, 213–20; assimilation strategy institutions, 76–77, 149, 242n49; and, 32; conservative backlash “mainstream” political strategy and, and, 93–94, 149; divide between 184–85, 189, 215–16; passage of, men and women in, 22, 135, 170; in 1970s, 48; push for passage of, early, as homophile movement, 53–55; push for repeal of, 1–2, 4, 21–22, 25–26, 28, 30–34, 40, 66, 8, 55–56 ; religious views 72; exclusion of, from Civil Rights and opposition to, 71–79; “sexual Act, 5–6; marginal position of, in orientation” vs. “preference” word- society, 264n21; media and, 26, ing and, 54–55, 69, 109 41–42, 47, 104–5; political debate Gay Rights (newspaper), 34 over, 227–29; push for recogni- Gearhart, Sally, 213 tion of, 53; religious groups and, gender roles and norms, 14–16, 88 72–75; shift of, from homophile to Geto, Ethan, 115, 117–20, 124, 129, “gay liberation” movement, 34–40; 133, 135–36, 146–47 shift of, to reformism, in 1970s, Giovanni’s Room (Baldwin), 22 43–44 God and Country Rally, 204 “gay,” as term, 34, 38 Gómez, Manuel, 128–29 Gay Community News, 35, 97, 105, Goode, Erich, 19 106–7, 169 Good Morning America (TV show), 110 Gay Divorce, The (film), 11 Goodstein, David, 105–6, 115–17, Gay Liberation Boulder, 56 119, 150, 171, 173, 184–86, 196, Gay Liberation Front (GLF), 33–34, 214–16, 218 40, 42–43, 53–54, 128 Go Tell It on the Mountain (Baldwin), 22 Gay Liberation Front of Catalonia, 154 Gould, Robert, 45 Gay Liberator (newspaper), 34 Graham, Billy, 103 “gay lifestyle,” as term, 50–51 Greater Miami Ministerial Association, gay marriage issue, 1, 89, 92, 111–12, 80 175, 219, 229 Greater Miami Organization for Gay Media Task Force, 47 Human Rights, 124 272 Index

Green, Lynn, 175–76 for, 19; difficulty of changing Green, Robert “Bob,” 78–79, 82, attitudes about, 147, 149; genetics 93–95, 106–7, 121, 144, 160–61, vs. choice debate and, 15, 51, 55, 167–68, 172, 195, 203–4, 211, 74, 175; history of legal position 222–25 of, 1–2, 13–14, 18–21, 26, 28–30, 32–33, 44, 52–58, 71, 109; history Hadley, Charles, 130 of media images of, 1, 3, 11–26, Haitink, Bernard, 168 35–50, 62, 65–66; image of, in Harper’s, 40, 44 1980s, 225–29; invisibility of, Harris, Marshall, 124, 142, 203 7–8; Kinsey reports and, 14–15, Hawaii, 88 21; medicine and psychiatry on, 1, Hawkins, Paula, 155 9, 13–16, 18–20, 23–31, 41–42, Hayakawa, S.I., 181, 207 44–45, 48, 50–52, 64, 71; miscon- Heart of America Gay Pride march, 153 ceptions about, 6, 150, 218–19; Hefner, Hugh, 90 “new,” 37–38; parents blamed Helms, Jesse, 127 for child’s, 9, 15, 25, 99; security Hepburn, Katharine, 20 clearance and, 17; stereotypes of, Hillsborough, Robert, 154, 160, 168 11–17, 19–23, 36, 46–48, 52, Himmler, Heinrich, 138–39 149, 176; as term, 34. See also gay Hitchcock, Alfred, 13, 20 and lesbian community; gay and Hitler, Adolf, 153 lesbian rights movement Holiday Inn, 78 Hongisto, Richard, 120, 126–27 Holland, 125–26, 154, 167–68 Hooker, Evelyn, 29 Homestead (FL), 80–81, 94 Hope, Bob, 78, 166 “Homo/Hetero” (Epstein), 40 Horton, Edward Everett, 11 Homophile Alliance of Sedgwick Housing and Urban Development, County (HASC), 161–62, 174 Department of (HUD), 156 homophile movement, 22, 25–26, 28, Hudson, Rock, 196 30–34, 40, 66, 72 Human Equal Rights for Everyone Homosexual (newspaper), 34 (HERE), 157 “Homosexual, The” (TV documentary), human rights issue, 85, 119, 129, 64 132–33, 136, 138–39, 147–48, Homosexual in America, The (Cory), 21 177 “Homosexual in Society, The” (radio Humbard, Rex, 103 program), 26 Humphrey, Hubert, 119–20 Homosexual: Oppression and Liberation Hustler, 90 (Altman), 40 homosexuals and homosexuality: activ- Idaho, 127 ists attempt to change definition Illinois, 28, 90, 127 of, 44–45; APA ends mental I Love America rallies, 221 disorder classification of, 45, 48; “imagined community,” 215–17 Catholic Church on, 74; Civil Inman, Richard, 63 Rights Act and, 5–6; closeted, Inouye, Daniel, 5 26–27, 40, 135, 214, 216; “cure” Institute for Sex Research, 51 Index 273

Jarvis, Howard, 207 Ladies Home Journal, 25 Jarvis, Steve, 164 Latinos pro Derechos Humanos (LHR), Jenkins, Philip, 16 128 Jesuits, 74 Laugh-In (TV show), 46–47 Jewel Box Revue, 62 Laughing Policeman, The (film), 46 Jewish Floridian (newspaper), 132 “lavender scare,” 17 Jews, 58, 70, 72, 74–75, 78, 80–81, 83, Lawrence of Arabia (film), 23 93, 96, 118–20, 132–33, 138–39, Lawrence v. Texas, 228 142–44, 147, 149, 206, 211; League of Women Voters, 164 Orthodox, 72, 132; Reform, 125 Legal Services Corporation, 156 John Birch Society, 188, 207 Lehman, William, 131 Johns Committee, 63 Leopold, Nathan, 11–12, 18, 20 Johnson, David K., 17 Lerner, Max, 18–19 Johnson, Lyndon B., 40, 78, 186 lesbian feminists, 51, 135–36, 170, 197 Johnson, Rev. Thedford, 131 lesbians: media images of, 12–13, J.W. Coop (film), 46 20–21, 40, 47, 110–11; minimiza- tion of, 17–18; pornography issue Kansas City, 66, 153 and, 92; rights movement for, 22; Kansas state sodomy law, 161 as term, 34. See also gay and lesbian Kendall United Methodist church, 142 community; gay and lesbian rights Kennedy, Edward “Ted,” 119, 217 movement Kennedy, John F., 186 Lesbian Tide (newspaper), 170 Kennedy, Rev. James, 221 Levin, Meyer, 20 Kight, Morris, 185, 196 liberals, 4, 70, 83, 96, 118–19, 124, Killer Dyke (newspaper), 34 126, 132, 138, 142, 147, 149–50, King, Larry, 80 177–78, 203 King, Martin Luther, Jr., 41 Libertarian Party, 207 Kinsey, Alfred, 14–15, 21, 29 Life, 24, 38, 42 Kirk, Claude, 108 Lilith (film), 23 Kiwanis Clubs, 127 Lindsay, John, 115 Kleinberg, Seymour, 7 Llaguno, Magaly, 94 Knickerbocker News, 140 Loeb, Richard, 12, 18, 20 Knight, James L., 59 Log Cabin Republicans, 196 Knight, John S., 59 Look, 24, 35–38, 40, 51 Koch, Ed, 156 Los Angeles, 13, 19, 21, 24, 33, 34, Kopay, David, 119, 126 90, 125, 141, 153, 182, 184–85, Ku Klux Klan, 159 196–98, 205–6, 209, 214, 219; Kunst, Bob, 67–71, 80–81, 83, 96–98, antidiscrimination law of 1976, 54 100, 117, 119, 122, 131, 134, Los Angeles Deputy Sheriff Association, 136–37, 143–44, 147, 150, 154, 206 169, 171–73, 177, 191–93, Los Angeles Police Department, 34 201–4, 211–12, 225 Los Angeles Times, 139, 166, 182, 205–6, 227, 229 labor unions, 81, 55, 124–25, 205 Louisiana State Senate, 158 Ladder, The (journal), 22 Love Is festivals, 67 274 Index machismo, 127–29 Miami Latin Chamber of Commerce, Mademoiselle, 40 127, 130 Magnum Force (film), 46 Miami News, 59, 65–66, 70, 92–93, Manson, Charles, 41 96, 107, 114, 127, 139–40, 146, Marcus Welby, M.D. (TV series), 47 191, 203 Mariel boatlift, 61, 225 Miami Police Department, 62, 66 Mark, The (film), 30 Miami Rabbinical Association, 80 Mary Tyler Moore Show, The (TV show), Miami Springs Commission, 94 138 Miami Sunshine (campaign tabloid), Massachusetts, 119, 126 120 Matlovich, Sgt. Leonard, 49–51, 96, 98, Miami Support Ad Hoc Committee, 117–18, 120, 144, 150, 154, 159 110 Mattachine Review, 21, 31 Miami Support Committee (San Fran- Mattachine Society, 21–22, 26, 66 cisco), 123 Matthau, Walter, 46 Miami Times (black weekly), 130–32 McCarthy, Eugene, 41, 67 Miami Toros soccer team, 68 McCarthy, Joseph, 17–18 Miami Victory Campaign, 98, 136, McDavid, Bishop Joel, 127 143, 154, 171 Mid-American Baptist church, 170 McDonald, Larry, 156 Midler, Bette, 185 McDonald’s, 124 military service, 12–15, 32, 49, 229 McGovern, George, 42–43, 59, 101–2, Milk, Harvey, 182, 186, 197, 207, 115, 117 209–10, 216; assassination of, McKuen, Rod, 126 215–16 McMullan, John, 92, 100, 146 Miller, Merle, 40–41, 126 McNeill, Father John J., 74 Mine Eyes Have Seen the Glory (Bryant Methodist Church, 73, 75, 126–27, album), 78 206 Ministers-Laymen Voter Registration Metro-Dade Community Relations Committee, 131 Board, 68 Minneapolis, 54–55, 171, 219; antidis- Metro-Dade County. See Dade County crimination ordinance, 70, 163–64 Metropolitan Community Church Minneapolis Fruit and Produce Center, (MCC), 64–66, 72, 125, 131, 164 155, 184, 188, 203, 214 Minneapolis Rabbinical Association, Miami. See Dade County 170 Miami Beach, 58–60, 70, 134; City Minneapolis Star, 171 Commission, 132 Minneapolis Tribune, 170, 173 Miami Beach B’nai B’rith, 132 Minnesota, 119, 126–27, 163; state Miami Club Baths, raid on, 66 antidiscrimination law, 164, Miami Dolphins, 134 170–71 Miami Herald, 2, 59–60, 62–66, 68, Minnesota Committee for Gay Rights, 70–71, 76, 82, 92–93, 100, 111, 163, 171 114, 120, 123–26, 138–39, Minority Rights Revolution, 4–6 141–42, 144, 146–47, 149, 167, minority status issue, 36, 40, 42, 49–50, 201, 203 65, 178–79, 227–28 Index 275 misogynist rhetoric, 136, 170 National Women’s Party, 87 Mixner, David, 184, 206–7 Native Americans, 5, 36 Model Penal Code, 28 natural law, 74, 121 Mondale, Walter, 112, 264n21 Nazi Germany, 138–39 Money, Dr. John, 126 NBC TV network, 42, 47, 102, 138, Montage (TV show), 142 140–41, 167 Monteagudo, Jesse, 128 Near, Holly, 217 Moral Majority, 220–21 Nerto, Rabbi Joseph, 125 moral panic and morality, 9, 17–20, New Alliance for Gay Equality (New 85–86, 144. See also child molesta- AGE), 184, 196 tion and recruitment issue New Catholic Encyclopedia, 8 Moreno, Rita, 167 New Covenant Presbyterian Church, Mormon church, 163, 187–89 125 Moscone, George, 117, 155, 182, 210; New Jersey state legislature, 214 assassination of, 215 New Orleans, 24, 141; Summer Pops Mother’s Alliance of Miami Americans, Festival Concerts, 157–59 98 New Orleans Times Picayune, 159 Ms. (magazine), 92, 126 New Party, 65, 67 Muni, Alexis, 128 Newsweek, 19, 23, 27, 38, 86, 91, 139, Municipal Elections Committee of Los 155 Angeles (MECLA), 182, 184, 197 New York Academy of Medicine, 24 New York City, 13, 19, 21, 23, 28, Narot, Rabbi Joseph, 80 34, 66, 90, 122, 145, 153, 213, Nation, 28–29 214, 219; antidiscrimination National Association for the Advance- ordinances, 42, 55, 153, 213; Gay ment of Colored People (NAACP), Pride marches, 178–79; Greenwich 76 Village, 3, 6, 7, 11, 28, 33, 145 National Association of Evangelicals, New York Daily News, 44 206 New Yorker, 40 National Center for Telephone New York Mattachine Society, 33 Research, 118 New York Post, 18 National Commission on Reform of New York State, 123 Federal Criminal Laws, 28–29 New York Times, 20, 23–25, 27, 38, 44, National Convention of Religious 46, 93, 100–101, 109–10, 121, Broadcasters, 169 139–40, 145, 175, 217–18, 224; National Council of Churches, 164 Book Review, 40; Sunday Magazine, National Education Association, 205 25, 28, 31, 40–41, 45, 49 National Gay Task Force (NGTF), 44, Night Moves (film), 30 47–48, 53, 80, 121, 126, 174, Nixon, Richard, 42–43, 65, 148 178, 184, 203, 213–16, 224, 226 Noble, Elaine, 119–20, 126, 142 National News Council, 226–27 No On Briggs Initiative Committee National Opinion Research Center, 51 (NOBIC), 196 National Organization of Women Norfolk Baptist revival meeting, 158 (NOW), 44, 66, 88, 126, 135–36 Norfolk Coalition for Human Rights, National Review, 29 158 276 Index

North Dakota, 89 Portes, Alejandro, 61 North Miami, 70 Portland (Maine) Press Herald, 140 Northwest Baptist Church, 77, 79, “Preachers and Politics” (Falwell), 220 142–48 Presbyterian church, 127, 183 Northwest Christian Academy, 94 Pride Foundation, 196 N.Y.P.D. (TV series), 47 privacy rights, 34, 189, 197–98, 201, 206, 208–9, 228 obscenity laws, 22–23, 27 prostitution, male, 36, 50, 141 O’Connor, John, 223–24 Protect America’s Children (PAC), 168, Oklahoma, 90, 100 172, 188, 201, 203, 222–23 Old Time Gospel Hour (TV show), 104, Protestant churches, 75–76, 87, 94, 134 107, 121, 122, 130, 188; liberal, O’Leary, Jean, 44, 80, 213 72–73, 80, 81. See also Christian On Being Different (Miller), 40 conservatives ONE (magazine), 21–22, 31 Pryor, Richard, 185 Operation Big Vote, 130 PTL Club (TV show), 103–4, 106, 120 Orange Bowl Parade, 79, 137–38, 167 PTL Network, 103–4 Oregon state sodomy law, 162 Public Broadcasting System, 219 Orthodox Rabbinical Council of Greater Miami, 94, 95, 127 Radical Chic and Mau-Mauing the Flak Catchers (Wolfe), 40–41 Pacifica Network, 26 radio talk shows, 80, 111, 128–30 Palm Beach County (FL), 156 Rámos, Herb (Ovidio), 128–29 Pangborn, Franklin, 11 Reagan, Ronald, 59, 89, 93, 122, 149, Parenting, 25 181, 206–7, 210 Parents, 45 Rebecca (film), 13 Pennsylvania employment discrimina- Redford, Robert, 99 tion ban, 55 Redgrave, Vanessa, 100–101 Perry, Rev. Troy, 72, 184, 203, 216, 217 Reflections in a Golden Eye (film), 23 “Petition Sabbath,” 95–96 Reform School Girl (film), 20 Philadelphia, 13, 34, 123 Reilly, Clint, 119 Philadelphia Daily News, 110 religious conservatives. See Christian Philadelphia Inquirer, 59 conservatives Phil Donahue Show (TV show), 110, Renaissance International, 195 120 rent-control law, 132, 142, 147 P. J . (film), 23 Republican Party, 17, 58–59, 85, Playboy, 27, 50, 90, 109, 193, 211 88, 93, 108, 122, 133, 181–87, police: harassment by, 26, 66, 72; 206–7; National Conventions, 53, homosexuals in, 50; protests vs., 65, 89 21–22, 32–33 Revel, Jean-François, 168 Police Woman (TV series), 47 Revive America Crusade, 168–69 pornography, 27, 90, 92–93. See also Reynolds, Burt, 204 child pornography Right to Life movement, 94 Index 277

Ritz, The (film), 167 Saturday Review, 28 Roach, Archbishop John, 164, 170–71 Save Our Children (SOC), 3, 94–97, Robbie, Joe, 134 106–8, 113–15, 120–24, 126–39, Roberts, Oral, 103 143–45, 147–49, 157, 159, 198; Robertson, Pat, 103–4, 221 injunction against use of name, Robison, Rev. James, 221–22 160, 168 Rockway, Alan, 65, 67–69, 80–81, 98, Save Our Children—One Woman’s Cru- 136, 191 sade against the Sins of Homosexual- Roe v. Wade, 89 ity (Bryant), 157 Rogers, Ginger, 11 Save Our Human Rights (SOHR), Rogers, Neil, 80 184–85, 196 Rogers, Roy, 166 Save Our Moral Ethics (SOME), Roosevelt, Franklin D., 165 188–90, 200–201, 210 Rope (film), 20 Save the Children, suit vs. SOC, 160, Rosenthal, Abe, 23 168, 183 Rubin, Ellis, 108–9, 112 Save the Tiger (film), 46 Russo, Vito, 36 Scarface (film), 61 Schlafly, Phillis, 43, 88–89, 106 Safire, William, 146 schools, 43, 50, 63, 81, 82, 86–87, 96, Sagarin, Edward (Donald Webster 121, 124–25 Cory), 21 Schuller, Robert, 103 San Antonio, Texas, 127, 169 Schut, Rabbi Tozi, 94 San Diego, 209 Scopes “Monkey Trial,” 86, 102 San Diego Board of Realtors, 206 Scott, Mike, 119 San Diego Revival, 208 Scott, Peter, 184, 206–7 San Franciscans Against Proposition 6, 197, 206, 209–10 Seattle, 153, 219, 222; antidiscrimi- San Francisco and Bay Area, 6, 13, 19, nation ordinances, 54, 70, 187; 21, 23–24, 28, 33, 66, 72, 110, Human Rights Division, 188; 120, 123, 126, 135, 145, 153–55, Initiative Thirteen, 187–90, 182, 184, 196, 198, 205, 208–10, 199–201, 210, 213–15; police, 214, 219, 226–27; Board of 187–88, 190; Women’s Rights Supervisors, 182, 186, 226; Castro Office, 188 District, 6, 7, 145, 209; Gay Pride Seattle Committee Against Thirteen parade, 138, 174, 178–79; Human (SCAT), 189, 199–200, 210 Rights Commission, 226 Seattle Gay News, 105, 189–90 San Francisco Chronicle, 139, 145–46, segregation, racial, 58, 87 154, 206 Sergeant, The (film), 23 San Francisco Deputy Sheriffs’ Associa- Seventeen, 25 tion, 127, 138 sex crime laws, 16–17, 30. See also San Francisco Examiner, 44 sodomy laws San Francisco Sentinel, 106 sex crime panic, 16, 20, 63 Sargent, John Singer, 62 sex discrimination case law, 88 Sartre, Jean Paul, 168 sex education, 43, 87 278 Index

Sexual Behavior in the Human Female State Department, 17 (Kinsey), 15 Steinem, Gloria, 126 Sexual Behavior in the Human Male Steptick, Alex, 61 (Kinsey), 14–15, 21 Stevenson, Adlai, 17, 186 sexuality and sexual freedom issue, 3, Stickney, Bob, 115, 117 14, 27–28, 31–32, 97, 136–37 St. John’s Baptist Church, 131 Shack, Dick, 79, 99, 160 St. Joseph (Missouri) Gazette, 110 Shack, Ruth, 70–71, 79, 81–83, St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 110 122–23, 130, 133, 138, 144, 160, Stone, Richard, 119 Stonewall riots (1969), 3, 7, 33–35, 192, 201 214–15; anniversaries of, 38–39, Shales, Tom, 166 153 Shaw, Clay, 127 St. Paul: City Council, 55; Department Sheila Levine Is Dead and Living in New of Human Rights, 55; gay rights York (film), 46 ordinance and repeal referendum, Sheldon, Rev. Louis, 183, 198 4, 55, 163–65, 170–73, 177, 186, Shevin, Robert, 108, 112 189, 194, 198, 214, 220, 222 Shipley, Dr. Vernon, 148 Strangers on a Train (film), 20 Silver, Judge Sam, 108–9, 112, 117 Straw Dogs (film), 30 Simon, Stuart, 108–9 Streisand, Barbra, 99, 159 Singer Sewing Company, 99–101, 107 Students for a Democratic Society Sioux City, Iowa, murder of 1954, 19 (SDS), 33 Skidell, Robert “Bob,” 132, 142, 148, Suddenly Last Summer (film), 20 201 Sunshine Party, 192 Skrentny, John, 4, 5, 6 Sutton, Grady, 11 Socarides, Charles, 35, 45 Swaggart, Jimmy, 103 Sodom, biblical story of, 7–8 Szasz, Thomas, 29–30 sodomy laws, 16, 28–29, 48, 69, 73, 109, 111, 161, 181, 187 Target City Coalition, 164, 171–73 Some of My Best Friends (film), 45 Tate, Sharon, 41 South Dade Baptist Church, 134 Taxi Driver (film), 30 Taylor, Elizabeth, 20 South Dade Independent Church teachers, 2, 77, 79–80, 136–37, 140, (Homestead), 94 144, 155, 182–83, 196–98, Southern Baptist Convention, 73–74, 205–6, 208–9, 223, 227 77–78, 85–86, 193–95, 206, 221 Teal, Donn, 40 South Florida Comprehensive Employ- Teamsters Local, 174, 199 ment and Training Act (CETA) Ten Commandments, 86 consortium, 191 Texas, 127 Spain, 154 Texas State Bar Convention, 158–59 Spear, Allan, 119, 126, 163–64, 173 That Certain Summer (TV movie), 47 Spellerberg, Shirley, 80–81, 111 There’s Nothing like the Love between a Spiegal, Dr. John, 126 Man and a Woman (album), 167 Spock, Dr. Benjamin, 67 Thompson, Mike, 93, 108, 115, 122, “Stable Family Amendment,” 156 124, 137, 142, 147–49, 160–61, Stalin, Josef, 153 168, 203 Index 279

Thompson, Rev. Garth, 125, 127, Variety, 23 132–34 Vatican, 74 Time, 19, 20, 27, 35, 40, 42, 49–51, Vatican II reforms, 76 59, 61, 91, 96, 139, 145, 153, Very Natural Thing, A (film), 45 168, 226 Vida, Ginny, 203 Times of Harvey Milk, The (documen- Vidal, Gore, 22, 110 tary), 215 Vietnam War and antiwar movement, Today show (TV show), 167 28, 32–34, 41–43, 49, 67, 75, 78, Todd, Cecil, 168 85–87 “To Live in Christ” (American Catholic Village Voice, 46 bishops’ pastoral letter), 74 violence vs. lesbians and gay men, Tomlin, Lily, 185 154–55, 215 Tornillo, Pat, 125 Vizcaya (Miami mansion), 62 Toronto revival concert, 168–69 Voeller, Bruce, 44, 80 “Tragedy of the Gay, The” (Lerner), 18 VOICE (Volunteer Organization in Transperience Center, 67–68, 70, Community Enactments of the 97–98, 100, 172, 191, 211 People), 175–77 Tri-Cities Fund, 172 Truman, Harry S., 40 Walk on the Wild Side (film), 23 Tuchman, Gaye, 17 Wallace, George, 149, 164 Tucson, 123, 169, 219; nondiscrimina- Wallace, Mike, 25 tion ordinance, 56 Warehouse 8 meetings, 117–18 Tulsa, 1: nonbinding resolution, 56–57; Washington, D.C., 21, 24, 41, 54, Sexual Preference Task Force, 57, 122–23, 125, 133, 169; Gay Pride 156 Week, 179; gay rights law of 1973, 67, 70; gay rights march of 1979, Union of American Hebrew Congrega- tions, 72 216–18, 225 Unitarian Universalists, 72 Washington Post, 100–101, 109, 121, United Church of Christ, 72, 155, 170 139–40, 145, 218 United Faculty of Florida, 124 Washington state sodomy law, 187 United Methodist Church, 170 Watergate scandal, 43, 99, 148 United Presbyterian Church, 72 Waxman, Henry, 48 United Press International (UPI), 40 Wayne, John, 100 United Teachers of Dade (UTD), Way We Were, The (film), 99 124–25 We Are Your Children campaign, 215 Urban League, 131, 170 Weather Underground, 41 U.S. Air Force, 49, 62 Weberman, Rabbi Phineas, 94, 127, U.S. Congress, 1, 18, 43, 48, 55, 88, 132 89, 91, 140–41, 156, 217 “web of facticity,” 17–18, 30–31, 44, U.S. Constitution, 138 48, 178 U.S. News & World Report, 91–92, 139, Weekly News, The (Coalition newspa- 145 per), 190 U.S. Supreme Court, 21–22, 27, 89, Westmoreland, Gen. William, 224 144, 228 West Point, 224 280 Index

“What We Don’t Know about Homo- women’s rights movement, 3, 5, 32, 34, sexuality” (Gould), 45 40, 70, 219, 225. See also femi- Whited, Charles, 83 nists; lesbian feminists Who’s Who (TV show), 122 Wood, Thomas, 114 Wichita Eagle, 174 Word Is Out, The (documentary), 219 Wichita gay rights ordinance and refer- working-class voters, 70, 143–44 endum, 4, 161–62, 170–75, 177, World Day of Gay Rights, 154 World War I, 12 186, 189, 194, 198, 214, 220 World War II, 12–15, 62 Will, George, 140 WTVJ (Miami TV station), 64, 93, Williams, Tennessee, 20 99–100, 146 Winnick, Bruce, 69, 80, 109 WYAH (Christian TV station), 103 Wolfe, Thomas, 40–41 Wolfendon Report, 28 Yale Law Journal, 89 Woman Against Thirteen (WAT), 189, Young Man with a Horn (film), 20 199–200, 210 Young Republicans, 207 Women’s Bill of Rights (1967), 88 Women’s Prison (film), 20 Zimbalist, Efrem, Jr., 224