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The Current Status of the Family Russulaceae in the Uttarakhand Himalaya, India

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The Current Status of the Family Russulaceae in the Uttarakhand Himalaya, India Mycosphere Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/3/4/12 The current status of the family Russulaceae in the Uttarakhand Himalaya, India Joshi S1*, Bhatt RP1, and Stephenson SL2 1Departmet of Botany and Microbiology, H. N. B. Garhwal University, Srinagar Garhwal, Uttarakhand 246 174, India – [email protected], [email protected] 2Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA – [email protected] Joshi S, Bhatt RP, Stephenson SL 2012 – The current status of the family Russulaceae in the Uttarakhand Himalaya, India. Mycosphere 3(4), 486–501, Doi 10.5943 /mycosphere/3/4/12 The checklist provided herein represents a current assessment of what is known about the ectomycorrizal family Russulaceae from the Uttarakhand Himalaya. The checklist includes 105 taxa, 55 of which belong to the genus Lactarius Pers. ex S.F. Gray and 50 are members of the genus Russula Pers. ex S.F. Gray. Eleven of the species of Lactarius (listed as Lactarius sp. 1 to 11 in the checklist) are apparently new to science and have yet to be formally described. Key words – Ectomycorrhizal fungi – Himalayan Mountains – Lactarius – Russula – Taxonomy Article Information Received 24 July 2012 Accepted 31 July 2012 Published online 28 August 2012 *Corresponding author: Sweta Joshi – e-mail – [email protected] Introduction crucial niche relationships of the various The family Russulaceae is one of the elements that make up the forest biota, largest ectomycorrhizal families in the order including the macrofungi themselves. The Agaricales. The family was established by large gap that exists with respect to our Roze (1876) as the Russulariees (non. nud.) to knowledge of macrofungal diversity in the include the two agaric genera Russula and Uttarakhand Himalaya is currently a serious Lactarius, both of which were described constraint for being able to develop any type of originally by Persoon (1796, 1797). The understanding. For proper planning and members of the Russulaceae are characterized management of these forests and the by their fleshy and often brightly coloured conservation of their biodiversity, characteri- fruiting bodies with prominent lamellae, a zation of both the systematics and ecology of heteromerous context traversed by conducting the assemblage of macrofungi present is hyphae, the absence of clamp connections in essential. This paper represents a step towards almost all of the known taxa and warted, light- developing a comprehensive database of colored amyloid spores that exhibit various macrofungal diversity in India, specifically the types of exosporial ornamentation. status of the family Russulaceae in the The northwestern subtropical and Himalayas. We hope that it can serve as a temperate forests of the Uttarakhand Himalaya starting point for future studies. are a major terrestrial carbon sink and represent one of the most threatened life support systems Methods on earth. Having some knowledge of All available publications possibly macrofungal diversity at the community and containing one or more records of members of species level in these forests is an essential the Russulaceae reported from the Uttarakhand prerequisite for developing and understanding Himalaya were examined. All of these records their overall ecology as well as assessing the were compiled and the nomenclature used 486 Mycosphere Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/3/4/12 for each species listed checked against the Rudraprayag in the Garhwal region and classification system provided on the Index Nainital, Almora, Pithoragarh, Udham Singh Fungorum web site Nagar, Champawat in Kumaon region. The (http://www.indexfungorum.org/names/names. state shares an international boundary with asp) and the nomenclature updated when China in the north and Nepal in the east. Two necessary. The checklist compiled as a result of of the largest and most importnat rivers in this effort is organized in alphabetical order. India, the Ganges and the Yamuna, originate in The name of the collecting locality and the glaciers of Uttarakhand. Uttarakhand is reference to the collector and/or source of the located east of the Yamuna River and actually record are provided for each taxon. The 11 serves as an intermediate zone between the apparently new taxa in the genus Lactarius western and central Himalayas in almost all collected by the first two authors during studies respects, including the diversity of species. The carried out during the period of 2006 to 2009 state can be divided into three physiographic are also included in the list. regions—the Himalayas, the Shivaliks and the It should be noted that the name used lower elevation plains. The state has a for the state of Uttarakhand in the checklist temperate climate except for the plains, which reflects changes that have occurred in the name have a subtropical type of climate. The climate of the state. Until 2000, it was part of the larger of the state is influenced by the monsoon state known as Uttar Pradesh. However, in that rhythm and is characterized by a precipitation year a portion of Uttar Prahesh was separated regime different from that of the states of off to become the state of Uttaranchal. The Jammu & Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh to name of the state was officially changed from the west. The variable topography, soils, its interim name Uttaranchal to Uttarakhand in vegetation types and elevation are distinctive 2007. features of the state, resulting in a wide range of different microclimates from place to Study area place. The high elevation regions of The Himalayas are one of the youngest Uttarakhand Himalayas can be divided into folded mountainous formations in the world, three main climatic zones—the alpine zone, the and the youngest mountains in India. temperate zone and the sub-tropical zone. Uttarakhand is one of the hotspots of global Six major forest types have been biodiversity and is situated in the western part described in Uttarakhand. These are tropical of the central Himalayas (Fig. 1). The moist deciduous forest, tropical dry deciduous unusually wide range of elevations, the rapid forest, subtropical pine forest, Himalayan moist changes in environmental conditions that take temperate forest, Himalayan dry temperate place over even small distances and a high forest and subalpine/alpine forest (Champions level of endemism make the region interesting & Seth 1968). The forest cover of the for all types of studies. Uttarakhand enjoys one Uttarakhand Himalaya extends over an of the most important locations on the political elevation range of 250 to 3500 m and most of map of India, extending from 28’43” N to the forests present are dominated by species of 31’28” N latitude and 77’34” E to 81’03” E Quercus, Rhododendron, Pinus, Cedrus, longitude. The total geographical area of the Cupressus, Abies, Picea, Shorea and Betula. region is 53,483 km2 which accounts for nearly These forests provide sufficient diversity in 15.5 per cent of the total geographical area of vegetation and the favorable environmental the western Himalayas and 1.63 per cent of the conditions to support the growth and total land area of India. The recorded forest development of fleshy macrofungi. area of the state is approximately 34,650 km2 (Botanical Survey of India). Uttarakhand Brief Review of the Russulaceae encompasses two distinct traditional politico- Most studies of the systematics of the cultural regions, the first known as Garhwal family Russulaceae have been carried out in and the second as Kumaon. The state consists Europe and North America. Maire (1910), of 13 districts. These are Chamoli, Pauri, Tehri, Peck (1872, 1884, 1907), Burlingham (1907a, Uttarkashi, Dehradun, Haridwar and 1907b, 1908, 1910a, 1910b, 1913, 1915, 1918a, 487 Mycosphere Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/3/4/12 Fig. 1 – Map showing forest cover in the general study area. 1918b, 1921, 1924, 1932, 1940) and Beardslee amending the subgenus Lactariopsis (Henn.) R. (1918) were among the pioneer workers who Heim. to include the temperate section Albati initiated studies of the genera Lactarius and (Bat.) Singer emend. Hesler & A. H. Sm. She Russula. Knauth & Neuhoff (1937), Neuhoff also discussed the relationships of the section (1956), Pearson (1950), Hesler & Smith (1960a, Chamaeleontini with Russula subsection 1960b), Smith & Hesler (1962), Blum (1962), Amoeninae Singer ex Buyck and Lactariopsis Singer (1975), Hesler & Smith (1979), Shaffer with the genus Pleurogala. Verbeken & Horak (1962, 1964, 1970a, 1970b, 1972) Schaeffer (2000) proposed 19 new taxa for the genus (1934), Romagnesi (1936, 1940, 1942, 1943, Lactarius and included three species described 1945, 1967, 1972), Singer (1926, 1928a, 1928b, previously. They also presented a key to the 1986), Hesler (1960, 1961), Rayner (1968- species, illustrations and a discussion of their 1970), Buyck (1994, 1995, 1997), Kibby & infrageneric position. Verbeken et al. (2000) Fatto (1990) and Sarnari (1998) are some of recorded 35 species of Lactarius from the major monographic treatments of the relatively xeric Zambezian miombo woodlands family Russulaceae. in Zimbabwae. Miller & Buyck (2002), Wang Verbeken (1998a), based on studies of et al. (2006), Wang (2007), Nuytinck et al. 23 species of Lactarius from Africa, amended (2006) and Buyck et al. (2007) studied the the subgenus Lactifluus of the genus Lactarius genus Lactarius in Madagascar. Huyen et al. and excluded the temperate sections Albati (2007) and Buyck et al. (2008), who carried (Bat.) Singer and Allardii Hesler & Smith from out molecular phylogenetic analyses of the subgenus. Verbeken (1998b) also proposed ribosomal genes (ITS–nuclear LSU) and part 488 Mycosphere Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/3/4/12 of a protein-coding gene (RPB2), indicated that and Vrinda et al. 1997 for South India. Das et four phylogenetically distinct clades could be al. (2010) reported on the macrofungi of the identified within the family Russulaceae. Sikkim Himalaya. Dhancholia (2011) worked Stubbe et al. (2010) studied species on family Russulaceae in Lahaul Valley, delimitation within the Lactarius gerardii Himachal Pradesh. species complex and attempted to define its Among the pioneer workers who made taxonomic and geographical extent.
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