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Plant Press, Vol. 24, No. 2

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Plant Press, Vol. 24, No. 2 THE PLANT PRESS Department of Botany & the U.S. National Herbarium New Series - Vol. 24 - No. 2 April-June 2021 A botanical cliff-hanger By Nancy Khan and Warren Wagner ramatic cliffs along the northern coast of Guam rise gether with the 1,217 acre Ritidian Unit which is managed over 190 m to form a broad limestone plateau that en- solely by the USFWS they comprise the GNWR which was Dcompasses the most diverse native plant communities established in 1993 when the area was determined to be criti- of this small Micronesian island. Until recently the biological cal habitat for six species of plants and animals listed as en- diversity of Micronesia was not fully understood, but it is now dangered pursuant to the Endangered Species Preservation thought that this region contains a higher percentage of en- Act of 1966. demic plant species per square kilometer land area than any A previous collection made within the GNWR by Derral other hotspot of biodiversity. With an area of about 541 km2 Herbst (USFWS) in 1982 guided botanists Steve Perlman and Guam is the largest and southernmost of the Mariana Islands, Ken Wood (National Tropical Botanical Garden) to the un- but exhibits the lowest percent of endemism of the archipelago Continued on page 2 (Micronesica 43: 51–100; 2012). This bleak account inspired further investigation of an intriguing, yet unidentified spe- A phylogenetic reconstruction cimen collected in 1994 as part of a floristic inventory for an environmental assessment of Andersen Air Force Base spon- revealed that while there is sored by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). superficial resemblance to Most of the Guam National Wildlife Refuge (GNWR), about patchouli (Pogostemon cablin), the 22,456 acres, is an "overlay refuge" (land that is under the pri- mary jurisdiction of one Federal agency and the refuge purpose mystery plant was a new species is superimposed as a secondary interest) formed by two units: native to Guam and closely related Andersen Air Force Overlay and the Navy Overlay Unit. Al- though the military mission comes first on these overlay lands, to three species with origins on the USFWS assists in protecting native species and habitats. To- the Indian subcontinent. Department of Botany & the U.S. National Herbarium Guam Continued from page 1 usual plant. The pair searched sharp, jagged cliffs along the coast, repeatedly rappelling down vertical escarpments, eventually locating five subpopulations to- taling 113 individuals. Field identification tentatively likened it to patchouli, Pogoste- mon cablin (Lamiaceae), however it lacked the aromatic oils characteristic of the pa- tchouli plant. Six new collections were made by Wood and Perlman to document the distribution and morphological varia- tion of the subpopulations. Subsequent ex- pansion of the military installation and development of cooperative but parallel conservation plans by the USFWS and the U.S. Air Force hindered opportunities to re-visit the site for further exploration. The six specimens seemed likely to re- main an enigma until Smithsonian De- partment of Botany lab technician Gabe Johnson became involved. He applied mo- lecular techniques to determine the iden- Coastal limestone cliffs of northeastern Guam. (photo courtesy of Toni Mizerek, from tity of the plant. Small fragments were Lorence et al. 2020) removed from four of the specimens col- Prior to this discovery the only fed- maining individual at Ritidian Point. lected in 1994. Initial extraction indicated erally listed plant species on Guam was the Thanks to the persistent effort of the that the DNA was highly degraded, but the critically endangered tree, Serianthes nelso- many boots on the ground that have con- application of a precise and intricate meth- nii (Fabaceae). A specimen of this tree was tributed to its identification and assess- odology yielded two samples with 2 re- first collected in the late 1800s but not de- ment over the preceding 28 years and gions each of sequenceable DNA that scribed until 1919 albeit from a holotype those who will continue to serve as its could be compared to known sequences that was destroyed during a World War II stewards in the future, it is hopeful that obtained from GenBank (Molecular Phy- bombing raid in Manila. Of the six mature this 12th endemic to be added to the native logenetics and Evolution 98: 184–200; trees ever known to exist on the island, the flora of Guam can persist in its precarious 2016). A phylogenetic reconstruction of population has been reduced to one re- cliffside location. the genus Pogostemon revealed that while there is superficial resemblance to Pogoste- mon cablin, the mystery plant was a new species native to Guam and more closely related to three species with origins on the Indian subcontinent. In 2020 the species was published as Pogostemon guamensis Lorence & W.L. Wagner (PhytoKeys 169: 61–73), a rare en- demic considered by the authors to be crit- ically endangered primarily due to the limited population size, imperiled habitat, and high levels of alien herbivory and seed predation. As noted by the authors, “in many of the specimens examined flowers and nutlets had been eaten by herbivorous insects in the field”. An accompanying il- lustration by Alice Tangerini deftly cap- tures the range of diagnostic characters despite the impediment posed by such Pogostemon guamensis deterioration across the limited number of Lorence and W.L. Wagner herbarium specimens. (Perlman & Wood 14266, holotype PTBG-061045). Page 2 Rare lichen unique to Florida discovered in museum collections, may be extinct -Adapted from the Florida Museum of spread in the early 20th century, C. timucua of the study and a lichenologist at the Bot- Natural History was collected only from the Ocala National anical Research Institute of Texas and a re- Forest and O’Leno State Park after 1968, search associate at the Smithsonian’s Scientists have found a new species of two of Florida’s last remaining scrub eco- National Museum of Natural History. fleshy verdigris lichen, thanks to DNA systems. Citrus groves and urban devel- “Right now, we need everybody’s help in analysis of museum specimens. Misidenti- opments have replaced up to 90 percent of trying to locate this lichen in Florida.” fied by its original collectors, the lichen is the state’s sand pine scrub. Kaminsky said Timucua heart lichen only known from 32 specimens collected “If it’s anywhere, it’s going to take a lot likely prefers old-growth pine scrub hab- in North and Central Florida scrubland of looking in very specific habitats to find itat, which has taller trees and established between 1885 and 1985. Now the hunt is it,” Kaminsky said. populations of native Florida plants, such on to find it in the wild – if it still exists. Affectionately dubbed “Timucua heart as rusty lyonia, a shrub characterized by The lichen, named Cora timucua in lichen,” the new species resembles a shelf reddish fibers lining its leaves. But hikers honor of Florida’s Timucua people, is criti- fungus and is about the size of a sand dol- should avoid collecting any potential spe- cally endangered, even more so than the lar with scalloped edges. It can be distin- cimens they find: Instead, they can photo- federally protected Florida perforate rein- guished from wood-rotting fungi by its Continued on page 4 deer lichen, and possibly extinct. Re- texture: felty and papery with curved lobes searchers are holding out hope that C. and a cracked underside. timucua may persist in undisturbed But its color is an enigma. The lichen is The Plant Press pockets of the state’s dwindling pine scrub light gray when dry, but specimens turn a New Series - Vol. 24 - No. 2 habitat, though recent searches came up deep blue-green and bleed a reddish- empty. brown pigment when wet in a laboratory Chair of Botany “The million-dollar question is ‘Where Eric Schuettpelz setting. Without photos and detailed de- ([email protected]) is this lichen?’” said Laurel Kaminsky, a scriptions of the lichen in nature, scientists digitization manager at the Florida Mu- don’t yet know how it reacts to moisture in EDITORIAL STAFF seum of Natural History and co-author of the wild. the study. “The optimist in me says it’s still Editor “In general, people take nature for Gary Krupnick out there.” granted, and the Timucua heart lichen Kaminsky said the sparse information ([email protected]) story might tell us sometimes we are too recorded by the lichen’s collectors makes it late,” said Manuela Dal Forno, co-author Copy Editors difficult to retrace their steps. More wide- Robin Everly, Bernadette Gibbons, and Rose Gulledge The Plant Press is a quarterly publication provided free of charge. To receive notification of when new pdf issues are posted to the web, please subscribe to the listserve by sending a message to [email protected] containing only the following in the body of the text: SUBSCRIBE PLANTPRESS-NEWS Firstname Lastname. Replace “Firstname Lastname” with your name. If you would like to be added to the hard-copy mailing list, please contact Dr. Gary Krupnick at: Department of Botany, Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, NMNH MRC-166, Washington, DC 20013-7012, or by E-mail: [email protected]. Web site: https://naturalhistory.si.edu/research/botany On the cover: Flowers of patchouli, Pogostemon cablin, at Pali o Waipio, Maui, Hawaii. A newly described species from Guam, P. g uame n si s, has a superficial resemblance toP. cablin. Molecular evidence, however, shows that P. g uame n si s is in a well-supported clade containing P. hirsutus, P. wightii, and P. mollis, and separate from that containing P. cablin. (photo by Forest & Kim Heart lichens belong to the genus Cora, whose name is derived from the Latin prefix Starr, CC-by-3.0 US) for “heart,” a reference to the shape of their lobes.
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