DOCSLIB.ORG

Natamycin As an Allowed Nonsynthetic Substance

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Natamycin As an Allowed Nonsynthetic Substance Technology Sciences Group Inc. 712 Fifth St., Suite A Davis, CA 95616 Direct: (530) 601-5064 Fax: (530) 757-1299 E-Mail: [email protected] Jacob S. Moore Regulatory Consultant September 1, 2016 USDA/AMS/NOP, Standards Division 1400 Independence Ave. SW Room 2648-So., Ag Stop 0268 Washington, DC 20250-0268 Attention: Lisa Brines, PhD National List Manager RE: National Organic Program Petition for Classification of Natamycin as an Allowed Nonsynthetic Substance Dear Dr. Brines: Technology Sciences Group Inc., on behalf of DSM Food Specialties B.V., submits the enclosed petition for classification of natamycin as an allowed nonsynthetic substance. Natamycin is a naturally-occurring compound produced by fermentation of Streptomyces natalensis. As natamycin is known to the National Organic Program and National Organic Standards Board, the petitioner requests that a focused Technical Report be issued to complement the work previously done and resolve the classification status of the petitioned substance. Please contact me with any questions or concerns. Jacob S. Moore TITLE Petition for Classification of Natamycin as an Allowed Nonsynthetic Substance in Organic Crop Production AUTHOR Technology Sciences Group Inc. DATE September 1, 2016 Page 1 of 212 Natamycin Allowed Nonsynthetic Petition – National Organic Program – September 1, 2016 Table of Contents Item A—Indicate which section or sections the petitioned substance will be included on and/or removed from the National List. .................................................................................................................................. 3 Item B ............................................................................................................................................................ 3 1. Substance Name: ............................................................................................................................... 3 2. Petitioner and Manufacturer Information: ....................................................................................... 3 3. Intended or Current Use .................................................................................................................... 3 4. Intended Activities and Application Rate .......................................................................................... 3 5. The source of the substance and a detailed description of its manufacturing or processing procedures from the basic components to the final product. .......................................................... 6 6. Ancillary Substances .......................................................................................................................... 7 7. Previous Reviews ............................................................................................................................... 7 8. Regulatory Authority ......................................................................................................................... 8 9. Chemical Abstract Service (CAS) Number and Product Labels .......................................................... 8 10. Physical and Chemical Properties ...................................................................................................... 9 11. Safety Information ............................................................................................................................. 9 12. Research Information ...................................................................................................................... 11 13. Petition Justification Statement ...................................................................................................... 13 References .................................................................................................................................................. 16 Attachment 1 – Organic Materials Review Institute Canada Certificate .................................................... 18 Attachment 2 – EPA Stamped Acceptable Labels for Natamycin as a Pesticide ........................................ 20 Attachment 3 – Natamycin Safety Data Sheet (SDS) .................................................................................. 45 Attachment 4 – Petitioner Response to Dalhoff & Levy, 2015 ................................................................... 56 APPENDIX – REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................ 63 Natamycin Allowed Nonsynthetic Petition – National Organic Program – September 1, 2016 Page 2 of 212 Item A—Indicate which section or sections the petitioned substance will be included on and/or removed from the National List. Petition for classification of natamycin as an allowed nonsynthetic substance. This petition is at the recommendation of the NOP, as the classification of natamycin is considered unclear. Item B 1. Substance Name: Natamycin 2. Petitioner and Manufacturer Information: DSM Food Specialties B.V. Alexander Fleminglaan 1 2613 AX Delft Netherlands +31 6 13 48 46 97 André Keuter [email protected] Global Regulatory Affairs Manager 3. Intended or Current Use Natamycin is a United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA)-registered biochemical pesticide for use as a fungistat in enclosed mushroom production facilities and for use as a post- harvest treatment on food commodities to control fungal diseases. 4. Intended Activities and Application Rate Natamycin is currently approved by the US EPA for use in enclosed mushroom production facilities on mushrooms growth media to prevent the germination of fungal spores and on pineapples, citrus, pome and stone fruit crop groups, cherries, avocado, kiwi, mango, and pomegranate, to control fungal diseases. A summary of the uses and application rates are presented in Table 1. Natamycin Allowed Nonsynthetic Petition – National Organic Program – September 1, 2016 Page 3 of 212 Commodity Diseases Method of Application Use Rate (ai = Natamycin) Mushrooms in Dry Bubble Surface drench 0.36 – 0.73 oz. ai / enclosed production (Verticillium fungicola) 1000 sq. ft. facilities Citrus Green or blue rot In-line dip/drench 6.6 – 13.3 oz. ai / 100 (Penicillium spp.) In-line aqueous or fruit gallons Sour rot coating spray (Geotricum citri-aurantii, Geotricum candidum) Gray mold (Botrytis cinerea) Mucor rot (Mucor spp.) Pome Fruit Blue mold Bin/truck drench 6.6 – 13.3 oz. ai / 100 (Penicillium expansum) In-line dip/drench gallons Gray mold Flooders (Botrytis cinerea) In-line aqueous or fruit Mucor rot (Mucor spp.) coating spray Sphaeropsis rot (Sphaeropsis pyriputrescens) Phacidiopycnis rot (Phacidiopycnis piri) Speck rot (Phacidiopycnis washingtonensis) Stone Fruit Brown rot (Monilinia spp.) In-line dip/drench 6.6 – 13.3 oz. ai / 100 Gray mold gallons (Botrytis cinerea) In-line aqueous or fruit 3.3 – 13.3 oz. ai / Sour rot (Geotricum spp.) coating spray 200,000 lbs of fruit Rhizopus rot (Rhizopus spp.) Cherries Brown rot (Monilinia spp.) In-line aqueous or 3.3 – 13.3 oz. / Gray mold (Botrytis cinerea) flooder application 50,000 lbs of fruit High volume application Avocado Anthracnose In-line dip/drench 6.6 – 13.3 oz. ai / 100 (Colletotrichum spp.) gallons Stem end rot In-line aqueous or fruit 6.6 – 13.3 oz. ai / (Dothiorella spp.) coating spray 200,000 lbs of fruit application Kiwi Botrytis fruit rot (Botrytis In-line dip/drench 6.6 – 13.3 oz. ai / 100 cinerea) gallons In-line aqueous or fruit 6.6 – 13.3 oz. ai / coating spray 200,000 lbs of fruit application Natamycin Allowed Nonsynthetic Petition – National Organic Program – September 1, 2016 Page 4 of 212 Commodity Diseases Method of Application Use Rate (ai = Natamycin) Mango Anthracnose In-line dip/drench 6.6 – 13.3 oz. ai / 100 (Colletotrichum spp.) gallons Stem end rot In-line aqueous or fruit 6.6 – 13.3 oz. ai / (Dothiorella spp.) coating spray 200,000 lbs of fruit application Pomegranate Botrytis fruit rot In-line dip/drench 6.6 – 13.3 oz. ai / 100 (Botrytis cinerea) gallons Blue mold (Penicillium expansum) Pineapple Fusarium oxysporum Dip/pour/cascade 0.18 – 1.44 oz. ai / Penicillium funiculosum gallon of water and Rhizophus stolonife aqueous dilution of Aspergillus niger wax Thielaviopsis paradoxa Table 1. Summary of EPA-approved uses of natamycin. Natamycin Allowed Nonsynthetic Petition – National Organic Program – September 1, 2016 Page 5 of 212 5. The source of the substance and a detailed description of its manufacturing or processing procedures from the basic components to the final product. Natamycin is a nonsynthetic pesticide active ingredient produced by fermentation of a naturally- occurring soil microorganism, Streptomyces natalensis. As discussed in Item B.13, natamycin meets the NOP criteria for classification as a nonsynthetic. The manufacturing process of commercially-produced natamycin follows these general steps. Step 1 – Fermentation Controlled fermentation of the Streptomyces spp. results in the production of natamycin in a crystal form. Natamycin exists naturally within the fermentation broth in crystal form due to its low water solubility. Step 2 - Autolysis The fermentation biomass is lysed under heat to release the natamycin crystals. Step 3- Harvest & Centrifuge Concentration The fermentation broth containing natamycin crystals is then centrifuged to remove the biomass; a solvent that is later removed is added to maintain microbiological stability. Step 4 – Recovery Acid-base extraction is then used to purify and remove the solid
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Succession and Persistence of Microbial Communities and Antimicrobial Resistance Genes Associated with International Space Stati
    Singh et al. Microbiome (2018) 6:204 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-018-0585-2 RESEARCH Open Access Succession and persistence of microbial communities and antimicrobial resistance genes associated with International Space Station environmental surfaces Nitin Kumar Singh1, Jason M. Wood1, Fathi Karouia2,3 and Kasthuri Venkateswaran1* Abstract Background: The International Space Station (ISS) is an ideal test bed for studying the effects of microbial persistence and succession on a closed system during long space flight. Culture-based analyses, targeted gene-based amplicon sequencing (bacteriome, mycobiome, and resistome), and shotgun metagenomics approaches have previously been performed on ISS environmental sample sets using whole genome amplification (WGA). However, this is the first study reporting on the metagenomes sampled from ISS environmental surfaces without the use of WGA. Metagenome sequences generated from eight defined ISS environmental locations in three consecutive flights were analyzed to assess the succession and persistence of microbial communities, their antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles, and virulence properties. Metagenomic sequences were produced from the samples treated with propidium monoazide (PMA) to measure intact microorganisms. Results: The intact microbial communities detected in Flight 1 and Flight 2 samples were significantly more similar to each other than to Flight 3 samples. Among 318 microbial species detected, 46 species constituting 18 genera were common in all flight samples. Risk group or biosafety level 2 microorganisms that persisted among all three flights were Acinetobacter baumannii, Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella enterica, Shigella sonnei, Staphylococcus aureus, Yersinia frederiksenii,andAspergillus lentulus.EventhoughRhodotorula and Pantoea dominated the ISS microbiome, Pantoea exhibited succession and persistence. K. pneumoniae persisted in one location (US Node 1) of all three flights and might have spread to six out of the eight locations sampled on Flight 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Identification of Aspergillus Species Collected for The
    JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, Oct. 2009, p. 3138–3141 Vol. 47, No. 10 0095-1137/09/$08.00ϩ0 doi:10.1128/JCM.01070-09 Copyright © 2009, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Molecular Identification of Aspergillus Species Collected for the Transplant-Associated Infection Surveillance Networkᰔ S. Arunmozhi Balajee,1* Rui Kano,1 John W. Baddley,2,11 Stephen A. Moser,3 Kieren A. Marr,4,5 Barbara D. Alexander,6 David Andes,7 Dimitrios P. Kontoyiannis,8 Giancarlo Perrone,9 Stephen Peterson,10 Mary E. Brandt,1 Peter G. Pappas,2 and Tom Chiller1 Mycotic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia1; Department of Medicine2 and Department of Pathology,3 University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Department of Medicine, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center,11 Birmingham, Alabama; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington4; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland5; Duke University, Durham, North Carolina6; University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin7; M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas8; Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Downloaded from National Research Council, Bari, Italy9; and National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois10 Received 2 June 2009/Returned for modification 29 July 2009/Accepted 3 August 2009 jcm.asm.org from transplant patients with proven (218 ؍ A large aggregate collection of clinical isolates of aspergilli (n or probable invasive aspergillosis was available from the Transplant-Associated Infection Surveillance Net- work, a 6-year prospective surveillance study. To determine the Aspergillus species distribution in this collec- tion, isolates were subjected to comparative sequence analyses by use of the internal transcribed spacer and ␤-tubulin regions.
    [Show full text]
  • Topical and Systemic Antifungal Therapy for Chronic Rhinosinusitis (Protocol)
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by University of East Anglia digital repository Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Topical and systemic antifungal therapy for chronic rhinosinusitis (Protocol) Head K, Sacks PL, Chong LY, Hopkins C, Philpott C Head K, Sacks PL, Chong LY, Hopkins C, Philpott C. Topical and systemic antifungal therapy for chronic rhinosinusitis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2016, Issue 11. Art. No.: CD012453. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD012453. www.cochranelibrary.com Topical and systemic antifungal therapy for chronic rhinosinusitis (Protocol) Copyright © 2016 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. TABLE OF CONTENTS HEADER....................................... 1 ABSTRACT ...................................... 1 BACKGROUND .................................... 1 OBJECTIVES ..................................... 3 METHODS ...................................... 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . 8 REFERENCES ..................................... 9 APPENDICES ..................................... 10 CONTRIBUTIONSOFAUTHORS . 25 DECLARATIONSOFINTEREST . 26 SOURCESOFSUPPORT . 26 NOTES........................................ 26 Topical and systemic antifungal therapy for chronic rhinosinusitis (Protocol) i Copyright © 2016 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [Intervention Protocol] Topical and systemic antifungal therapy for chronic rhinosinusitis Karen Head1, Peta-Lee Sacks2, Lee Yee Chong1, Claire Hopkins3, Carl Philpott4 1UK Cochrane Centre,
    [Show full text]
  • The Evolution of Secondary Metabolism Regulation and Pathways in the Aspergillus Genus
    THE EVOLUTION OF SECONDARY METABOLISM REGULATION AND PATHWAYS IN THE ASPERGILLUS GENUS By Abigail Lind Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Vanderbilt University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Biomedical Informatics August 11, 2017 Nashville, Tennessee Approved: Antonis Rokas, Ph.D. Tony Capra, Ph.D. Patrick Abbot, Ph.D. Louise Rollins-Smith, Ph.D. Qi Liu, Ph.D. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many people helped and encouraged me during my years working towards this dissertation. First, I want to thank my advisor, Antonis Rokas, for his support for the past five years. His consistent optimism encouraged me to overcome obstacles, and his scientific insight helped me place my work in a broader scientific context. My committee members, Patrick Abbot, Tony Capra, Louise Rollins-Smith, and Qi Liu have also provided support and encouragement. I have been lucky to work with great people in the Rokas lab who helped me develop ideas, suggested new approaches to problems, and provided constant support. In particular, I want to thank Jen Wisecaver for her mentorship, brilliant suggestions on how to visualize and present my work, and for always being available to talk about science. I also want to thank Xiaofan Zhou for always providing a new perspective on solving a problem. Much of my research at Vanderbilt was only possible with the help of great collaborators. I have had the privilege of working with many great labs, and I want to thank Ana Calvo, Nancy Keller, Gustavo Goldman, Fernando Rodrigues, and members of all of their labs for making the research in my dissertation possible.
    [Show full text]
  • Title 16. Crimes and Offenses Chapter 13. Controlled Substances Article 1
    TITLE 16. CRIMES AND OFFENSES CHAPTER 13. CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES ARTICLE 1. GENERAL PROVISIONS § 16-13-1. Drug related objects (a) As used in this Code section, the term: (1) "Controlled substance" shall have the same meaning as defined in Article 2 of this chapter, relating to controlled substances. For the purposes of this Code section, the term "controlled substance" shall include marijuana as defined by paragraph (16) of Code Section 16-13-21. (2) "Dangerous drug" shall have the same meaning as defined in Article 3 of this chapter, relating to dangerous drugs. (3) "Drug related object" means any machine, instrument, tool, equipment, contrivance, or device which an average person would reasonably conclude is intended to be used for one or more of the following purposes: (A) To introduce into the human body any dangerous drug or controlled substance under circumstances in violation of the laws of this state; (B) To enhance the effect on the human body of any dangerous drug or controlled substance under circumstances in violation of the laws of this state; (C) To conceal any quantity of any dangerous drug or controlled substance under circumstances in violation of the laws of this state; or (D) To test the strength, effectiveness, or purity of any dangerous drug or controlled substance under circumstances in violation of the laws of this state. (4) "Knowingly" means having general knowledge that a machine, instrument, tool, item of equipment, contrivance, or device is a drug related object or having reasonable grounds to believe that any such object is or may, to an average person, appear to be a drug related object.
    [Show full text]
  • United States Patent Office Patented Apr
    3,505,222 United States Patent Office Patented Apr. 7, 1970 1. 2 3,505,222 product of a mercaptain with sulfur trioxide. Their metal LUBRICANT COMPOSITIONS salts are represented by the formula: Leonard M. Niebylski, Birmingham, Mich, assignor to O Ethyl Corporation, New York, N.Y., a corporation of Virginia (R-S-S-0--M No Drawing. Filed Mar. 29, 1967, Ser. No. 626,701 5 s (I) Int. C. C10m 5/14, 3/18, 7/36 wherein R is a hydrocarbon radical containing from 1 U.S. C. 252-17 2 Claims to about 30 carbon atoms, M is a metal, and n is the valence of metal M. For example, when M is the monova 0. lent sodium ion, n is 1. ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE The radical R can be an alkyl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl, The extreme pressure wear properties of base lubri alkaryl, or aryl radical. The radicals may contain other cants including water, hydrocarbons, polyesters, silicones, nonhydrocarbon substituents such as chloro, bromo, iodo, polyethers and halocarbons is enhanced by the addition fluoro, nitro, hydroxyl, nitrile, isocyanate, carboxyl, car of a synergistic mixture of a thiosulfate compound and 15 bonyl, and the like. a lead compound. The useful metals are all those capable of forming Bunte salts. Preferred metals are those previously listed as suitable for forming metal thiosulfates. Of these, the Background more preferred metals are sodium and lead, and lead is 20 the most preferred metal in the Bunte salts. This invention relates to improved lubricant composi Examples of useful Bunte salts include: tions.
    [Show full text]
  • University of California Riverside
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE Natamycin, a New Postharvest Biofungicide: Toxicity to Major Decay Fungi, Efficacy, and Optimized Usage Strategies A Dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Plant Pathology by Daniel Sungen Chen September 2020 Dissertation Committee: Dr. James E. Adaskaveg, Chairperson Dr. Michael E. Stanghellini Dr. Alexander I. Putman Copyright by Daniel Sungen Chen 2020 The Dissertation of Daniel Sungen Chen is approved: Committee Chairperson University of California, Riverside AKNOWLEDGEMENTS Foremost, I thank my mentor Dr. James E. Adaskaveg for accepting me into his research program and teaching me the intricacies of the field of postharvest plant pathology and preparing me for a bright career ahead. His knowledge of the field is unmatched. A special thanks goes out to Dr. Helga Förster, whose expertise and attention to detail has helped me out tremendously in my research and writings. I thank my dissertation committee members, Dr. Michael Stanghellini and Dr. Alexander Putman, for their time spent reviewing my dissertation and their guidance during the pursuit of my doctoral degree. Special thanks also go out to my lab members Dr. Rodger Belisle, Dr. Wei Hao, Dr. Kevin Nguyen, and Nathan Riley for their companionship and much appreciated help with my projects. I would also like to thank my former laboratory members, Dr. Stacey Swanson and Dr. Morgan Thai for their guidance and help during the early years of my graduate program. Thanks go out to Dr. Lingling Hou, Dr. Yong Luo, and Doug Cary for their assistance with performing experimental packingline studies at the Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center.
    [Show full text]
  • NATACYN® (Natamycin Ophthalmic Suspension) 5% Sterile
    NATACYN® (natamycin ophthalmic suspension) 5% Sterile DESCRIPTION: NATACYN® (natamycin ophthalmic suspension) 5% is a sterile, antifungal drug for topical ophthalmic administration. Each mL of NATACYN® (natamycin ophthalmic suspension) contains: Active: natamycin 5% (50 mg). Preservative: benzalkonium chloride 0.02%. Inactive: sodium hydroxide and/or hydrochloric acid (neutralized to adjust the pH), purified water. The active ingredient is represented by the chemical structure: Established Name: Natamycin Molecular Formula: C33H47NO13 Molecular Weight: 665.73 g/mol Chemical Name: Stereoisomer of 22-[(3-amino-3,6-dideoxy- β-D-mannopyranosyl)oxy]-1,3,26- trihydroxy-12-methyl-10-oxo-6,11,28-trioxatricyclo[22.3.1.05,7] octacosa-8,14,16,18,20-pentaene-25- carboxylic acid. Other: Pimaricin The pH range is 5.0-7.5. CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY: Natamycin is a tetraene polyene antibiotic derived from Streptomyces natalensis. It possesses in vitro activity against a variety of yeast and filamentous fungi, including Candida, Aspergillus, Cephalosporium, Fusarium and Penicillium. The mechanism of action appears to be through binding of the molecule to the sterol moiety of the fungal cell membrane. The polyenesterol complex alters the permeability of the membrane to produce depletion of essential cellular constituents. Although the activity against fungi is dose-related, natamycin is predominantly fungicidal. Natamycin is not effective in vitro against gram-positive or gram- negative bacteria. Topical administration appears to produce effective concentrations of natamycin within the corneal stroma but not in intraocular fluid. Systemic absorption should not be expected following topical administration of NATACYN® (natamycin ophthalmic suspension) 5%. As with other polyene antibiotics, absorption from the gastrointestinal tract is very poor.
    [Show full text]
  • Infectious Keratitis: Short Answers
    Q Infectious keratitis: Short answers What is the #1 bacterium in CL-related K ulcer? A Infectious keratitis: Short answers What is the #1 bacterium in CL-related K ulcer? Pseudomonas Infectious keratitis: Short answers Pseudomonas corneal ulcer associated with CL wear Q Infectious keratitis: Short answers What is the #1 bacterium in CL-related K ulcer? Pseudomonas What is the #1 risk factor for Acanthamoeba keratitis? A Infectious keratitis: Short answers What is the #1 bacterium in CL-related K ulcer? Pseudomonas What is the #1 risk factor for Acanthamoeba keratitis? CL wear Infectious keratitis: Short answers Acanthamoeba keratitis associated with CL wear Q Infectious keratitis: Short answers What is the #1 bacterium in CL-related K ulcer? Pseudomonas What is the #1 risk factor for Acanthamoeba keratitis? CL wear What are the three main culprits in fungal keratitis? What is the topical antifungal of choice for each? Fusarium:fungus 1 Topical…natamycin Aspergillisfungus 2 and Candida:fungus 3 A Infectious keratitis: Short answers What is the #1 bacterium in CL-related K ulcer? Pseudomonas What is the #1 risk factor for Acanthamoeba keratitis? CL wear What are the three main culprits in fungal keratitis? What is the topical antifungal of choice for each? Candida: Topical…natamycin Aspergillis and Fusarium: Q Infectious keratitis: Short answers What is the #1 bacterium in CL-related K ulcer? Pseudomonas What is the #1 risk factor for Acanthamoeba keratitis? CL wear What are the three main culprits in fungal keratitis?
    [Show full text]
  • Updates in Ocular Antifungal Pharmacotherapy: Formulation and Clinical Perspectives
    Current Fungal Infection Reports (2019) 13:45–58 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12281-019-00338-6 PHARMACOLOGY AND PHARMACODYNAMICS OF ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS (N BEYDA, SECTION EDITOR) Updates in Ocular Antifungal Pharmacotherapy: Formulation and Clinical Perspectives Ruchi Thakkar1,2 & Akash Patil1,2 & Tabish Mehraj1,2 & Narendar Dudhipala1,2 & Soumyajit Majumdar1,2 Published online: 2 May 2019 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2019 Abstract Purpose of Review In this review, a compilation on the current antifungal pharmacotherapy is discussed, with emphases on the updates in the formulation and clinical approaches of the routinely used antifungal drugs in ocular therapy. Recent Findings Natamycin (Natacyn® eye drops) remains the only approved medication in the management of ocular fungal infections. This monotherapy shows therapeutic outcomes in superficial ocular fungal infections, but in case of deep-seated mycoses or endophthalmitis, successful therapeutic outcomes are infrequent, as a result of which alternative therapies are sought. In such cases, amphotericin B, azoles, and echinocandins are used off-label, either in combination with natamycin or with each other (frequently) or as standalone monotherapies, and have provided effective therapeutic outcomes. Summary In recent times, amphotericin B, azoles, and echinocandins have come to occupy an important niche in ocular antifungal pharmacotherapy, along with natamycin (still the preferred choice in most clinical cases), in the management of ocular fungal infections.
    [Show full text]
  • Magnetic Graphene Oxide Modified by Chloride Imidazole Ionic Liquid For
    RSC Advances View Article Online PAPER View Journal | View Issue Magnetic graphene oxide modified by chloride imidazole ionic liquid for the high-efficiency Cite this: RSC Adv.,2017,7,9079 adsorption of anionic dyes† Huan Wangab and Yinmao Wei*a Magnetic graphene oxide modified with 1-amine-3-methyl imidazole chloride ionic liquid (LI-MGO) was prepared through chemical co-precipitation and modified using 1-amine-3-imidazolium chloride ionic liquid. The as-prepared LI-MGO was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR). The adsorption properties were evaluated through adsorption experiments with two kinds of anionic dyes, orange IV (OIV) and glenn black R (GR) and two kinds of cationic dyes, acridine orange (AO) and crystal violet (CV). The results indicated that the adsorption data fitted the Langmuir isotherm and followed pseudo-second-order kinetics. The maximum adsorption capacities for GR, OIV, AO and CV were 588.24, 57.37, 132.80 and Received 29th November 2016 À1 Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence. 69.44 mg g at 298 K, respectively. LI-MGO has better selective adsorption for anionic dyes than Accepted 17th January 2017 magnetic graphene oxide (MGO) due to electrostatic interactions. Moreover, the LI-MGO adsorbent can DOI: 10.1039/c6ra27530c be magnetic separated and is easy to prepare. It demonstrated that LI-MGO would have great potential rsc.li/rsc-advances as an efficient environmentally friendly adsorbent for the removal of anionic
    [Show full text]
  • Natamycin Ophthalmic Suspension)5% Sterile
    NDA 50-514/S-009 Page 3 Natacyn® (natamycin ophthalmic suspension)5% Sterile DESCRIPTION: NATACYN® (natamycin ophthalmic suspension) 5% is a sterile, antifungal drug for topical ophthalmic administration. Each mL of the suspension contains: Active: natamycin 5% (50mg). Preservative: benzalkonium chloride 0.02%. Inactive: sodium hydroxide and/or hydrochloric acid (neutralized to adjust the pH), purified water. The active ingredient is represented by the chemical structure: Established name: Natamycin Chemical Structure Molecular Formula: C33H47NO13 Molecular Weight: 665.73 Chemical name: Stereoisomer of 22-[(3-amino-3,6-dideoxy- β-D-mannopyranosyl)oxy]-1,3,26­ trihydroxy-12- methyl-10-oxo-6,11,28- trioxatricyclo[22.3.1.05,7] octacosa-8,14,16,18,20-pentaene-25-carboxylic acid. Other: Pimaricin The pH range is 5.0 – 7.5. CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY: Natamycin is a tetraene polyene antibiotic derived from Streptomyces natalensis. It possesses in vitro activity against a variety of yeast and filamentous fungi, including Candida, Aspergillus, Cephalosporium, Fusarium and Penicillium. The mechanism of action appears to be through binding of the molecule to the sterol moiety of the fungal cell membrane. The polyenesterol complex alters the permeability of the membrane to produce depletion of essential cellular constituents. Although the activity against fungi is dose-related, natamycin is predominantly fungicidal.* Natamycin is not effective in vitro against gram-positive or gram-negative bacteria. Topical administration appears to produce effective concentrations of natamycin within the corneal stroma but not in intraocular fluid. Systemic absorption should not be expected following topical administration of NATACYN® (natamycin ophthalmic suspension) 5%. As with other polyene antibiotics, absorption from the gastrointestinal tract is very poor.
    [Show full text]