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Tao Huang and Tielei Wang About Us Towards Discovering Remote Code Execution Vulnerabilities in Apple FaceTime Tao Huang and Tielei Wang About us • Tao Huang • Senior researcher at Pangu Lab • Focusing on iOS/macOS vulnerability discovery • Tielei Wang • PhD, co-founder of Team Pangu, organizer of MOSEC • Leading iOS/macOS security research at Pangu Lab • Regularly present research at BlackHat, POC, etc Motivation • Messaging apps are becoming a hot security research target • Google Project 0 released a series of blog posts about fuzzing messaging apps, including WhatsApp, FaceTime • We decided to take a look at FaceTime Scope of the talk • This talk will cover • Code execution flows while making a FaceTime call • Attack surfaces and vulnerabilities along with the code execution flows • This talk will NOT cover • FaceTime protocol families (e.g., SIP, STUN, RTP/SRTP, etc) • Stream encryption, decryption, and storage • https://blog.quarkslab.com/resources/2013-10-17_imessage-privacy/slides/ iMessage_privacy.pdf Outline • Reverse-engineering FaceTime • Attack surface and vulnerabilities analysis • Conclusion 0 0 0 FaceTime All Missed Input xxx-xxx-xxxx xxx-xxx-xxxx xxx-xxx-xxxx xxx-xxx-xxxx xxx-xxx-xxxx xxx-xxx-xxxx xxx-xxx-xxxx FaceTime is not a single application FaceTime 0 0 0 FaceTime All Missed Input xxx-xxx-xxxx xxx-xxx-xxxx FaceTime.app provides • xxx-xxx-xxxx the basic UI framework FaceTime.App xxx-xxx-xxxx xxx-xxx-xxxx xxx-xxx-xxxx xxx-xxx-xxxx 0 0 0 FaceTime All Missed Input • Manage the call status of xxx-xxx-xxxx FaceTime xxx-xxx-xxxx Respond to UI triggered • xxx-xxx-xxxx events callservicesd xxx-xxx-xxxx • Communication bridge between avconferenced xxx-xxx-xxxx and identityservicesd xxx-xxx-xxxx xxx-xxx-xxxx 0 0 0 FaceTime All Missed Input xxx-xxx-xxxx xxx-xxx-xxxx Produce and handle avconferenced(macOS) • xxx-xxx-xxxx FaceTime video/audio mediaserverd(iOS) streams xxx-xxx-xxxx xxx-xxx-xxxx xxx-xxx-xxxx xxx-xxx-xxxx 0 0 0 FaceTime • We can consider that avconferenced(macOS) FaceTime consists of the callservicesd three major components mediaserverd(iOS) 0 0 0 FaceTime All Missed Input xxx-xxx-xxxx xxx-xxx-xxxx • When a user tries to xxx-xxx-xxxx make a FaceTime call xxx-xxx-xxxx xxx-xxx-xxxx xxx-xxx-xxxx xxx-xxx-xxxx 0 0 0 FaceTime UINotification-Call All Missed Input xxx-xxx-xxxx xxx-xxx-xxxx • FaceTime.app will xxx-xxx-xxxx generate a notification xxx-xxx-xxxx xxx-xxx-xxxx xxx-xxx-xxxx xxx-xxx-xxxx 0 0 0 FaceTime UINotification-Call callservicesd avconferenced(macOS) mediaserverd(iOS) callservicesd will handle respond UI notification through - • [CSDFaceTimeProviderDelegate the notification provider: performStartCallAction:] 0 0 0 FaceTime callservicesd avconferenced(macOS) mediaserverd(iOS) • callservicesd then invokes the corresponding handler to create a new invitation interact with avconferenced through xpc-message -[CSDAVConference “conferenceGetInviteData” • callservicesd sends an XPC prepareWithConfiguration:] message to avconferenced to get invitation data 0 0 0 FaceTime callservicesd avconferenced(macOS) mediaserverd(iOS) • MediaBlob contains configurations for audio and video streams interact with avconferenced through xpc-message -[CSDAVConference • SKEBlob contains prepareWithConfiguratio “conferenceGetInviteData” encryption and decryption n:] parameters for audio and video streams MediaBlob of A SKEBlob of A … 0 0 0 FaceTime callservicesd avconferenced(macOS) mediaserverd(iOS) • avconferenced sends interact with avconferenced through xpc-message MediaBlob and SKEBlob -[CSDAVConference prepareWithConfiguratio “conferenceGetInviteData” back to callservicesd n:] data from avconferenced 0 0 0 FaceTime callservicesd avconferenced(macOS) mediaserverd(iOS) • callservicesd continues to send InviteData to Identityservicesd through encapsulate more -[CSDIDSChat conferenceFinishedPreparin information g:] data from avconferenced data from callservicesd • callservicesd passes the invitation data to identityservicesd for further encapsulation identityservicesd 0 0 0 FaceTime avconferenced(macOS) data from avconferenced callservicesd mediaserverd(iOS) data from callservicesd • Identity Services Daemon is a system process that handles credentials for various services, including iCloud and iMessage. It also connects to computers and iOS devices on your local network to coordinate phone calls across multiple devices. identityservicesd 0 0 0 FaceTime avconferenced(macOS) callservicesd mediaserverd(iOS) • identityservicesd continues to encapsulate more information, and then passes it to apsd identityservicesd data from avconferenced data from callservicesd 0 0 0 FaceTime data from identityservicesd avconferenced(macOS) callservicesd mediaserverd(iOS) • The Apple Push Service Daemon (apsd) is responsible for sending and receiving Push Notifications. apsd • apsd maintains a reliable and secure data from avconferenced connection with Apple server data from callservicesd data from identityservicesd 0 0 0 FaceTime identityservicesd avconferenced(macOS) callservicesd mediaserverd(iOS) • apsd serializes the whole invitation apsd data from avconferenced data into an APS Message data from callservicesd 0 0 0 data from identityservicesd FaceTime identityservicesd avconferenced(macOS) callservicesd data from apsd mediaserverd(iOS) • When an endpoint sends a notification to Apple, Apple does not simply forward it to the destination, instead Apple will modify payloads in the notification AppleServer • Comparing the notification sent out and the notification received, we can find what we can control 0 0 0 FaceTime apsd avconferenced(macOS) callservicesd mediaserverd(iOS) identityservicesd • AppleServer now forwards notifications to the callee endpoint, according to the content AppleServer of the APS Message 0 0 0 FaceTime apsd apsd avconferenced(macOS) callservicesd mediaserverd(iOS) identityservicesd AppleServer 0 0 0 FaceTime apsd apsd data from avconferenced avconferenced(macOS) callservicesd data from callservicesd mediaserverd(iOS) identityservicesd data from identityservicesd data from apsd • The callee apsd deserializes the APS message AppleServer 0 0 0 FaceTime apsd apsd data from avconferenced avconferenced(macOS) callservicesd data from callservicesd mediaserverd(iOS) identityservicesd data from identityservicesd data from apsd •We can set breakpoints in APSMessage deserialization functions in a debugger, and check the received notification •APSProtocolCommand = 10 •APSProtocolPayload = <…> •APSProtocolTopicHash = <…> AppleServer 0 0 0 FaceTime apsd apsd avconferenced(macOS) callservicesd mediaserverd(iOS) identityservicesd identityservicesd data from avconferenced data from callservicesd data from identityservicesd •According to APSProtocolTopicHash and APSProtocolCommand, apsd delivers the payload of the notification to identityservicesd •We can set breakpoints in identityservicesd and check the received invitation AppleServer 0 0 0 FaceTime apsd apsd avconferenced(macOS) callservicesd mediaserverd(iOS) identityservicesd identityservicesd data from avconferenced data from callservicesd data from identityservicesd •c=232 -> processIncomingInvitationWithPayload •c=233 -> processIncomingSessionAcceptMessage •c=234 -> processIncomingSessionDeclineMessage •c=235 -> processIncomingSessionCancelMessage •c=236 -> processIncomingSessionMessage •c=237 -> processIncomingSessionEndMessage •… AppleServer 0 0 0 FaceTime apsd apsd avconferenced(macOS) callservicesd mediaserverd(iOS) identityservicesd identityservicesd data from avconferenced data from callservicesd data from identityservicesd AppleServer 0 0 0 FaceTime apsd apsd 0 0 0 FaceTime avconferenced(macOS) avconferenced(macOS) callservicesd identityservicesd identityservicesd callservicesd mediaserverd(iOS) mediaserverd(iOS) data from avconferenced data from callservicesd •identityservicesd continues to forward data to callservicesd callservicesd parses binary payload through -[CSDAbstractIDSProviderDelegate service:account:inviteReceivedForSession:fromID:withContext:] AppleServer 0 0 0 FaceTime apsd apsd 0 0 0 FaceTime avconferenced(macOS) avconferenced(macOS) callservicesd identityservicesd identityservicesd callservicesd mediaserverd(iOS) mediaserverd(iOS) data from avconferenced data from callservicesd AppleServer 0 0 0 FaceTime apsd apsd 0 0 0 FaceTime avconferenced(macOS) avconferenced(macOS) callservicesd identityservicesd identityservicesd callservicesd mediaserverd(iOS) mediaserverd(iOS) MediaBlob of A SKEBlob of A … •callservicesd continues to forward blobs to avconferenced/mediaserverd 0 0 0 FaceTime Accept xxx-xxx-xxx Decline 0 0 0 FaceTime Accept Accept xxx-xxx-xxx Decline UINotification-Accept 0 0 0 FaceTime Accept Accept xxx-xxx-xxx Decline AppleServer UINotification-Accept 0 0 0 FaceTime apsd apsd 0 0 0 FaceTime avconferenced(macOS) avconferenced(macOS) callservicesd identityservicesd identityservicesd callservicesd mediaserverd(iOS) mediaserverd(iOS) AppleServer 0 0 0 FaceTime apsd apsd 0 0 0 FaceTime avconferenced(macOS) avconferenced(macOS) callservicesd identityservicesd identityservicesd callservicesd mediaserverd(iOS) mediaserverd(iOS) UINotification-Accept AppleServer 0 0 0 0 0 0 FaceTime apsd apsd FaceTime avconferenced(macOS) avconferenced(macOS) callservicesd identityservicesd identityservicesd callservicesd mediaserverd(iOS) mediaserverd(iOS) respond UI notification through - [CSDFaceTimeProviderDelegate provider:performAnswerCallAc tion:] AppleServer 0 0 0 0 0 0 FaceTime apsd apsd FaceTime avconferenced(macOS) avconferenced(macOS) callservicesd identityservicesd identityservicesd callservicesd mediaserverd(iOS)
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