University of the Philippines Visayas Foundation, Inc. (UPVFI)
COMMISSION ON FILIPINOS OVERSEAS
by
Maria Elisa D. Baliao Cristabel Rose F. Parcon Hanny John P. Mediodia Kharla Mae D. Brillo
University of the Philippines Visayas Foundation, Inc (UPVFI)
July 2015
COMMISSION ON FILIPINOS OVERSEAS The Migration and Development Initiative for Western Visayas (MDI-WV) Project, is a project related to the global project of Joint Migration and Development Initiative (JMDI) which aims to optimize the contribution of migration in regional and local development in Western Visayas. It is funded by the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation through the United Nations Development Programme. The Commission on Filipinos Overseas is the implementing partner, and the Regional Development Council of Region VI (c/o NEDA Regional Office VI) is the responsible partner. Other project partners include the League of Local Planning and Development Coordinators of Western-Visayas, Signpost Philippines Inc. and the Provincial Governments of Western Visayas.
To contribute towards a higher impact of migration on local development, support were provided by (1) strengthening the capacities of local stakeholders to engage on and promote the links between migration and development, (2) strengthening local authorities’ initiatives and activities relative to operating functioning migration resource centers and pooling collective remittances to support disaster risk reduction and other migration and development initiatives, and (3) connecting local authorities internationally to facilitate partnership building and knowledge sharing. MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This study was conducted to generate information about Overseas Filipinos and their families, as well as various government programs and services for the benefit of overseas Filipinos. Socio-demographic and psycho- graphic characteristics of Overseas Filipinos and their families were described. Issues and concerns confronting the return migrants in Western Visayas were also presented. The migration situationer covered all 6 provinces of Western Visayas especially where there are many Overseas Filipinos.
Majority of the households with migrant have only one migrant. Majority of the migrants are married or cohabiting, have a college degree, and are either land-based or sea-based workers in Asia. They are temporary residents of the host country and are either on job order or contractual status. Many have no work before they left for abroad between 2000 and 2015. Those who are working are either service workers or are in trade and related occupations. Most of them left the country to look for a better paying job. Many of them have monthly earnings of between 10,000 PHP and 29,999 PHP abroad. Majority sends monthly remittance either through bank deposit or through money transfer. Majority of the migrants come home once a year to take a vacation for one to three months.
Information on 400 households with migrants, a total of 2,307 persons, were included in the survey. There are more females than males in the households, and a dependency ratio of 42.1. Average household size is 5.8 persons, and most of these households are composed of extended families. More than half of the household population have finished at least high school, however, only 42 percent of the members are reported to be working.
Housing characteristics of the migrants were also collected and most of the houses have finished floors, galvanized roofing, and finished walls. These households have electricity and own several durable goods, personal effects and electronic devices. Only 20 percent own real properties, 30 percent own or manage a business, and 39 percent have outstanding loans. Most common leisure activities included eating in fast food restaurants, shopping in the malls, or simply staying at home.
Most of the households with migrants do not have plans for their future, may it be in terms of acquiring properties, financial plans, or retirement plans. Less than half of households with migrants expressed worries and concerns
i MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
over the situation of their members abroad. These concerns vary from workplace, health, or relationship issues. Households received remittance monthly transmitted through banks. These remittances are used for the day-to- day household expenses. Only a few households save a portion of the remittance sent.
The 2012 Family Income and Expenditure Survey (FIES) data was used to describe the income sources and expenditure of households with migrants. The average annual total family income of households with migrant is more than double of the average annual family income of households without migrant. Almost 38 percent of the income of households with migrant come from abroad. The total expenditure of households with migrant is 277,154 PHP, which is mostly spent on non-food items.
The return migrants interviewed for the study have come back to the Philippines for an average of 4.8 years after working in an average of 3.7 years in places such as Kuwait, Palau, China, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Hong Kong, Dubai, and Singapore. Family issues and concerns were the main reasons for their flight back home. Most did not receive assistance or support from government upon their return and they did not even know where to ask for help in the first place.
ii MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
LIST OF ACRONYMS
CFO Commission of Filipinos Overseas
DOLE Department of Labor and Employment
FIES Family Income and Expenditure Survey
IOM International Organization on Migration
NEDA National Economic and Development Authority
NRCO National Reintegration Center for Overseas Filipino Workers
OFW Overseas Filipino Workers
OWWA Overseas Workers Welfare Administration
POEA Philippine Overseas Employment Administration
iii MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Executive Summary i List of Acronyms iii
Migration and Development in the Philippines: A Review 1
I. Introduction 12 II. Profile of Migrants from Western Visayas 18
III. Characteristics of Households with Migrants 32 IV. Family Income and Expenditure: A Comparison Between 60 Households With and Without Migrants V. Return and Reintegration of Migrants in Western Visayas 70 VI. Philippine Policies and Programs on Migration 78
Works Cited 85 Appendix A: 88 Stock Estimates of Migrants from Western Visayas
Appendix B: 96 Detailed Table of Family Expenditure
Appendix C: 107 Survey Instrument
iv Migration and Development in the Philippines: A Review
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE PHILIPPINES: A REVIEW
This chapter presents a brief review of studies on migration and development in the Philippines. This provides a background of the study on the migration situation in Western Visayas. The review includes discussions on migration trends and social and economic impacts of migration.
I. MIGRATION TRENDS
A. Immigration to the Philippines
Immigration to the Philippines is a relatively small phenomenon, involving an annual flow of less than 20,000 foreign nationals settling in the Philippines for various reasons (International Organization for Migration, 2013). The increasing interaction among different countries due to globalization and ASEAN integration indicate that the foreign population in the Philippines might grow in the future, although not in a dramatic way.
In the same report by the International Organization for Migration (IOM), most of the immigrants to the Philippines come from China and more recently from the Republic of Korea. The inflow of student who take advantage of tertiary level education or English language programs is growing. In 2012, a total of 58,811 applications for student visas or special study permits were processed and approved; up from 41,443 applications in 2011 (IOM, 2013).
B. Emigration
1. Countries of Destination
For many years, the Philippines has figured among the top countries of origin in the traditional immigration countries. In a report by Calzado (2007) most of the permanent overseas Filipinos are concentrated in highly developed countries, particularly the US and Trust Territories. Further, the US and Trust Territories as well as Southeast Asia appear to be preferred destinations among irregular migrants, as the former accounted for 40 percent, and the latter
2 MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
accounted for 27 percent of the total stock of undocumented overseas Filipinos (Calzado, 2007).
In the 2013 Country Migration Report (IOM, 2013), marriage migration is an important component of the migration outflow and a significant component of the Filipino community in Japan, Republic of Korea and Taiwan.
At the start of the overseas labor, the deployment of OFWs was almost exclusively directed toward the Middle East, particularly in the Gulf countries. It was largely facilitated by construction contractors and labor sub-contractors that deployed workers to the construction and oil sectors. Presently, the Gulf countries still account for 67 percent of the outflows of OFWs (IOM, 2013). Other destinations in Asia, in particular Singapore; Hong Kong, China; and Taiwan Province of China have become major destinations of Filipinos, particularly domestic workers and factory workers.
2. Labor Migration
Labor migration from the Philippines has constantly grown in the past 40 years and has more than doubled in the last 10 years with 2012 believed to be the peak year surpassing the deployment figure of 1,850,463 in 2011 (IOM, 2013). A significant number of these labor migrants are rehires among land- based workers. They constitute 63 percent of the total land based deployment of 1,384,094 in 2011.
Rehires are Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) who go back to the same employer in the same country under any of the following circumstances: (1) to renew their contracts for another term; (2) to rejoin their existing employer in the same country after availing of vacation; or (3) to rejoin their existing employer in the same country with whom overseas employment was previously obtained, mostly onsite, without being registered with the POEA or passing through its registration system upon original departure of the worker (IOM, 2013).
The recruitment industry also noted that sourcing of OFWs for new vacancies may also be undertaken from among OFWs already in the market place or country of work abroad, especially when supply of qualified workers in the Philippines is tight (Soriano, 2012 in IOM, 2013). The IOM Report (2013) further explained that as annual emigration for
3 MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
employment continues to rise, so has the base number of rehires. This indicates that the temporary migration of OFWs is gaining some stability ---- a case of temporary migration becoming more or less permanent ---- and the overseas employment experience is becoming longer. As a result, the rate of permanent return is slow, probably because of limited wage-competitive opportunities in the Philippines.
The same report presented that the number of seafarers has also increased by 75 percent in the past 10 years (IOM, 2013). The growth has occurred in particular in the last five years – 100,000 more between 2008 and 2011 – drawing a stable, if not increasing lead share of Filipino seafarers in the global market ranging from 20 to 30 percent. Further, the report presented that a considerable portion of the increase is due to non-maritime personnel, including women, working onboard passenger vessels.
3. Characteristics of Migrants
Migrants usually come from Metro Manila and the surrounding provinces except for Pangasinan, Cebu and Maguindanao. Most of the migrants from the provinces of Mindanao are female domestic workers leaving for Malaysia and the Gulf countries.
The 2013 Country Migration Report characterized the OFWs to be young because more than 70 percent of OFWs are aged between 25 and 44 years old. More women leave the country to work abroad, with an annual average of 55-60 percent of the total migrants. On the other hand, men dominate the older age (over 40 years old) migrants.
4. Occupation of Migrants
Most OFWs find employment as service or production workers. These two categories comprise 80 percent of all OFWs. The largest concentration of OFWs is in domestic work. Overseas employment was mostly male in the 1970s and 1980s, but females are now the majority of the newly-hired land-based OFWs, mainly because of the number of household workers. After a momentary decline in 2007 and 2008, soon after the implementation of the Household Service Workers Reform Package, domestic workers have increased and more than doubled between 2009 and 2012. With the decline of the Japan market for
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foreign entertainers since 2005, nurses are the number one category among professionals that is also female-dominated (IOM, 2013).
5. Recruitment of Labor Migrants
Overseas employment is usually mediated by private recruitment agencies, numbering approximately 1,300 in 2012. Although other forms of recruitment are available, most OFWs ------between 85 and 95 percent ----- are recruited by employment agencies. Government to government (G-to-G) recruitment arrangements, handled by the POEA’s Government Placement Branch, have been limited mostly to the Republic of Korea and Saudi Arabia.
OFWs who have secured employment contracts on their own without the mediation of recruitment agencies have remained a notable proportion owing to the freer access to global markets through the Internet or referral linkages facilitated by peers or relatives who are already abroad (IOM, 2013).
6. Irregular Migrants
In spite of the comprehensive regulation of overseas labor, irregular migrants are estimated at about 10 percent of the total number of Filipinos abroad. They are mostly in Malaysia, especially in the disputed territory of Sabah.
The Mindanao region appears to be the prominent source of irregular migrants, particularly females, to Malaysia and the Middle East. The lack of or weak implementation of overseas employment regulation by the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) significantly contributes to this pattern. Other factors are also at work, namely: (1) the aspiration of Muslim Filipinos to fulfil their pilgrimage to Mecca through overseas employment; (2) movements driven by conflict, poverty, and more recently, climate change disturbances; and (3) the facilitation by informal manpower brokers who are usually known to prospective migrants and their families, relatives and community peers.
The United States, Singapore and some European countries also have a sizable population of irregular Filipino migrants. While many irregular migrants have been illegally recruited and trafficked, some irregular migrants do not technically fall into the definition of trafficked and illegally recruited (IOM, 2013).
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7. Motivations for Migration
Based on the 2013 Country Migration Report, employment is the most prominent reason for migration abroad. However, according to the report, not all Filipino migrants go abroad because of it. Other reasons for migration include: (1) acquisition of skills; (2) pursuit of a career (such as seafaring, nursing, or information technology); (3) the opportunity to reunite with families abroad; (4) experience other cultures, encounter other people and societies; and (5) live a more developed standard of living.
The new economics of migration, a theory developed in recent years, challenges some of the hypotheses and assumptions of earlier migration theories which focused on individual’s decision based on the cost and benefits of migration. This theory argues that migration decisions are made not only by isolated individuals but also by larger units, such as families and households. Migration occurs not only to increase individual earnings but also to minimize household risks and to protect the family from market failures (Poston and Bouvier, 2010).
All these movements of people have been influenced by push and pull factors such as inadequate income levels in the home country, better jobs available abroad, opening of borders, easier mobility due to better communications and transportation infrastructure, and the increasing need for services around the world (Calzado, 2007).
II. IMPACTS OF MIGRATION ON HOUSEHOLDS
A. Social Impacts of Migration
Filipino migration began in the first half of the twentieth century when Filipinos sought employment in Hawaii and California under the American colonial policies (Berber, 2000 in Tejero and Fowler, 2012). In the 1960s, more Filipino men joined the seafarers’ workforce. Berber further discussed that migration of Filipinos then shifted to the Middle East in the 1970s in response to the increasing need for construction workers. This pattern of male dominated migration waves changed in the 1980s due to the demand for domestic workers (Asis, Huans, and Yeoh, 2004 in Tejero and Fowler, 2011), resulting in an increase in female migration.
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In 2005, women comprised 70 percent of the international labor migrants from the Philippines (Briones, 2009 in Tejero and Fowler, 2012). Filipino women migrants participate mainly in the unskilled labor sector, although skilled professionals like nurses make up a significant proportion of the migrants.
For many Filipino women migration has been viewed as a journey of self- discovery. Hence, many women have expressed self-fulfilment, confidence, and self-reliance gained from this experience (Asis, et al., 2004 in Tejero and Fowler, 2012). Unfortunately, for many women this journey is not always the experience that was anticipated. Many have encountered negative experiences and challenges which have affected their physical, psychological and emotional well-being (Tejero and Fowler, 2012).
Many of the women who migrate from the Philippines are married and have left their families behind. The resulting separation affects both the mother and the family remaining in the Philippines. The mother is constantly thinking about the status of her children and frequently redefines her concept of motherhood (Fresnoza-Flot, 2009 in Tejero and Fowler, 2012). In Filipino culture, the family is closely knit and is regarded as the most important part of one’s life, especially that of the mother. The Filipino woman migrates mainly to secure her family’s economic future (Reyes, 2007 in Tejero and Fowler, 2012). Those working as domestic helpers verbalized some sense of guilt as they take care of their employers’ children, wondering how their own children are being fed and cared for (Asis, et al., 2004 in Tejero and Fowler, 2012).
The family members most affected by the departure of the mother are the children. A report by the Episcopal Commission on Migrants (2004 in Tejero and Fowler, 2012) said that children left behind by their mothers experience greater difficulty in school and social adjustment as compared to those whose fathers are abroad. One child deliberately dropped out of school in an attempt to bring his mother back home, as the mother’s reason for migration was to earn money for her son’s education (Asis, et al., 2004 in Tejero and Fowler, 2012).
Children have different level of acceptance or tolerance of the situation depending on their “cognitive development” (Carandang, 2007 in Reyes, 2008). Reyes (2008) explained that for young children, they only see migration as a form of abandonment of their parents; while adolescents may either be receptive or resentful. Related articles on children left behind also focus on the effects of mother’s absence to children, where children have varied reactions to migration situation depending on the age of the child ----- i.e. for pre-school
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children (0-5 years old), the absence of mothers is somewhat easily accepted since no bonding has yet been established but the adjustment for those children ages 6-16 years of age is more difficult because they have already known and established affection with their mothers (Añonuevo, 2002 in Reyes, 2008).
Migration of mothers has either a positive or negative effect for the adolescents ----- somewhat happy because of the material benefits but the painful one is they cannot hid their sadness (Arellano-Carandang, et.al, 2007 and Añonuevo, 2002 in Reyes, 2008). Children of migrant, particularly of migrant mothers, still consider the migration as a form of abandonment. Children have much higher expectation for mothers to provide care for the family even if they are working abroad. Though they recognize the economic benefits they are gaining, they do not recognize this as a form of care (Parrenal, 2006 in Reyes, 2008). This situation is supported by the results of the study of Battistella and Conaco (1996 in Reyes, 2008) which reveals that parental absence is experienced particularly as a sense of loneliness and abandonment and that children who are left behind lagged behind their classmates with both parents present. Reyes (2008) however said that children of migrants performed well especially during grade school compared to non-migrant children as what was revealed in the 2003 Scalabrini study.
The husbands left behind are forced to take on the responsibilities in the home traditionally assumed by the wife. This seemingly feminizing role is reluctantly taken on considering the ‘machismo’ male image in Philippine society. This reversal of roles increases the regard that husbands have of their wives and women’s work (Asis, et. al., 2004 in Tejero and Fowler, 2012).
B. Economic Impacts of Migration
1. Consumption and Investment
Remittances are, in general, additions to household income intended to be used for consumption. However, remittances can also be directed toward specific investment opportunities either by the recipients or at the prodding of the OFWs themselves. A number of studies on international migration concluded that remittances are primarily consumed and not invested (Zosa and Orbeta, 2009).
8 MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
The basic expectation from economic theory is that remittances increases income, and is thus expected to increase the demand for normal goods. However, the literature review done by Zosa and Orbeta (2009) revealed that estimation results done in various studies show mixed results. Simple comparisons of levels and expenditure shares show positive impact on total consumption expenditures of remittances, which implies lower savings given the income. The expenditure shares on specific types of expenditures such as housing, education and recreation services, and durable goods among remittance-receiving households are higher compared to non-receiving households. Comparison of expenditure elasticities between remittance- receiving and remittance non-receiving households shows higher expenditure elasticities in remittance-receiving households in housing, education, health care, durables, transportation and communications but lower elasticities for food regularly eaten outside the home, alcohol and tobacco.
Remittances affect the total consumption expenditure of households as well as the distribution of income to different expenditure items. Tullao, Cortez and See (2007 as cited in Zosa and Orbeta, 2009) did simple comparisons of the level of consumption between households receiving and not receiving remittances. The simple comparisons showed higher consumption expenditure for remittance-receiving households. It also finds higher allocation for housing, education, health care, and recreation services. The proportion of households with amenities such as television sets, refrigerators, and washing machines is, as expected, higher among households receiving remittances. The study also showed that there are higher expenditure elasticities for housing, education, health care, durables, and transportation and communications for those with remittance income.
The study of Tabuga (2007) found that remittance-receiving households allocated more to consumer goods and leisure. It also found that remittance induces households to spend more on education, housing, and durable goods. The study also showed that remittances does not induce households to spend more on vices like tobacco and alcohol and on food regularly eaten outside. There was also a larger positive impact on remittance receipts for those households with large expenditure shares on education, health, consumer goods, fuel, communication, household operations, and durables.
Yang (2008) analyzed the impact of migration and remittances on household investment activities. The paper examined the impact of the exogenous shock –i.e., the more than 50 percent increase in the value of the
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currencies of destination countries against the Philippine peso during the Asian financial crisis – on household investment income, overall entrepreneurial activity and on 11 specific entrepreneurial activity types. The findings of Yang (2006) point to neither a clear impact of migration on household entrepreneurial income nor on overall entrepreneurial activity. While there is a positive impact on starting new entrepreneurial activities, there is none on existing or old entrepreneurial activities.
2. Poverty Alleviation
Recent studies conducted in the Philippines find that international migration contribute to the alleviation of poverty. There appears to be unanimity on the negative impact of migration and remittances on poverty incidence, i.e., an increase in the number of migrants and the amount of remittances reduces poverty incidence.
Remittances of OFWs enable the families of migrants to climb up the income ladder quite rapidly, as supported by the results of the study of Ducanes and Abella (2008). The study also found that a significant number of those who get to climb over come from the poor households. However, the authors highlighted the result that the poor households who most successfully crossed over from poverty were those with migrants with more education. This result underscores the importance of human capital investment as a means to help lift the poor out of poverty.
The impact of labor migration and overseas workers’ remittances on poverty reduction in the Philippines was analysed in Capistrano and Sta. Maria (2009). The study identified and quantified the individual poverty alleviating effects of the level of labor migration and volume of remittances on the three Foster-Greer-Thorbecke poverty indices – the incidence, depth, and severity of poverty. The findings suggest that labor migration and remittance flows exert a negative and significant impact on all three measures of poverty. A 10 percent increase in per capita remittance and number of labor migrants leads to an approximately 0.4 percent and 0.2 percent reduction, respectively, in the proportion of families living below the poverty line.
Panel data on regions of the Philippines to investigate the role of remittances in poverty alleviation and regional development was used in Pernia (2006). The study used mean per capita expenditure as the measure of welfare.
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The study finds that remittances contribute to poverty alleviation which is reflected by the higher family spending of the poorest quintile (bottom 20 percent of the households). The estimation shows that a 1 000 PHP increase in remittance per capita leads to 2,543 PHP additional annual family spending after controlling for the effects of other factors.
Sawada and Estudillo (2005) analysed the impact of transfer (which includes remittances) and non-transfer incomes on measures of poverty both at the household and provincial levels using pooled time-series cross-section FIES data from 1985 to 2000. It was found that increases in both transfer and non- transfer income decreases poverty. In addition, transfer income was found to be more important than non-transfer income at the household level.
Although remittances accrue directly to households with migrant members, families that do not receive remittances can also benefit indirectly from these transfers, thus promoting local development through spillovers. First, increased consumption of migrant households can generate multiplier effects. If recipient families increase their household consumption of local goods and services, this will benefit other members of the community through an increase in demand, which stimulates local production, thereby promoting job creation and local development. Second, remittances are also found to prop up formation of small-scale enterprises, thereby promoting local development. Workers’ remittances ease credit constraints and provide working capital for the recipients to engage in entrepreneurial activities. This results in job creation and enhances the development of the remittance-receiving locality (Ang et al., 2014).
11 Introduction
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
INTRODUCTION
I. BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
The Regional Development Council (RDC)-VI through the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) Region 6 is implementing the Migration and Development Initiative - Western Visayas (MDI-WV) Project. The project is intended to maximize the contribution of migration in regional and local development.
Migration dynamics have a strong potential role in supporting local development processes. The drivers and impact of migration are often most strongly felt at the local level. Communities also have strong ties with their diaspora communities who originate from their area and can be important players towards the diaspora. Especially during times of disasters and calamities, overseas Filipinos are strong partners both in the recovery of affected families through their remittances and in rehabilitating efforts through diaspora philanthropy. Studies showed the importance of efficiently linking civil society initiatives with local development agenda in order to reach sustainability and impact. However, their involvement remains underdeveloped and many obstacles exist, such as lack of capacities and efficient and effective collaboration within local government units in the field of migration and development.
To contribute towards a better understanding of the impact of migration on local development, the project will have the following outputs and outcomes:
1) Study on the Migration Situation in Western Visayas;
2) Increased awareness and strengthened capacities of local authorities in linking migration and development in mainstreaming Migration and Development in the local development plans and investment programs;
3) Migration and Development Committees in local development councils of selected local government units; and
4) Pooled collective remittance and private support in strengthening the
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region’s disaster risk response and reduction operations, especially for women and children.
II. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The main objective of the Study on the Migration Situation in Western Visayas is to generate information about overseas Filipinos and Filipino migrants and their families, as well as various government programs and services for the benefit of overseas Filipinos.
Specifically, the study aims to:
1. Describe the socio-demographic and psycho-graphic characteristics of overseas Filipinos and their families in Western Visayas;
2. Describe the expenditure patterns of families of overseas Filipinos in Western Visayas;
3. Describe the issues and concerns confronting the return migrant and their families in Western Visayas; and
4. Describe programs of government and private institutions geared toward the needs of overseas Filipinos and their families in Western Visayas.
This study will serve as reference for public executives and policymakers in coming up with programs and legislative actions to address the concerns of their constituents, particularly the Overseas Filipinos and their families.
III. METHODOLOGY
The migration situationer covered all 6 provinces of Western Visayas especially where there are many overseas Filipinos and Filipino migrants using baseline surveys and available secondary data gathered by the Commission on
14 MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
Filipinos Overseas (CFO). Other sources of information include studies conducted by public and private research institutions, as well as, higher education institutions. Summary tables and graphs were generated using the data gathered.
Several approaches were used to collect data for this study. These include: (1) household survey; (2) analysis of secondary data; and (3) key informant interview.
A. Household Survey of Families of Migrants
A survey of 400 households with migrants in all the 6 provinces of Western Visayas was conducted. Selection of respondents was done through proportional allocation based on the number of OFW from the province. Figure 1 shows the distribution of respondents among the cities and municipalities covered in this study.
San Carlos City 9%
Silay City 9%
Figure 1. Distribution of Respondents of the Survey
The survey covered all provinces of Western Visayas, namely: Aklan, Antique, Capiz, Guimaras, Iloilo and Negros Occidental. In Aklan and Antique Provinces, the migrant households were all in the capital towns ------Kalibo in
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Aklan and San Jose in Antique. In Iloilo, the migrant households were located in Iloilo City, and in the Municipalities of Oton and Santa Barbara. In Negros Occidental, they were found in Bacolod City, San Carlos City and Silay City. In Guimaras, the households with migrants were selected in the Municipality of Jordan.
The survey included the following indicators, among others:
Age Sex Civil status Residence province or municipality of origin Number of Children and their ages Educational attainment Profession before departure Country of destination Current job abroad Residence in the host country Number of years working abroad Frequency and purpose of trips to the Philippines Employment status overseas (permanent, casual, contractual) Business (both local and abroad) Frequency of sending and amount of remittance Reasons for sending remittances to families Preferred remittance facility Issues and concerns faced by migrants and their families Support requested from the government
Psycho-graphic characteristics of OFW families were also collected through the survey. Indicators on personal values, attitude, opinions, interests, and lifestyle of the OFW families were included.
B. Analysis of Secondary Data
The 2012 Family Income and Expenditure Survey (FIES) data was secured. Of the 2841 households from Western Visayas that was covered by the FIES, 610 are households with migrants. Sources of income and spending patterns of households with and without migrants were described and compared.
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C. Key Informant Interview
Key informant interviews with return migrants was conducted. This was done to determine the reasons for their return, characterize their current socio- economic status, and solicit information on the support that was or have been provided by the government to return migrants and their families.
17
Profile of Migrants from Western Visayas
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
PROFILE OF MIGRANTS FROM WESTERN VISAYAS
This chapter focuses on the description of migrants from Western Visayas. It centers on their personal characteristics, work history, frequency and reasons for coming home, welfare issues experienced, and future plans.
Data pertaining to migrant households were sourced through face-to-face interview with the household head or the migrant. In cases when the migrant was present, the migrant was interviewed. A total of 30 migrants were interviewed. In instances when the migrant was not available during the interview, information on the profile, work history and trips to the Philippines were collected from the household heads.
Table 2.1. Presence of Migrants during the Survey
Presence Number Percent Migrant was present 30 6.0 Migrant was not present 470 94.0
Total 500 100.0
I. CHARACTERISTICS OF MIGRANTS
A. Number of Migrants per Household
Majority (81.5%) of the households have only one migrant member. A handful has two migrant members although there is one household with eight migrant members.
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Table 2.2. Number of Migrants by Household
Number of Migrants Number Percent
1 326 81.5
2 60 15.0
3 10 2.5
4 1 0.3
5 1 0.3
7 1 0.3
8 1 0.3 Total 400 100.0
B. Age of Migrants
Majority (71.0%) of the migrants are between the ages of 25 and 44 years old. Very few are between the ages of 20 and 24 years old; and some are between 45 and 65 years or older.
Table 2.3 Age of Migrants
Age (in years) Frequency Percent 20 -24 22 4.4 25-29 77 15.4 30-34 96 19.2
35-39 97 19.4
40-44 85 17.0
45-49 53 10.6
50-54 32 6.4
55-59 14 2.8
60-64 16 3.2
65 and above 8 1.6 TOTAL 500 100.0
C. Sex of Migrants
About the same number of migrants, in terms of sex, were included in the survey. Thus, the table below shows that 46.6 percent are males and 53.4 percent are females.
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Table 2.4. Sex of the Migrants
Sex Number Percent
Male 233 46.6
Female 267 53.4 Total 500 100.0
D. Civil Status of Migrants
Majority (65.8%) of the migrants are married or cohabiting while 30 percent are single or have never married. Very few are either widowed, separated, divorced or have their marriage annulled.
Table 2.5. Civil Status of Migrants
Civil Status Number Percent Married / Cohabiting 328 65.8 Never Married/ Single 150 30.0
Widowed 12 2.4
Separated / Divorced / Annulled 10 2.0
Total 500 100.0
E. Highest Educational Attainment of Migrants
Majority (59.8%) of the migrants have finished college and 15 percent have reached college level. A number have finished high school. The rest possessed either low educational (as in elementary level or elementary graduate) or high educational (as in having a graduate degree) attainment or vocational or technical training.
21 MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
Table 2.6. Highest Educational Attainment of Migrants
Highest Educational Attainment Number Percent Elementary level 3 0.6 Elementary graduate 6 1.2 High school level 4 0.8 High school graduate 78 15.6 College level 76 15.2
College graduate 299 59.8
Graduate degree 2 0.4
Technical/vocational 32 6.4
Total 500 100.0
F. Nature and Place of Work of Migrants
Majority (77.5%) of the migrants are land-based workers while only 22.5 percent are sea-based workers. Majority (72.8%) are working in the Asian continent; 14.8 percent are in North America, and 8.7 percent are in Europe. There are fewer than 5 percent working in Australia and New Zealand, Africa and South America.
There is no significant difference in the percentage of land-based and sea-based workers in the Asian continent where 72 percent of the land-based workers and 77 percent of the sea-based workers are found.
Table 2.7. Nature of Work of Migrants
Nature of Work Number Percent Land-based 376 77.5 Sea-based 109 22.5 Total 485 100.0
22 MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
Table 2.8. Continent of Work of Migrant
Continent of Work Number Percent Asia 353 72.8 North America 72 14.8 Europe 42 8.7 Australia / New Zealand 10 2.1 Africa 6 1.2 South America 2 0.4
Total 485 100.0
G. Residence and Employment Status of Migrants in the Host Country
Majority (81.2%) of the migrants are temporary residents of the host country. Only 19 percent are permanent residents. Among the temporary residents, majority (83.7%) is found in Asia while majority (50.0%) of the permanent residents are in North America.
Majority (83.2%) is on job order or contractual status while the rest are either regular (14.4%), casual (1.6%), retired (0.6%) or engaged in business (0.2%). Some (1.4%) migrants engage in small business such as selling items on line; selling cigarettes; and selling souvenir items to augment their income.
Table 2.9. Residence Status of Migrants in the Host Country
Residence Status Number Percent Temporary 406 81.2 Permanent 94 18.8
Total 500 100.0
Table 2.10. Employment Status of Migrants in the Host Country
Employment Status Number Percent Job order / contractual 416 83.2 Regular 72 14.4 Casual 8 1.6 Retired 3 0.6 Engaged in Business 1 0.2 Total 500 100.0
23 MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
II. WORK HISTORY OF MIGRANTS
A. Circumstances Before Migration
Many (32.0%) of the migrants have no work before they left for abroad. A number are either service workers (15.4%) or are engaged in trade and related work (15.4%) or are professionals (14.2%).
Table 2.11. Job of Migrants before Going Abroad
Job Before Going Abroad Number Percent Service worker 77 15.4 Trade and related work 77 15.4 Professional 71 14.2 Laborer and unskilled worker 37 7.4 Clerk 34 6.8 Technician and associate professional 21 4.2 Farmer, forestry worker, or fisher 9 1.8 Plant and machine operator and assembler 8 1.6 Official of government and special-interest organization 3 0.6 Corporate executive/manager 3 0.6
No work 160 32.0
Total 500 100.0
Many left for abroad either between 2010 and 2015 (42.4%) or between 2000 and 2009. The rest left to work abroad either in the 1990s (13.8%), 1980s (4.4%) or in the 1970s (1.0%).
Majority (83.2%) left for abroad to have a better paying job. The rest either want to find work (8.8%), to join their families (7.6%) or to simply run away from home to avoid conflict with other members of the family (0.4%).
24 MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
Table 2.12. Decade Migrant Left for Abroad
Decade Number Percent
1970-1979 5 1.0 1980-1989 22 4.4
1990-1999 69 13.8 2000-2009 192 38.4 2010-2015 212 42.4 Total 500 100.0
Table 2.13. Continent of Work When the Migrant First Left for Abroad
Continent Number Percent Asia 99 78.6 North America 13 10.3
Europe 12 9.5 Africa 2 1.6 Total 126 100.0
Table 2.14. Main Reason for Going Abroad
Reasons for Going Abroad Number Percent To have a better paying job 416 83.2 To find work 44 8.8 To be with the family 38 7.6 To avoid conflict at home 2 0.4 Total 500 100.0
B. Migrants’ Work Abroad
Most of the migrants have been working abroad either for 1 to 4 years (32.2%) or 5 to 9 years (23.6%) or 10 to 14 years (16.4%). Some have worked abroad for less than a year or have been working for fifteen years or more (Table 2.15).
Majority of the migrants (74.6%) are rehires or are still working in the same job they have started since they left for abroad the first time. Table 2.15 shows that most the migrants are either professionals (36.6%) or service workers (34.8%). Those without work are permanent residents of the host
25 MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
country; some of them are already retired employees.
Many of the migrants have monthly earnings of between 10,000 PHP and 19,999 PHP (19.4%) and between 20,000 PHP and 29,999 PHP (Table 2.18). Many (49.4%) migrants’ monthly earnings are however, unknown to their families. Average monthly salary of migrants is 40,740 PHP.
Table 2.15. Number of Years Migrants Have Been Working Abroad
Number of Years Working Abroad Number Percent
Less than a year 52 10.4 1 to 4 years 161 32.2 5 to 9 years 118 23.6 10 to 14 years 82 16.4 15 to 19 years 46 9.2
20 to 24 years 19 3.8 25 to 29 years 8 1.6 30 or more years 14 2.8 Total 500 100.0
Table 2.16. Migrants whose current jobs are also their first job abroad
Migrants Number Percent Current Jobs Also Their First Job 374 74.8 Current Jobs Not Their First Job 126 25.2 Total 500 100.0
26 MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
Table 2.17. Present Job of Migrant Abroad
Present Job Abroad Number Percent Professional 183 36.6
Service worker 174 34.8
Laborer and unskilled worker 33 6.6 Technician and associate professional 29 5.8 Trade and related work 20 4.0
Plant and machine operator and assembler 15 3.0
Corporate executive/manager 10 2.0 Clerk 10 2.0 Farmer, forestry worker, or fisher 8 1.6
Official of government and special-interest organization 3 0.6 No work 15 3.0 Total 500 100.0
Table 2.18. Monthly Salary of Migrants
Monthly Salary (in pesos) Number Percent
Less than 10,000 1 0.2 10,000 to 19,999 97 19.4 20,000 to 29,999 53 10.6 30,000 to 39,999 23 4.6
40,000 to 49,999 21 4.2
50,000 to 59,999 15 3.0 60,000 to 69,999 10 2.0 70,000 to 79,999 3 0.6 80,000 to 89,999 13 2.6
90,000 to 99,999 1 0.2
100,000 and over 16 3.2 No response 247 49.4 Total 500 100.0
Note: No response means that the respondent does not know how much the migrant is earning per month.
27 MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
III. FREQUENCY AND REASONS FOR COMING HOME
Majority of the migrants come home once a year (25.4%) or every 2 to 5 years (40.8%). Those who left for abroad just recently have not been home yet (24.4%).
Majority (64.8%) come home to take a vacation while others come home because their job contracts have expired (33.1%). Other reasons for coming home are presented in Table 2.20.
Majority (62.7%) stay home for 1 to 3 months while some (26.2%) for less than a month. The rest stay longer than 3 months (Table 2.21).
Table 2.19. Migrants’ Frequency of Coming Home to the Philippines
Frequency of Coming Home Number Percent to the Philippines Every few months 40 8.0 Once a year 127 25.4
Every 2 to 5 years 204 40.8
Every more than 5 years 7 1.4 Not been home yet 122 24.4 Total 500 100.0
Table 2.20. Reasons for Coming Home
Reasons Number Percent To take a vacation 245 64.8
To come home because work contract ends 125 33.1
To attend an important event 6 1.6 Others 2 0.3
Total 378 100.0
28 MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
Table 2.21. Number of days migrants spend in the Philippines
Number of Days Spent in the Philippines Number Percent Less than a month 99 26.2 1 to 3 months 237 62.7 4 to 6 months 38 10.1
more than 6 months 4 1.05 Total 378 100.0
IV. WELFARE ISSUE EXPERIENCE
The data on welfare issue experience is based only on what was gathered from the 30 migrants who happened to be present during the survey. Of the 30 migrants interviewed, 27 percent said they have experienced welfare issues and these include (1) delayed/non-payment of wages (37.5%); (2) poor working conditions (25.0%); maltreatment/mistreatment by employer (12.5%); difficult relationship with co-worker (12.5%); and culture shock (12.5%).
Table 2.22. Migrants Who Experienced Welfare Issues
Migrants Number Percent Experienced welfare issues 8 26.7
Did not experience welfare issues 22 73.3 Total 30 100.0
Table 2.23. Welfare Issues Experienced
Welfare Issues (N=8) Number Percent
Delayed / non-payment of wages 3 37.5 Poor working conditions 2 25.0 Maltreatment / mistreatment by employer 1 12.5 Difficult relationship with co-worker 1 12.5
Culture shock 1 12.5
29 MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
V. FUTURE PLANS
Of the 30 migrants interviewed, majority (80.0%) have no plans of retiring or coming home for good in the near future. If in case, however they will retire from work abroad, many (41.7%) are planning to engage in business; others will rely on pension (16.7%) and savings (16.7%). The remaining 25 percent have no idea where to get income when they come back to the Philippines for good.
Table 2.24. Expected sources of Income upon Retirement
Sources on Income Number Percent Business venture 5 41.7 Pension 2 16.7 Savings 2 16.7
No idea yet 3 25.0 Total 12 100.0
VI. SUPPORT SERVICES REQUESTED FROM GOVERNMENT
Of the 30 migrants interviewed 20 percent would like to request for protection against abusive employers; 7 percent would like to request for placement fee assistance; and another 7 percent would like to have see improvements in the services of the Philippine Embassy. There was no probe question, however, to know what improvements they exactly want.
Table 2.25. Support Services Requested From Government
Support Services Number Percent Placement Fee Assistance 2 6.7 Embassy Improvement 2 6.7 Program for Senior Citizens 1 3.3
Protection Against Abusive Employers 6 20.0
No Idea 19 63.3 Total 30 100.0
30 MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
VII. WILLINGNESS TO CONTRIBUTE TO DRR INITIATIVES FUND
Majority (70.0%) of the migrants are willing to contribute to DRR Initiatives Fund to be managed by the government. The remaining 30 percent, however, are not willing to do so. Majority (77.8%) of those who are not willing said they do not have extra money to set aside for this contribution. The rest said they have no trust and confidence on government.
For those who are willing to contribute to the fund, majority (57.1%) would like to send their contribution through bank deposit. Others (38.0%) would like to give it directly to the local office of the government agency concerned.
Table 2.26. Willingness to Contribute to DRR Initiatives Fund
Migrants Frequency Percent Those Who are Willing 21 70.0 Those Who are Not Willing 9 30.0 Total 30 100.0
31
Characteristics of Households with Migrants
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
CHARACTERISTICS OF HOUSEHOLDS WITH MIGRANTS
This chapter focuses on the demographic, social, economic and psycho- graphic characteristics of the household population in the 2015 Migration Situation in Western Visayas. The information in this chapter provides important inputs for the planning of services for the migrant families and household members.
A household is defined as the person or group of persons who usually sleep in the same housing unit and have a common arrangement for the preparation and consumption of food (National Statistics Office and ICF Macro, 2009). Indicators of the lifestyle and information on the characteristics of household of the migrants were also gathered. A total of 400 households were interviewed. The interview schedule on the Household Information is divided into several sections: A. Household Population B. Psycho-Graphic Characteristics of Households with Migrants C. Future Plans D. Issues and Concerns E. Use of Remittances
I. Household Population
Information on the composition of the migrants’ household is useful for several reasons. The size and the composition of the household influence the allocation of limited resources and the affect the living conditions of individuals in the household (NSO and ICF Macro, 2009).
A. Age and Sex Composition of the Households with Migrants Population
The Migration Situation in Western Visayas Survey collected information on a total of 2,307 persons. There are more females than males (52.5% versus 47.5%), and the overall sex ratio (the number of males per 100 females) is 90.5. Largest proportion of the population falls under the ages 30 to 34 years old.
33 MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
Table 3.1. Distribution of Household Population by Age, Sex
Age % Male % Female Number Percent <5 7.9 5.0 147 6.4 5-9 8.9 6.4 175 7.6 10-14 9.2 7.1 187 8.1 15-19 8.5 7.7 186 8.1 20-24 7.9 8.5 189 8.2 25-29 8.0 8.9 196 8.5 30-34 9.8 9.5 222 9.6 35-39 8.1 8.6 193 8.4 40-44 7.8 6.8 167 7.2 45-49 5.1 7.4 145 6.3
50-54 4.8 5.1 115 5.0 55-59 4.8 4.5 108 4.7
60-64 3.1 5.6 102 4.4 65-69 2.7 3.2 68 3.0
70-74 1.6 2.3 46 2.0 75-79 1.3 2.2 41 1.8
80 + 0.6 1.2 20 0.9 Percent 47.5 52.5 2307 100.0
Total 1096 1211
Table 3.2 presents that majority (70.4%) of the population belongs to the working age group (15 to 64 years old). There are more young household members (22.1%) than members aged 65 and over (7.6%). Overall dependency ratio (the proportion of dependents for every 100 working-age population) is 42.1.
Table 3.2. Dependency ratio
Age Group Number Percent <15 509 22.1 15-64 1623 70.4 65 + 175 7.6 Total 2307 100.0 Young Dependency Ratio 31.4 Old Dependency Ratio 10.8 Dependency Ratio 42.1
34 MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
MALE FEMALE
Figure 3.1. Population pyramid
B. Household Composition
About a fifth of the households have at least one family member living permanently abroad, while about 85 percent have at least one family member working abroad temporarily. This illustrates that most migrants are OFWs.
Table 3.3. Number of migrant members living abroad permanently
Family members living abroad permanently Number Percent 0 331 82.8 1 54 13.5 2 10 2.5 3 or more 5 1.2 Total 400 100.0
35 MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
Table 3.4. Number of migrant members working abroad temporarily
Family members working abroad Temporarily Number Percent 0 59 14.7
1 299 74.8 2 36 9.0
3 or more 6 1.5
Total 400 100.0
On average, a household with migrants is composed of 5.8 persons (Table 3.5). Households are composed of the migrants’ immediate families, other relatives, as well as non-relative members. More than half (55.3%) of the households with migrants are extended (Table 3.6). These extended family households are intergenerational (three generations) with some relatives and non-relatives. Nuclear family households of migrants are of two types: (1) family of orientation and (2) family of procreation. Nuclear families of procreation are households with migrant, his/her spouse and children (26.5%), while nuclear families of orientation are households with migrant(s), their parents and siblings (18.3%).
Table 3.5. Number of usual members
Number of Household Members Number Percent 2 9 2.3 3 38 9.5 4 84 21.0
5 87 21.8 6 60 15.0
7 43 10.8 8 34 8.5 9 19 4.8 10 or more 26 6.5 Number of Households 400 100.0
Mean size of households 5.8
36 MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
Table 3.6. Household/family type
Family Type Number Percent
Nuclear (Migrant, Spouse, Children) 106 26.5 Nuclear (Parents, Migrant, Siblings) 73 18.3 Extended Family 221 55.3 Total 400 100
C. Characteristics of Household Population
Information on the highest level of education attained or completed by age group and sex are presented in Tables 3.7 and 3.8. Majority of the population of households with migrants have completed at least high school. There are more female household members who completed high school or better compared to the males.
Table 3.7. Educational attainment of the male household population
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
Age High High College College No Grade Pre - Elementary Elementary Number Group School School Level/ Graduate Completed School Level Graduate Level Graduate Vocational or more <5 87.0 34.2 1.9 0.0 0.0 1.4 0.5 0.0 86 5-9 11.7 50.0 42.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.4 98 10-14 0.0 5.3 31.7 18.4 27.3 0.7 0.0 0.0 101 15-19 0.0 5.3 1.9 0.0 30.9 12.8 9.6 2.2 93 20-24 0.0 0.0 0.6 6.1 9.4 6.1 16.3 9.5 86 25-29 0.0 2.6 2.5 2.0 4.3 12.8 12.9 10.9 88 30-34 0.0 0.0 1.2 2.0 6.5 10.8 16.7 16.0 107 35-39 0.0 0.0 3.1 2.0 1.4 10.8 8.6 17.1 89 40-44 0.0 2.6 1.2 8.2 2.2 7.4 8.6 16.7 85 45-49 0.0 0.0 1.2 4.1 4.3 6.1 5.7 9.1 56 50-54 1.3 0.0 1.2 4.1 0.0 10.8 8.1 5.5 53 55-59 0.0 0.0 0.6 12.2 4.3 7.4 5.7 6.2 53 60-64 0.0 0.0 3.1 16.3 2.2 2.7 4.3 1.8 34 65-69 0.0 0.0 2.5 12.2 2.9 4.7 0.5 2.5 29 70-74 0.0 0.0 1.9 8.2 2.2 1.4 1.4 1.1 18 75-79 0.0 0.0 1.9 2.0 2.2 3.4 0.5 0.4 14 80 + 0.0 0.0 1.2 2.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.7 6
Percent 7.0 3.5 14.7 4.5 12.7 13.5 19.1 25.1 100.0 Total 77 38 161 49 139 148 209 275 1096
37 MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
Table 3.8. Educational attainment of the female household population
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
Age High High College College No Grade Pre - Elementary Elementary Number Group School School Level/ Graduate Completed School Level Graduate Level Graduate Vocational or more <5 89.5 31.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 61 5-9 3.5 55.2 36.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 77 10-14 1.8 0.0 29.4 15.8 27.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 86 15-19 0.0 6.9 0.0 0.0 23.6 6.7 17.5 0.3 93 20-24 0.0 3.4 0.0 1.8 2.8 7.8 17.2 10.0 103 25-29 1.8 0.0 1.9 1.8 1.9 10.6 11.2 15.0 108 30-34 0.0 3.4 1.3 0.0 3.8 11.2 11.6 16.6 115 35-39 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.8 10.1 10.2 15.9 104 40-44 0.0 0.0 0.6 3.5 2.8 8.9 5.9 13.1 82 45-49 0.0 0.0 0.6 7.0 5.7 10.6 7.3 11.6 89 50-54 1.8 0.0 2.5 7.0 4.7 10.1 5.6 4.1 62 55-59 0.0 0.0 3.8 12.3 4.7 8.4 5.3 1.9 55 60-64 1.8 0.0 6.3 10.5 4.7 7.8 5.0 5.3 68 65-69 0.0 0.0 3.8 14.0 1.9 2.8 1.7 4.1 39 70-74 0.0 0.0 4.4 7.0 4.7 3.4 0.7 1.3 28 75-79 0.0 0.0 4.4 14.0 6.6 1.7 0.3 0.3 27 80 + 0.0 0.0 3.8 5.3 0.9 0.0 0.7 0.6 14
Percent 4.7 2.4 13.2 4.7 8.8 14.8 25.0 26.4 100 Total 57 29 160 57 106 179 303 320 1211
Half (50.8%) of the households with migrants population are single or never married. About four in ten are married.
There are more non-working household members than those who are gainfully employed (58.1% versus 41.9%) (Table 3.10). More than half (58.0 %) of the working age group (15-64 years old) are working. Although mandatory retirement is at the age of 65, 15 percent of those aged 65 and over are still working.
Table 3.10a presents the kind of work engaged in by the household members. Four in five working household members are employed in the service sector, 16 percent are in manufacturing and industry sector, and very few (3.3%) are in agriculture.
38 MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
Table 3.9. Civil Status of the household population
Civil Status Separated / Age Group Never Married / Married / Number Widowed Divorced / Single Living-in Annulled <5 12.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 147 5-9 14.8 0.2 0.0 0.0 175 10-14 16.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 187 15-19 15.5 0.4 0.0 0.0 186 20-24 14.3 2.2 0.0 0.0 189 25-29 9.3 8.7 0.0 4.6 196 30-34 7.8 13.0 0.8 9.1 222 35-39 3.7 14.3 2.3 27.3 193 40-44 2.4 13.2 3.9 18.2 167 45-49 1.5 11.8 7.8 9.1 145 50-54 0.6 9.5 9.3 13.6 115 55-59 0.3 9.3 7.8 13.6 108 60-64 0.4 7.6 16.3 4.6 102 65-69 0.2 4.8 14.7 0.0 68 70-74 0.3 2.4 14.7 0.0 46 75-79 0.3 2.0 13.2 0.0 41 80 + 0.3 0.5 9.3 0.0 20 Percent 50.8 42.7 5.6 1.0 100.0 Total 1172 984 129 22 2307
Table 3.10. Employment Status of the household population
AGE GROUP % Working % Not working Total <15 0.0 100.0 509 15-64 58.0 42.0 1623 65 + 14.9 85.1 175
Percent 41.9 58.1 100 Total 967 1340 2307
Majority (54.2%) are working for private establishments. About the same proportion work for private households or farms (15.8%) and self-employed
39 MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
without employees (15.9%). Only 12 percent work for the government, and very few (2.4%) are self-employed with employees.
Table 3.10a. Employment Sector and Nature of Work
Employment Sector Number Percent Agriculture (fisheries, farming, forestry) 32 3.3 Industry / Manufacturing 161 16.6 Service 774 80.0
Nature of Work Work for Private Household or Farm 154 15.9 Work for Private Establishments 524 54.2 Work for Government 113 11.7 Self-employed with employees 23 2.4
Self-employed without employees 153 15.8
Total 967 100.0
Some information on the health status of household members were gathered (Table 3.11). A few members of the household are differently-abled (1.4%) and suffering from a chronic illness (5.7%). Most of those who are differently-abled and have chronic illnesses are aged 65 years old and over.
Majority (65.2%) of household members are members of PhilHealth or have health insurances.
40 MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
Table 3.11. Other characteristics of household members by age
Differently abled Number Age Group Yes No <15 0.8 99.2 509 15-64 1.1 98.9 1623 65 + 5.7 94.3 175
Percent 1.4 98.6 Number 32 2275 2307
With Chronic Illness Yes No <15 1.0 99.0 509 15-64 4.2 95.8 1623 65 + 32.6 67.4 175
Percent 5.7 94.3 Number 131 2176 2307
With Philhealth Yes No <15 50.1 49.9 509 15-64 67.2 32.8 1623 65 + 90.3 9.7 175
Percent 65.2 34.8 Number 1503 804 2307
II. PSYCHO-GRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF MIGRANTS’ HOUSEHOLDS
A. Housing Characteristics
The physical characteristics of households are indicators of the general socio-economic condition of the migrant families. The household respondents were asked about their main sources of drinking water, toilet facility, main housing materials, number of rooms used for sleeping, type of fuel used for cooking and access to electricity.
41 MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
Three of four households with migrants used bottled water or water from refilling stations for drinking (Figure 3.2). A few (16%) used water piped into the dwelling for drinking, and the rest drink water coming from deep well (4.0%), protected well (3.25%), and water from spring or tanker trucks (1.0%).
Figure 3.2 Main Source of Drinking Water
About half (53.7%) of the households with migrants in Western Visayas use charcoal as their main fuel for cooking (Figure 3.3). A third of the households (33.8 %) use liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), while about 11 percent use wood and the rest use electricity (1.5%) and kerosene (0.5%)
Table 3.12 presents the characteristics of the migrants’ houses. Almost all (98.5%) of the houses have improved, flush toilet facility. More than a third (36.8%) of the houses have finished cemented floors, 31 percent have tiled floors, and 11 percent have rough cemented floors.
42 MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
Figure 3.3. Fuel used for cooking
Nine of ten migrants’ houses have galvanized iron roofing. The remaining 10 percent have their roofs made of calamin or cement fiber (3.5%), roof tiles or shingles (3.2%), natural materials (2.0%), and rudimentary roofing materials (1.5%). Natural roofing materials include nipa and/or cogon grasses, while rudimentary roofing materials include one or more of the following: palm, bamboo, wood planks, cardboard, and tarpaulin.
Three fourths of the houses (75.0%) have finished walls, 20 percent have walls made of mixed, rudimentary materials (e.g. bamboo, stone with mud, uncovered adobe, plywood, makeshift/reused materials, and cardboard). Very few houses have half wood and cemented walls (3.2%) and natural walls (1.8%).
43 MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
Table 3.12. Housing Characteristics: toilet facility, main materials, land tenure status, electricity
HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS Number Percent Household Toilet Facility
Flush Toilet 394 98.5 No Toilet or Public Facility 6 1.5 Floor Material Finished cemented floor 147 36.8 Ceramic tiles 124 31.0 Rough cement 43 10.8 Vinyl linoleum 38 9.5 Rudimentary Floor 31 7.8 Natural floor 10 2.5 Polished wood 4 1.0 Carpet 2 0.5 Marble 1 0.3 Roofing Material
Galvanized iron / aluminum wood 360 90.0 Calamin / cement fiber 14 3.5 Natural roofing 8 2.0 Roof tiles or shingles 12 3.0 Rudimentary roofing 6 1.5 Wall Material Finished walls 300 75.0 Rudimentary walls 80 20.0 Half cement / half wood 13 3.2 Natural walls 7 1.8 Land Tenure Status Owned 199 49.8 Rented 11 2.8
Rent-Free With Owner’s Consent 141 35.3 Rent-Free Without Owner’s Consent 49 12.3 Electricity Yes 395 98.8 No 5 1.2 Number of Rooms Used for Sleeping 0 23 5.8 1 75 18.7 2 160 40.0 3 98 24.5 4 32 8.0 5 or more 12 3.0 Total 400 100
44 MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
About half (49.8%) of the migrant families own the lot where their houses are built, while a few (2.8%) pay rent. A third (35.3%) use the land free of rent with the landowner’s consent, while 12 percent use the land rent -free without the consent of the owner.
Almost all (98.8%) of the households with migrants have electricity in their homes. Most (40.0%) of the houses of the migrants have two bedrooms, and a quarter (24.5%) have three bedrooms. Six percent of the houses of migrants do not have room for sleeping.
B. Household Durable Goods
Information on the possession of selected durable goods of the migrants and their families were also gathered. These durable goods include household effects and means of transport. Figure 3.4 shows that almost all of the households with migrants own at least one television set (95.5%) and electric fan (96.8%). Majority of the households also own at least one refrigerator (74.0%), radio (71.3%), and a CD/VCD/DVD player (66.5%). Less than half of the households reported to own at least one functioning washing machine (48.3%), component player/karaoke (44.0%), cable television (25.8%), air conditioning unit (25.5%), landline telephone (23.0%), and microwave oven (16.3%).
Figure 3.4. Selected durable goods owned by migrant households
45 MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
For the means of transport, a quarter of the households with migrants possess a bicycle/trisikad/pedicab. Almost a third (32.5%) own a motorcycle or tricycle, and 12 percent own a four-wheel vehicle (car, jeepney or van).
Figure 3.5. Means of transportation owned by migrant households
Respondents were also asked of other personal effects owned by members of the household, including cellular phones, personal computers and electronic gadgets, results of which are presented in Table 3.13. Almost all (98.8%) of the households have at least a member owning a cellular phone. Of those households with cellphones, 87 percent own smart phone type, while 70 percent reported to own at least one basic cellphone type. Most (31.5%) of those households with smart phones own two units of such phone type.
About half of the households with migrants own a personal computer (52.0%). Of these, majority own at least a unit of basic laptop or netbook (82.7%), one-fourth own at least a unit of a desktop computer, and a few (6.75) possess an ultrabook or touchscreen kind of laptop.
Also on Table 3.13, it can be seen that majority of households with migrants have members who own other types of electronic devices. The most common of these devices are android tablets (58.8%), followed by a basic point -
46 MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
and-shoot camera (32.7 %) and DSLR cameras (32.3%). Other devices reported to be in possession of household members include an Ipad (14.8%), gaming consoles (13.0%), and MP3 or Ipod players (7.2%).
Table 3.13. Personal effects owned by household members
Personal effects Number (N=400) Percent
OWN CELLPHONE 395 98.8 277 70.1 basic phone smart phone 343 86.8
OWN COMPUTER 208 52.0 basic laptop/netbook 172 82.7
touchscreen/ultrabook 14 6.7 desktop pc 53 25.5
OWN GADGETS 233 55.8
basic camera 73 32.7 DSLR camera 72 32.3
gaming consoles 29 13 android devices 133 58.8
Ipad 33 14.8 MP3/Ipod 16 7.2
Figure 3.6 shows that 31 percent of households with migrants have internet connection at home.
Figure 3.6. Households with Internet Connection at Home
47 MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
C. Real Properties and Businesses
Aside from durable goods, information on real properties and businesses of migrants were also gathered. Figure 3.7 shows that only one in five (20.8%) of the migrant families reported to own a real property. Of these, majority own a residential lot (57.8%), and about a third (37.3%) own an agricultural land. Other real properties of households with migrants include fishponds (1.3%), commercial lot (12%), townhouse (1.2%), and condominium (1.3 %).
Figure 3.7. Real Property of Migrant Households
Thirty percent of the migrant families own or manage a business. The nature of these businesses are presented in Table 3.14a.
Table 3.14. Businesses managed or owned by households with migrants
Own or Manage a Business Number Percent YES 121 30.3
NO 279 69.8 Total 400 100.0
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Table 3.14a. Businesses managed or owned by households with migrants Type of Business Number Percent Wholesale and Retail 72 59.5 Services 40 33.1 Livestock and Poultry 3 2.5 Forestry and Hunting 3 2.5 Fishing 2 1.6 Crop Farming and Gardening 1 0.8 Total 121 100.0
Many (38.8%) households have outstanding loans. Among those who have loans, most (47.1%) have borrowed money from formal lending agencies, such as cooperatives, GSIS, and SSS. A third (37.4%) borrowed from informal lenders (e.g., private individuals or groups), and only 15 percent borrowed from banks.
Table 3.15. Outstanding Loans of Migrants and their households
HAVE OUTSTANDING LOAN? Number Percent YES 155 38.8 NO 245 61.3 Total 400 100.0
Where have you availed of the loan? Banks 24 15.5
Other Formal Lending 73 47.1 Informal Lending 58 37.4 Total 155 100.0
D. Leisure Time Activities
Information on the leisure activities of migrant families were gathered as these are important indicators of their lifestyle. These information include their vacation, shopping and dining out preferences.
49 MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
One in five households with migrants travel for vacation regularly (Table 3.16). Majority (81.6%) of these families take vacation once a year (Table 3.16a). And most of these last for one to three days. A third of these vacations are spent within the country but outside Western Visayas, and 30 percent are spent within Western Visayas but outside their provinces. About 10 percent of migrant families travel abroad for vacation at least once a year.
Table 3.16. Percentage of families travel regularly for vacation
Travel for vacation Number Percent Yes 76 19.0 No 324 81.0 Total 400 100.0
Table 3.16a. Number, length and place of vacation
Number Percent Number of times of travel per year 1 62 81.6 2 6 7.9 3 4 5.3
6 4 5.3 Number of Days on Vacation 1 11 14.5 2 11 14.5 3 13 17.1 5 to 9 days 19 25.0 10+ 22 28.9 Place of Vacation Within the country, outside the region 28 36.8 Within the region, outside province 23 30.3 Within the province, outside municipality 13 17.1
Abroad / outside the country 8 10.5 Within the municipality 4 5.3 Total 76 100.0
50 MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
In the last three months, only a fourth of the migrant families have dined out in a restaurant (Table 3.17). Eating in a fast food restaurant, however, is a more common activity among the migrant families, with three-fourths of them did in the last three months (Table 3.18).
Among those who ate at a fine restaurant in the last three months, most have dined one to three times. On the other hand, fast food dining has been more frequent as 52 percent have eaten in a fast food restaurant up to five times in the last three months.
Table 3.17. Dining out activities of migrant families
Eating in Fine Dining Restaurants Number Percent Yes 109 27.3 No 291 72.8 Total 400 100.0 Number of fine dining (last 3 months) 1 29 26.6 2 20 18.4 3 29 26.6 4 or more 31 28.4 Total 109 100.0
Table 3.18. Fast food dining activities of migrant families
Eating in fast food restaurants? Number Percent
Yes 306 76.5 No 94 23.5 Total 400 100.0 Number of fast food dining (last 3 months)
1 to 5 160 52.3 6 to 10 95 31.0 11 or more 51 16.7 Total 306 100.00
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Shopping in the local malls is also a common pastime activity among the migrant families. Majority of the migrant families (62.3%) frequent the local malls to shop. Majority of them have gone to these malls at least three times in the last three months (Table 3.19). There are also a small proportion (2.3%) of migrant families who travelled to Manila to shop in the malls there (Table 3.20).
Table 3.19. Shopping in a local mall Shopping in the local mall Number Percent
Yes 249 62.3 No 151 37.8 Total 400 100.0 Number of shopping in the local mall (last 3 months)
1 to 2 times 38 15.26 3 t 4 times 98 39.36
5 to 6 times 61 24.50 more than 6 times 52 20.88 Total 249 100.0
Table 3.20. Shopping in a mall in Metro Manila
Shopping in Manila Number Percent
Yes 9 2.3 No 391 97.8 Total 400 100.0 Number of shopping Manila (in the past year) 1 7 77.8 2 1 11.1 4 1 11.1 Total 9 100.0
Aside from travel, dining out and shopping, migrant families also engage in a variety of leisure activities (Table 3.21). Four of five families opt to stay at home to watch television, listen to radio and do other activities in their free time. Six percent reported to watch movies at the cinema. Other leisure activities include gambling (4.3%), going to the beach (4.3%), play bingo in the mall (2.3%), and gardening at home (1.8%).
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Table 3.21. Other Leisure Activities (multiple responses)
Other Leisure Activities (n = 400) Number Percent Stay at home (Watch TV, listen to the radio, etc.) 346 86.5 Watching movies 23 5.8 Gambling 17 4.3 Going to the beach 17 4.3 Playing bingo in the mall 9 2.3 Gardening 7 1.8 Surfing the internet 3 0.8 Playing arcade 2 0.5 Ballroom dancing 1 0.3 None 16 4.0
III. FUTURE PLANS
Migrant families were also asked of their future plans for the household. More than half (55.5%) of them plans to acquire properties in the future. Most of them (86.0%) plan to buy a house.
Table 3.22. Households planning to acquire real properties in the future
Plan to acquire properties Number Percent Yes 222 55.5 No 178 44.5 Total 400 100
Type of property (n=222) House 191 86 Other real property 42 18.9 Finish house amortization 1 0.5 Car 8 3.6 Farm 5 2.3 Pumpboat 1 0.5
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When it comes to their financial plans, most (47.8%) plan to invest or save money in the bank, and a number (15.5%) plans to invest in a business. Interestingly, many (34.5%) do not have any financial plan at all (Table 3.23).
Similar to not having future financial plans, many (39.8%) of migrant families do not have plans yet for the family when the migrant chooses to retire. Most (46.3%) of them plan to set up a business upon the migrant’s retirement.
Table 3.23. Households’ Future Financial Plans
Future financial plans (n=400) Number Percent Invest in a bank 191 47.8 Invest in a life insurance 8 2
Invest in stocks 2 0.5 Buy memorial plans 2 0.5
Invest in business 62 15.5 Send children abroad 2 0.5
Pay loans 3 0.8 None 138 34.5
Table 3.24. Households’ Retirement Plans
Number Percent Retirement plans (n=400) Buy farm 18 4.5 Set up business 185 46.3
Travel 31 7.8 Save 15 3.8
House and lot 3 0.8 Get married 1 0.3 Migrate 7 1.8 Teach 1 0.3 No plans 159 39.8
54 MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
IV. ISSUES AND CONCERNS REGARDING THE MIGRANT
Only four of ten households with migrants shared that they have worries and concerns regarding the welfare of their migrant member (Table 3.25). Their concerns vary from the problems of the migrant in the workplace (61.7%), the migrant’s health (60.5 %), and the problems with their relationship with the migrant (29.6%).
Most of the workplace related problems (Table 3.26) communicated by the migrants to their families in the last three months is about the dangers associated with the migrants’ workplace (26.0%), followed by the difficult relationship of migrants with co-workers (25.0%), problems with the employer or supervisor (23.0%), and difficulty of the migrants in fulfilling work responsibilities (23.0%).
Table 3.25. Households’ having concerns over welfare of the migrant
Have worries and concerns regarding the welfare of migrant Number Percent Yes 162 40.5 No 238 59.5 Total 400 100.0
Table 3.26. Migrants’ work-related issues and concerns
Migrant has expressed issues and concerns regarding his/ Number Percent her work and workplace in the last 3 months Yes 100 61.7
No 62 38.3 Total 162 100.0
Issues (n=100) Dangerous work environment 26 26.0 Difficult relationship with co-workers 25 25.0 Problem with boss or employer 23 23.0 Difficulty in performing work responsibilities 23 23.0 Tired 9 9.0 Low salary 7 7.0 Loneliness 5 5.0 Problem with visa 1 1.0
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In Table 3.27, the most common health concern the migrants shares with their families in the last three months are the lack of sleep that they experience, chronic illnesses, and body pains. On the other hand, the migrant families also expressed problems arising from the migrants’ being away (Table 3.28). Many households shared that strains in the migrants’ relationship with certain family members have arisen due to distance. About a third of them shared that a strained relationship is experienced by the migrants and their parents.
Table 3.27. Migrants’ health-related issues and concerns
Migrant has expressed issues and concerns regarding Number Percent his/her health in the last 3 months Yes 98 60.5
No 64 39.5 Total 162 100.0
Health Issues (n = 98) Lack of sleep 30 30.6 Suffering from chronic illness (hypertension, diabetes, etc.) 19 19.4 Body pain 17 17.3 Chest or back pain 9 9.2 Colds 9 9.2 Headache 9 9.2 Suffered an injury 6 6.1 Stomachache 5 5.1 Gout 5 5.1 Depression 4 4.1 Allergies 3 3.1 Cyst 1 1.0
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Table 3.28. Problems encountered by households related to being away of the migrant
Family has encountered any problem related to the migrant’s being Number Percent away in the last 3 months?
Yes 48 29.6 No 114 70.4 Total 162 100.0
Problems (n = 48) Problem of migrant and spouse 11 22.9 Strained relationship between migrant and child/children 10 20.8 Strained relationship between migrant and parents 16 33.3 Strained relationship between migrant and siblings 8 16.7 Homesickness 10 20.8 Difficulty during a child’s sickness 3 6.3 Delayed salary 1 2.1
V. USE OF REMITTANCE
Information on the household use of the remittance from family members abroad was collected. Majority (81.5%) of the households receive remittance monthly, while a few (1.5%) reported that they do not receive any remittance from their migrant members at all. Usually the remittance is claimed at the bank (through fund transfer or deposit), or through other means, such as money transfer facility (43.4%).
Table 3.29. Frequency of receiving remittance
Frequency of Remittance Number Percent Monthly 326 81.5 Quarterly 30 7.5 Every two (2) months 30 7.5 Annually 5 1.3 Every six (6) months 2 0.5 Every four (4) months 1 0.2 Do not receive any remittance 6 1.5 Total 400 100.0
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Table 3.30. Facility where remittance is claimed
Facility where remittance is claimed Number Percent Deposited to bank account 205 52.0 Money transfer facility (such as Western Union) 171 43.4
Sent thru friend / relative 20 5.1 Claimed at a bank remittance 1 0.3
Agency / local office 1 0.3 Total 394 100.0
Almost all (90.1%) of the households use the remittance for their household expenses, as well as school expenses, medical expenses. Only 18 percent of the households save a portion of the remittance. These households who save a portion of their remittances are those households who receive monthly remittances. The amount of money saved monthly vary greatly among households.
Table 3.31. Purpose of remittance
Purpose of Remittance (n = 394) Number Percent
Household expenses 355 90.1 School expenses 200 50.8 Medical expenses 120 30.5 Savings 19 4.8
Investment on stocks, bank, etc. 1 0.3 Set up of business 3 0.8
Luxury items (cars, jewelry) 2 0.5 Shopping 4 1.0
Celebration of family occasions 6 1.5 Pay debts 15 3.8 Pay house mortgage 7 1.8 Total 394 100.0
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Table 3.32. Number of households who save a portion of remittance
Households saving a portion of remittance Number Percent
Yes 70 17.8 No 324 82.2
Total 394 100.0
Table 3.33. Amount the households save
Amount of money set aside for savings Number Percent less than 2000 16 22.9 2000 12 17.1
3000 7 10.0
3500 1 1.4 5000 15 21.4 10000 8 11.4 15000 2 2.9 20000 5 7.1 25000 and over 4 5.7 Total 70 100.0
59
Family Income and Expenditure of Households with and without Migrants
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
FAMILY INCOME AND EXPENDITURE: A COMPARISON BETWEEN HOUSEHOLDS WITH AND WITHOUT MIGRANTS
The Family Income and Expenditure Survey (FIES) is the main source of income and expenditure data in the Philippines. It is a nationwide survey of households conducted regularly by the National Statistics Office (NSO), an agency under the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA). The most recent FIES was conducted in 2012. One of the objectives in the conduct of FIES is to gather data on family income and family living expenditure and related information affecting income and expenditure levels and patterns in the Philippines. The determination of the sources of income and income distribution, levels of living and spending patterns, and the degree of inequality among families is another objective of the said survey.
Data collected from households in Western Visayas was culled out from the FIES 2012 database. The representative sample for Western Visayas is 2841 households. Analysis is only at the regional level since the dataset has no identifier for the province or city.
The Family Income and Expenditure Survey (FIES) 2012 database does not identify whether there is a migrant or not in the household. In this study, a “household with migrant” is a household with the annual cash receipts and support from abroad that is greater than or equal to 12000 PHP. Note that the minimum monthly remittance sent by migrants from Western Visayas is 1000 PHP or 12000 PHP per annum. The distribution of households with and without migrants is presented in Figure 4.1. Of the 2841 households covered by the FIES 2012, 610 are households with migrants.
Figure 4.1. Distribution of Respondents from Western Visayas in the Family Income and Expenditure Survey, 2012
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Table 4.1 shows the degree of dependence of households on receipts from abroad. More than eight percent of the households covered in FIES 2012 are highly dependent on remittances because the receipts from abroad account to more than 75 percent of the total household income. Receipts from abroad is 25 percent or less of the total household income for 43.28 percent of the households.
Table 4.1. Distribution of Households with Migrants based on percentage of receipts from abroad as a share of total income, 2012
Number of Share of Receipts from abroad to Total Income (%) Percentage Households
75.00 and above 51 8.36
50.00 to 74.99 123 20.16 25.00 to 49.99 172 28.20 Below 25 264 43.28
Total 610 100.00
I. INCOME
In FIES, total family income is defined as the sum of primary income and receipts from other sources received by all family members during the reference period as participants in any economic activity or as recipients of transfers, pensions and grants, among others (Ericta and Fabian, 2009). Data shows that average annual total family income of households with migrants is more than double of the average annual family income of households without migrants (Table 4.2).
Table 4.2. Average Total Family Income of Households in Western Visayas, by Household Type, 2012
Household Type Amount (PHP)
Without Migrant 155,807 With Migrant 367,437 All 201,247
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Figure 4.2 shows the average annual family income disaggregated by income source. Family income may be from salaries and wages, entrepreneurial activities, or other income sources. Salaries and wages from employment includes all forms of compensation whether in cash or in kind received by family members who are regular or occasional or seasonal workers in agricultural and non-agricultural industries. FIES defines entrepreneurial activity as any economic activity, business or enterprise whether agricultural or non-agricultural enterprises, engaged in by any member of the family as an operator or as self- employed, including single proprietorship or loose partnership without formal organization.
Salaries and wages account for 25 percent of the total family income of households without migrants, which is lower compared to 49 percent for households without migrants. The share of income from entrepreneurial activities to total family income for households with and without migrants is at 15 percent and 24 percent, respectively.
With almost 60 percentage share, “other income sources” is the biggest contributor to the income of households with migrants. As presented in Table 4.3, the income is mainly from cash receipts and support received by the households from abroad.
Figure 4.2. Average Annual Family Income, by Income Source, 2012
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Table 4.3. Percentage Share of income from different sources classified under “Other Income” to Total Household income
Income Source Without Migrant With Migrant All
Net Share of Crops, Fruits, etc. 0.50 0.70 0.58
Cash Receipts, Support, etc. from Abroad 0.25 37.46 14.84
Cash Receipts, Support, etc. from Domestic Sources 7.59 2.81 5.72
Rentals Received from Non-Agricultural Lands 0.32 0.51 0.39
Interest 0.10 0.09 0.10
Pension and Retirement Funds 5.76 4.72 5.35
Dividends from Investment 0.11 0.09 0.11
Other Sources of Income 0.02 0.01 0.01
Family Sustenance Activities 2.76 0.90 2.03
Total Received as Gifts 2.66 4.14 3.24
Total Other Income 27.43 59.84 40.14
II. EXPENDITURE
Figure 4.3 shows the total expenditure of households divided to food and non-food expenditures. The average total annual expenditure of households with migrants is more than double of the average annual expenditure of households without migrants. The total expenditure of households with migrants is 277,154 PHP while for households without migrants is at 131 246 PHP. The share of non-food expenditure to total expenditure of households with migrants is also higher at 63 percent compared to 50 percent for households without migrant.
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Figure 4.3. Average Annual Expenditure of Households in Western Visayas in PHP, by Household Type, 2012
The biggest share of expenditure for households with migrants is on housing, water, electricity, gas and other fuels followed by expenditure on bread and cereals (see Table 4.4). However, the percentage share of expenditure on bread and cereals of household with migrants (9.82%) is lower compared to that of households without migrants (17.72 %). The percentage share of expenditure on non-food disbursement groups is higher for households with migrants.
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Table 4.4. Average Annual Expenditure of Households with and without Migrants, by Major Disbursement Groups, 2012
Expenditure as a Share of Total Expenditure (%) Disbursement Group Without With All Migrant Migrant
Bread and Cereals 17.72 9.82 14.83 Meat 4.64 4.92 4.74 Fish and Seafood 8.24 5.52 7.25 Milk, Cheese, and Eggs 2.90 3.36 3.07 Oils and Fats 0.79 0.62 0.73 Fruits 1.69 1.55 1.64 Vegetable 3.20 2.17 2.82 Sugar, Jam, Honey, Chocolate, and Confectionery 1.15 0.82 1.03 Food Products not elsewhere classified 1.19 0.79 1.04 Coffee, Cocoa, and Tea 1.78 1.16 1.55 Mineral Water, Soft drinks, Fruit and Vegetable Juices 1.50 1.54 1.52 Alcoholic Beverages 1.30 0.70 1.08 Tobacco 1.10 0.53 0.90 Food Consumed Outside 4.61 4.37 4.52 Accommodation Services 0.15 0.20 0.17 Clothing and Footwear 2.50 3.19 2.75 Housing, Water, Electricity, Gas, and Other Fuels 16.57 19.78 17.75 Household Furnishing, Equipment, and Maintenance 2.51 3.55 2.89 Health 4.16 6.44 5.00 Transport 6.79 8.49 7.41 Communication 2.09 3.13 2.47 Recreation 0.98 1.73 1.25 Education 3.19 5.54 4.05 Miscellaneous Goods and Services 6.20 6.77 6.41 Other Expenditure 3.03 3.29 3.13 Other Disbursements 11.79 16.54 13.53 Total Expenditure 100.00 100.00 100.00
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A. Meat Expenditure
The average annual expenditure on meat of households with migrants is 13, 624 PHP. This amount is more than twice of the annual expenditure on meat of households without migrants, which is only 6,094 PHP. Biggest share of expenditure on meat is on fresh pork followed by fresh chicken (Figure 4.4).
Figure 4.4. Share of Expenditure on Various Meat Products to Average Annual Expenditure on Meat Products in Western Visayas, 2012
B. Electricity and Fuels
The share of expenditure on electricity to total expenditure is higher for households with migrants compared to households without migrants (Figure 4.5). Households with migrants spends less on fuelwood and have negligible expenditure on kerosene.
67 MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
Fgure 4.5. Share of Expenditure on Electricity and Fuels to Total Household Expenditure, 2012
C. Education
Households with migrants also tend to spend a higher share of income on education, as presented in Figure 4.6. The average expenditure of these households more than 15000 PHP annually on education. Households without migrants spend less than 5000 PHP on education. The spending on education mostly goes to payment of tuition fees.
Figure 4.6. Household’s average annual expenditure on education, 2012
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D. Miscellaneous Goods and Services
Table 4.5 shows the expenditure on various items under Miscellaneous Goods and Services. For all items, the average annual expenditure is higher for households with migrants. The shares of expenditure on personal effects and insurance to total expenditure are higher for households with migrants compared to households without migrants.
Table 4.5. Average Annual Expenditure on Miscellaneous Goods and Services, 2012
Average Annual Expenditure Expenditure as a Share of Total (PHP) Expenditure (%) Disbursement Group Without With Without With All All Migrant Migrant Migrant Migrant
Personal Care 4,599.91 8,784.24 5,498.34 3.50 3.17 3.38
Personal Effects 605.74 1,724.32 845.91 0.46 0.62 0.52
Life and Non-life 2,794.77 6,685.26 3,630.11 2.13 2.41 2.23 Insurance
69
Return and Reintegration of Migrants in Western Visayas
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
RETURN AND REINTEGRATION OF MIGRANTS IN WESTERN VISAYAS
Within the Philippine context, it is known that there were institutions created for the reintegration of returnees but compared with other aspects of migration it is less evaluated. In most times, returning migrants are not even aware that reintegration mechanisms exist. It is undeniable that working abroad has given great economic benefits to the country. However, this also entails personal, social, and financial stresses to those who stopped working abroad, thus focus must be given to how much return migrants are losing when they come back home.
I. PROFILE OF THE RESPONDENTS
A total of 13 respondents, 12 females and 1 male migrant, were additionally interviewed for the study. The respondents are from the localities of Capiz, Iloilo, Negros, Guimaras and Bacolod. All of whom are return migrants and has been in the country in an average of 4.8 years after working in an average of 3.7 years in places like Kuwait, Palau, China, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Hongkong, Dubai, and Singapore. The data was collected through Key Informant Interviews (KII) which are qualitative in-depth interviews with subjects who have a knowledge or understanding of the research at hand, in this case return migrants and their experiences abroad. The researchers identified return migrants through convenience sampling. Most of the interviews were done in the migrant’s home although there were some who were interviewed in restaurants or coffee shops.
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Table 5.1. Profile of the respondents
Average Average Average Years in Computed Average Sex Nature of Work Age Years the Philippines Salary Abroad Abroad After Return (PHP)
Professional or blue-collar Male manual type occupations 38.8 3.7 4.5 20,474.70 Health professional or domestic Female -help occupations
II. COMMON THEMES ON RETURN AND REINTEGRATION
In countries where migration is a vital economic trend much of the literature takes into account permanent migration. Though most migrants leave the country for temporary work, after years of acculturation within the host country, settling permanently (in that host country) ultimately becomes an end goal. But temporary migration is not something to be ruled out since it occurs more frequently than the former. According to Adda, Dustmann, and Mestres (2006), both theoretical and empirical researches on migration gave little attention to the fact that many migrants go back to their home country after several years. Further readings expounded that even with higher wages (see Table 5.2) in the host country, most migrants will still choose to go back home.
As seen in Table 5.2, interviewed migrants reasoned that family is the core cause of their plight back home. One migrant explained that she would rather take care of her children than take care of other people’s kids abroad. Some pointed out that being away meant not being able to fulfil their responsibilities as a parent or as a daughter/son to their parents or as a husband/wife to their spouse. Here, the collective nature of Filipinos are seen, with all of the interviewees repeatedly emphasizing that they would rather sacrifice higher wages received abroad than be away from their family for years on end. Some of those who were interviewed also shared how they were mistreated at work, which gave all the more reason to leave the host country. The respondents gave the following statements:
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“When Madam leaves the house, she takes note of the food in the fridge so she would know how much did I consume. She makes me work in the house of her mother and does not give me time to rest. When I reached her house she will make me work again; too often it is to iron clothes. She is also very strict. She would smell each and every plate that I washed.”—Dina, 41
“In Sweden having two bosses is prohibited but my boss had me working in three houses. I work in his house from Monday to Thursday. I spent Fridays at his daughter’s house. Saturday in his in-laws, and I did all of that while I was pregnant.”—Linda, 44
“I no longer wanted to stay; I did not like my boss’s behavior. When she’s angry she locks us up in our bedroom with nothing to eat for lunch and dinner.”—Jane, 37
Further, Dustmann (1995, 1997) also conveys that motives to return may be due to the high purchasing power the host currency is enabling the migrants when they return to their country of origin. Djajic and Milbourne (1988) say that migrants may have a stronger preference for consumption in their origin country than they do abroad (as cited in Adda, Dustmann, & Mestres, 2006). In one of the interviews, a return migrant who has been in the country for 15 years after working in Hong Kong related that before going back, she had three hundred thousand pesos which she later spent on improving their house. Some also engaged in business ventures such as multi-level marketing, selling burgers, or Sari-sari stores that sustained everyday expenses. Others found jobs and depended on their salaries to cover financial needs.
It is also a very common scenario for return migrants to go home to renew their contracts and this process takes a lengthy period of time. Migration in Asia is formed in a way that it is ephemeral, so return is viewed as something compulsory. Here, it is undeniable that many do choose to re-migrate years after they left their origin country, and it is vital for economies, to the Philippine economy in particular, to have these migrants reintegrated back into society whenever they return. Willoughby and Henderson (2009) presented in the
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whenever they return. Willoughby and Henderson (2009) presented in the Global Forum on Migration and Development (GFMD) that in order to achieve sustainable reintegration, a country should fully harness the potential for development of the returning migrant. If migrants are able to receive the support they need in terms of cultural, social, and economic aspects, then migrants can contribute to the development of the homeland (Rashad, 2014). In order to do this, the migrants’ return, identity, and their years of experience abroad must be taken into account. However, in most situations, this does not happen easily since the migrants have their own problems to consider first. Migrant interviewees related the additional statements,
“I was supposed to renew my contract however I decided to go home to save my relationship with my girlfriend since I was caught having an affair with a fellow Filipino.” —Carl, 37
“I wanted to save money then because I want to put up a bakery. But my son was in college then. So most of my earnings were spent on his needs.”—Dina, 41
“Our income is not enough to support our family. My husband and I are now experiencing health problems as a result of years of farming.”—Lin, 42
Here, reintegration is hindered by personal, financial, and physical reasons. Within the Philippine context, it is known that there are institutions constructed for the reintegration of returnees but compared with other aspects of migration it is less evaluated, and most times, returning migrants are not even aware that a reintegration system exists. Further readings on Davids and van Houte (2008) suggested that one should also consider the returnees level of preparedness in terms of economic, psychological and social terms (as cited in Willoughby & Henderson, 2009) because a migrant with low level of preparedness might experience difficulties during the process, and the possibility of having limited resources might hinder the migrant to achieve his/ her goals.
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In the study of Anonuevo and Anonuevo (2003) entitled Women, Migration, and Reintegration, results showed that despite long years of hard work, majority of female migrants have not gained sufficient savings, much less concocted immediate plans to stay in the country for good. It was also emphasize that their husbands were not able to fulfil responsibilities at home, and the female migrant themselves experienced difficulty in re-establishing relationships with their children. Furthermore, most of the female returnees were also not able to find jobs, and develop a social network to become part of their community. It is within this context that psychological, social, and economic embeddedness is important in order to develop a sense of identity and belonging to one’s family and community, such an aspect is not easily achieved by most (Willoughby & Henderson, 2009). Female migrants who were interviewed related the following,
“My husband did not have a regular job. We have to depend on my father’s kindness all the time. My husband also gets to be very difficult to deal with. We always fought and he can get very physical.”—Tony, 38
“The problem I encountered with returning to my nursing profession is that I would have to be a volunteer. I needed to renew all my certifications, which would entail additional expenses. And these expenses are not commensurate with what I earn as a volunteer.” —Maggie, 30
The Development Action for Women Network (DAWN) (2012) also presented a number of reasons why this is so. Not surprisingly, like what is mentioned above, most Filipino women migrants face countless issues, from technical glitches in processing documents and papers to abandonment of household members. Upon return, most migrants experience difficulty in finding a local occupation that can sustain the family because skills that they learned overseas are not directly and necessarily useful to their line of work here (Rashad, 2014). It seemed that the economic hardships that had them migrating in the first place had welcomed them back again. According to Khoser (2001), many nations do not view the return of citizens as “migration.” The researcher emphasized that returning back to one’s origin country is not only a matter of coming back “home” and a lot more difficult than the notion would suggest. In a
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number of cases, the returning migrants cannot entirely absorb how much or how little “home” has transformed (Boccagni, 2011).
Though a couple of migrants were lucky enough to get assistance from institutions like OWWA and a money grant to start off a sari-sari store from the local government, most who were interviewed related that they did not receive any assistance or support from the local government, and a one admitted that they do not even know where to ask for help in the first place:
“No, I don’t know where to go to ask for help.” —Tony, 38
“I didn’t get any help from government when I came back to the Philippines.”—Rose, 45
“None. I did not receive any support from the government.”—Lin, 42
“No I did not receive any help from the government.” —Iza, 38
It is here that the reintegration of Overseas Filipinos must be a comprehensive policy not only in paper but also in the establishment of action, community-based programs that can cater to the social, economic, and psychological needs of returning migrants (Anonuevo & Anonuevo, 2003). In addition, savings, investment schemes, and credit and loan programs should also be accessible to the returnees in order optimize the earnings of migrant employment for social and economic development.
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Table 5.2. Common Themes
Common Themes
Reasons for Returning
Work Related Family Related Personal Reasons
Well-being and safety concerns To retire and spend more time with To go back to school and take within the host country and the children units in education workplace To get married and start a family To start own business in the Maltreatment: staying for extended Philippines months because the boss did not To save a relationship acknowledge end of contract Due to pregnancy Heavy work load To provide children with a college The boss is very strict and education criticizing Husband is not providing proper care to the children
Current Sources of Income
Salary Business Agriculture
Teacher Multi-level Marketing Farming
BPO Agent Buy and sell
On-call or irregular jobs (e.g. Sari-sari Store barangay secretary) Selling burgers to deliver to outlets
Return to the country and Reintegration Preparations Difficulties Experienced Government Assistance Saving salary received for extra Getting a job in the same profession OWWA was able to pay money PhilHealth and SSS The husband is not fulfilling his contributions while in abroad Bought a house in the Philippines responsibility Initial financial outlay to start a Hunted for jobs in the Philippines in Health problems (e.g. gallstones and Sari-sari store advance old age) Did not receive any aid or assistance at all
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Government and Private Sector Programs for Migrants
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GOVERNMENT AND PRIVATE SECTOR PROGRAMS FOR MIGRANTS
I. GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS FOR MIGRANTS
When placed next to its ASEAN neighbors, it comes as no surprise that the Philippines has more extensive experience in sending manpower abroad. Throughout the years, numerous policies and programs have been crafted by the government in order to realize potential migration for work. These policies and programs have a main objective in mind, that is to achieve economic and social benefits for Filipino migrants, their families, communities and the country as a whole (De Vries, 2011).
It has been thirty years since the country adopted a policy of exporting skilled and unskilled labor for overseas jobs (Opiniano, 2004). If discussed in detail, international migration really gained mainstream consciousness in 1995, during the Flor Contemplacion incident (the Filipina who was executed in Singapore for murder in 1995). This ultimately led to the passing of a law for overseas Filipinos, Republic Act 8042, or better known as the Migrant Workers and Overseas Filipinos Act, where Section 2C states the following:
“The State does not promote overseas employment as a means to sustain economic growth and achieve national development, and that the existence of the overseas employment program rests solely on the assurance that the dignity and fundamental human rights of the Filipino citizen shall not, at any time, be compromised or violated.”
As presented by Sto. Tomas (2003), the State also has its basic premises and policies, a few of which are quoted below:
“As a strategy for labor migration management, the government shall explore and develop more and better markets for overseas employment;”
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“The government shall ensure that OFWs are qualitatively at par with, if not superior to, their foreign counterparts through technical education and training programs for OFWs” and;
“The government will ensure that OFWs are protected from the perils of overseas employment, stemming from government’s deepening appreciation of its moral responsibility over them, aside from its earnest recognition of their monumental importance as partners in nation building.”
The State also commits to maximizing the benefits and minimizing the costs of overseas employment by facilitating an orderly and systematic documentation of workers, adequate protection against abuses and exploitation before, during, and after employment. With this objective came the development of a four-pronged strategy of regulation, protection, reintegration, and support to families of overseas Filipinos by the country’s Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE). During the International Dialogue on Migration last 2007; Assistant Secretary for Policy, Programs and International Affairs of the Philippine DOLE, Rebecca J. Calzado presented this four-pronged strategy, the first two are as follows:
“Regulation involves a number of official interventions to facilitate not only the orderly outflow, but also the return of the OFW. The interventions include a licensing system for recruitment agents, standards for recruitment fees, wages and working conditions, repatriation of workers and the posting of bonds, and standard employment contracts that prescribe definite tenure and the employer’s duty to assist the OFW in facilitating their return to the Philippines once the contract expires.”
“Protection of OFWs is afforded on-site and off-site. At both ends, the value of returning home is impressed upon the OFW. Off-site, workers undergo country-specific pre-employment and pre-deployment orientation to inform them not only on the risks and possible problems of overseas employment, but also the gains that they can achieve in terms of skills acquisition and knowledge. The worker is also enrolled for health, life insurance, housing and social security.”
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By the end of the 1980’s, the need for a comprehensive reintegration program was also realized by both government and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). These institutions started programs and activities to address pressing problems and issues regarding return of Filipino migrants. The first regional consultation on reintegration was organized by The Asian Migration Center based in Hongkong. And In December of 1988 in Manila, more than 50 representatives from Japan, Taiwan, Korea, Malaysia, Hong Kong, Thailand, Nepal, and Philippines participated in the meeting to address and resolve issues on reintegration within the Asian region (Tornea, 2003). Calzado (2007) defined the last two of the four-pronged strategy as follows:
“Reintegration means preparing the OFW to become a productive contributor to the domestic economy, either through employment or entrepreneurship, upon his or her return. Notably, the Philippines has forged agreements with some host countries where OFWs are contract bound to return to the Philippines on a regular or occasional basis, and where these host countries are encouraged to support this effort by providing mechanisms and channels that enable OFWs to move easily between the Philippines and the destination countries.”
“Support to families refers to the assistance in ensuring the well- being of the OFW family, as well as building their entrepreneurial capacity consistent with the ideal that, eventually, the OFW and his or her family will no longer prefer overseas work as the only source of income. Programs in this area comprise a whole range of interventions that seek to keep family ties stronger despite the distance, and to build capacities for sustained livelihood.”
Additionally, having the aforementioned policy also led to the establishment of institutions specializing and managing almost every aspect of migration and worker development, with programs and services ranging from deployment, maintaining the migrant and his/her family’s welfare, and the migrant’s return (Orbeta, Abrigo, & Cabalfin, 2009). Some of these institutions are the Philippine Overseas Employment Administration (POEA), Overseas Workers Welfare Administration (OWWA), and Commission on Filipino Overseas (CFO), and the National Reintegration Center for Overseas Filipino Workers (NRCO).
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The POEA centers on two primary functions. First is to encourage maximum employment for Filipino overseas, and second, to protect the workers’ rights to fair and equitable labor practices (Philippine Overseas Employment Administration, 2010). These mandates however, do not cover Filipinos leaving as permanent migrants but only those who leave for temporary or contractual employment. In general, the POEA performs executive, quasi-legislative and quasi-judicial functions.
Considered as the Philippine’s administrative body for the provision of welfare services, OWWA takes into account economic and social concerns of overseas Filipinos. Consistent with this, OWWA’s main programs include (a) family welfare and assistance programs; (b) insurance and health care program; (c) and workers’ assistance and on-site services; and (d) education and training programs (Orbeta, Abrigo, & Cabalfin, 2009). In addition, it may also provide services for livelihood organizing programs like the Livelihood Development Program for OFW’s (LDPO), which was formed to render support services like project financing, technical assistance in project planning, and training for income-generating projects (Tornea, 2003).
CFO, on the other hand, has four programs in operation. First is The Migrant Social and Economic Integration, which prepares overseas Filipinos in the face of migration-related problems before, during, and after migration. Second is The Filipino and Heritage Program, which seeks to encourage awareness of the culture and history of the Philippines, and the different institutions facilitating Philippine schools overseas. The All-Filipino Unity and National Development Program is the third, which aims at promoting unity among Filipino organizations abroad through enhancement of leadership skills, and recognizing overseas Filipinos with contributions, expertise, and resources that may contribute to the economy. The fourth is The Policy Development and Data Banking Program, intended to provide guidance for policy-making and program development (Commission on Filipino Overseas, 2015).
Lastly, the NRCO with programs like the Classroom Galing sa Mamamayang Pilipino Abroad (CGMA) that built over 300 classrooms since 2006 (Department of Labor and Employment Website, 2013). NRCO also provides counselling services that present options for returning migrants to invest, get into employment or business, and/or engage in other community development opportunities; capability building services that provide knowledge on managing finances and savings; networking and linkaging, and assistance desk. Orbeta, Abrigo, and Cabalfin (2009) stated that these programs are under
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the Center’s P+ Program Framework which consists of the following services: (i) Pagpapayo (Reintegration Advocacy), (ii) Pagsasanay (Basic Skills Training, Upgrading and Retooling), (iii) Paghahanapbuhay (Job Search Assistance), and (iv) Pagnenegosyo (Economic, Social Enterprise Development). BY January 2009, the P+ Reintegration Services has benefitted a total of 667,252 OFWs and their families.
II. PRIVATE SECTOR PROGRAMS FOR MIGRANTS
What came with over 30 years of international labor migration in the Philippines is the establishment of various non-government agencies that promotes, offers services, assistance, and protects migrant Filipino workers. Unlad Kabayan Migrant Services Foundation Inc., Kabalikat ng Migranteng Pilipino Inc. (KAMPI), Migrant Forum in Asia (MFA), Mindanao Migrants Center for Empowering Actions Inc. (MMICEA), and St. Mary Euphrasia Foundation - Center for Overseas Workers (COW) are several of those agencies.
Formed in 1996, Unlad Kabayan Migrant Foundation focuses on directing migrant’s savings into business and entrepreneurship while concentrating in some of the poorest areas in the country. The organization arm migrants with knowledge, skills and support needed in running businesses so that they can fully integrate into society (Unlad Kabayan Migrant Services Foundation, Inc., 2015). On one hand, KAMPI is “committed to uplift and educate the Filipino Migrant Worker in preparation to overseas employment through an integrated pre-departure curriculum as prescribed by law through the use of modern technology and innovative approaches” (Kabalikat ng Migranteng Pilipino Inc., 2015) . Another is MFA which was formed back in 1994 in Taiwan. It is a network of non-government organizations, trade unions, associations and independent advocates uplifting the rights and welfare of overseas workers in Asia (Migrant Forum in Asia, 2015). It acts as a facilitator in unifying members of every organization in taking action on violence against women migrants, unfair living conditions, unemployment and other issues faced by overseas Filipinos. A similar agency called MMCEAI was later on accredited with the Philippine Securities and Exchange Commission on April 10, 2008. It is a service center for both present and returning workers, their families and communities. The center conducted activities such as counselling and referrals in order to address distress responses from migrants, especially those who are victims of cheap labor, trafficking and the likes. It also has the goal of operating within the whole
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of Mindanao area, specifically the four exit ports used for illegal recruitment and trafficking of women and children: Zamboanga, Cagayan de Oro, General Santos, and Davao (Mindanao Migrants Center for Empowering Actions Inc., 2015). On one hand, a separate agency called COW caters to the needs of OFWs, their families, and Filipinos who married foreign nationals as a response to the ever-increasing number of Filipinos abroad. It was established back in 1982 by the Good Shepherd Sisters, with programs and activities registered and accredited by the Security Exchange Commission and the Department of Social Welfare and Development (Center for Overseas Workers, 2015).
Banking institutions also provided services for the remittances of overseas Filipinos. The Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) created an interactive link that can give information on the different banks and non-banks remittance in operation in the country. This includes the branch locations, remittance center, products and services and their corresponding charges or fees when sending remittances in any part of the Philippines (BSP, 2015). Banco de Oro (BDO), Bank of the Philippine Islands (BPI), Union Bank (Western Union), and Robinsons Bank are few of the banks that offer such services.
With offices in Asia, North America, Europe and Middle East, BDO Remit can provides fast, secured, and reliable transactions from anywhere in the world. Savings account intended for overseas Filipinos are also available by opening BDO Kabayan Savings Account. Similar services are offered by BPI where day-to-day expenses and savings are addressed by BPInoy Savings through direct credit to account transaction, and also BPI Global Remittance. Lastly, the Handog Remittance Service of Robinson Bank, and Western Union offers real time receiving of remittance using short message service or SMS.
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WORKS CITED
Adda, J., Dustmann, C. and Mestres, J. (2006). A dynamic model of return migration. University of London.
Ang, A., Guntur Sugiyarto, and Shikha Jha. (2009) Remittances and Household Behavior in the Philippines. ADB Working Paper Series No. 188
Anonuevo, E. D. and Anonuevo A. T. (2003). Women, migration and reintegration. Transactions Natl. Acad Sci Tech. Philippines, 25 (2), 467- 481.
Boccagni, P. (2011). The framing of return from above and below in Ecuadorian migration: A project, a myth, or a political device? Global Networks.
Calzado, R. J. (2007) Labour Migration and Development Goals: The Philippine Experience. A Paper presented in the International Dialogue on Migration, 8 October 2007 in WMO Conference Center, Geneva.
Capistrano, L. and Sta. Maria, M.L. (2007) The Impact of International Labor Migration and OFW Remittances on Poverty in the Philippines. UP School of Economics Discussion Paper 2007-06
De Vries, S. (2011). Mobilizing the use of remittances towards poverty reduction and economic and social development through government initiatives: The Philippine experience. National Reintegration Center for Overseas Filipino Workers Department of Labour and Employment.
Djajic, S., and Milbourne R. (1988). A general equilibrium model of guest- worker migration: A source-country perspective. Journal of International Economics, 25, 335-351
Dustmann, C. (1995). Savings behaviour of return migrants. Zeitschrift fuer Wirtschaftsund Socialwissenschaften, 115, 511-535.
Dustmann, C. (1997). Differences in the labour market behaviour between permanent and temporary migrant women. Labour Economics, 4, 29-46.
Ducanes, G. and Abella, M. (2008) Overseas Filipino Workers and their Impact on Household Poverty. ILO Asian Regional Programme on Governance of Labor Migration Working Paper No. 5
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Ericta, C. and Fabian, E. (2009). A Documentation of the Philippines’ Family Income and Expenditure Survey. Philippine Institute for Development Studies Discussion Paper 2009-18.
International Organization for Migration (2013). Country Migration Report: The Philippines 2013. Philippines: International Organization for Migration and Scalabrini Migration Center.
Khoser, K. (2001). The Return and Reintegration of Rejected Asylum Seekers and Irregular Migrants. Geneva: International Organization for Migration.
National Statistics Office (NSO) [Philippines] and ICF Macro (2009). National Demographic and Health Survey 2008. Calverton, Maryland: National Statistics Office and ICF Macro.
Opiniano, J. M. (2004). Our future beside the exodus: migration and development issues in the Philippines. Institute for Migration and Development Issues.
Orbeta, A., Abrigo, M., and Cabalfin, M. (2009). Institutions serving Philippine international labor migrants. PIDS Discussion Paper Series, Philippine Institute for Development Studies, 31.
Overseas Workers Welfare Administration (OWWA), 2015. Retrieved from http://www.owwa.gov.ph/
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Poston, D.L. and Bouvier L. F. (2010) Population and Society: An Introduction to Demography. New York, USA: Cambridge University Press.
Pernia, E. (2008) Migration, Remittances, Poverty and Inequality: The Philippines. UP School of Economics Discussion Paper No. 0801.
Rashad, L. (2014). The assistance of the government services, civil society, and social network during the reintegration of returned female domestic workers and entertainers in Manila. International Development Studies. Utrecht University.
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Reyes, M. (2008) Migration and Filipino Children Left-Behind: A Literature Review. United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)
Sto. Tomas, P. (2003). Overseas Filipino workers in the national development agenda: the government’s perspective. Paper presented at the Overseas Filipinos as Part of the National Development Agenda, Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City.
Sawada, Y. and Estudillo, J. (2005) Trade Migration and Poverty Reduction in the Globalizing Economy. UNU-WIDER Research Paper No. 2006/58
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Tejero, L.M. and Fowler, C. (2012) Migration of Women from the Philippines: Implications for Healthcare Delivery. Collegian 19. pp. 59-63
Tornea, V. F. (2003). Reintegration program for migrant workers. Review of Women’s Studies, 205-220.
Willoughby, J. and Henderson, H. (2009). Preparing Contract Workers for Return and Reintegration – Relevant for Development? American University.
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Appendix A: Stock Estimates of Migrants from Western Visayas
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Appendix Table 1. Number of Migrants from the Provinces and Highly Urbanized Cities in Western Visayas, 1988-2012
Municipality Number of Migrants Percentage
Aklan 3639 6.99 Antique 2090 4.01 Bacolod City 10460 20.08 Capiz 3741 7.18 Guimaras 612 1.18
Iloilo 9927 19.06
Iloilo City 12655 24.30 Negros Occidental 8956 17.20 Total 52080 100
Appendix Table 2. Number of Migrants from the municipalities in the Province of Aklan, 1988-2012
Municipality Number of Migrants Percentage
Altavas 120 3.30 Balete 59 1.62 Banga 351 9.65 Batan 75 2.06 Buruanga 44 1.21 Ibajay 127 3.49 Kalibo (Capital) 1286 35.34 Lezo 120 3.30 Libacao 41 1.13 Madalag 38 1.04 Makato 208 5.72 Malay 171 4.70 Malinao 182 5.00 Nabas 108 2.97 New Washington 188 5.17 Numancia 427 11.73 Tangalan 88 2.42 Not Reported 6 0.16 Total 3639 100.00
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Appendix Table 3. Number of Migrants from the Municipalities in the Province of Antique, 1988-2012
City / Municipality Number of Migrants Percentage
Anini-y 70 3.35 Barbaza 65 3.11 Belison 37 1.77
Bugasong 131 6.27
Caluya 8 0.38
Culasi 122 5.84 Hamtic 167 7.99 Laua-An 38 1.82 Libertad 64 3.06
Pandan 166 7.94
Patnongon 182 8.71
San Jose (Capital) 456 21.82 San Remigio 70 3.35 Sebaste 62 2.97 Sibalom 190 9.09
Tibiao 88 4.21
Tobias Fornier (Dao) 139 6.65
Valderrama 33 1.58 Not Reported 2 0.10 Total 2090 100.00
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Appendix Table 4. Number of Migrants from the Municipalities and City in the Province of Capiz, 1988-2012
City / Municipality Number of Migrants Percentage
Cuartero 82 2.19 Dao 93 2.49 Dumalag 172 4.60 Dumarao 119 3.18 Ivisan 96 2.57 Jamindan 40 1.07 Ma-Ayon 54 1.44 Mambusao 204 5.45 Panay 124 3.31 Panitan 115 3.07 Pilar 124 3.31 Pontevedra 156 4.17 President Roxas 102 2.73 Roxas City (Capital) 1995 53.33 Sapi-An 76 2.03 Sigma 98 2.62 Tapaz 88 2.35 Not Reported 3 0.08 Total 3741 100.00
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Appendix Table 5. Number of Migrants from the Municipalities and City in the Province of Iloilo, 1988-2012
City / Municipality Number of Migrants Percentage Ajuy 166 1.67 Alimodian 255 2.57 Anilao 55 0.55 Badiangan 100 1.01 Balasan 120 1.21 Banate 194 1.95 Barotac Nuevo 427 4.30 Barotac Viejo 102 1.03 Batad 31 0.31 Bingawan 35 0.35 Cabatuan 435 4.38 Calinog 231 2.33 Carles 68 0.69 City Of Passi 350 3.53 Concepcion 54 0.54 Dingle 270 2.72 Dueñas 242 2.44 Dumangas 471 4.74 Estancia 164 1.65 Guimbal 241 2.43 Igbaras 230 2.32 Janiuay 377 3.80 Lambunao 226 2.28 Leganes 251 2.53 Lemery 29 0.29 Leon 283 2.85 Maasin 173 1.74 Miagao 471 4.74 Mina 113 1.14 New Lucena 155 1.56 Oton 761 7.67 Pavia 428 4.31 Pototan 537 5.41 San Dionisio 55 0.55 San Enrique 97 0.98
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Appendix Table 5. continued
City / Municipality Number of Migrants Percentage
San Joaquin 191 1.92 San Miguel 200 2.01 San RafaSel 44 0.44 Santa Barbara 582 5.86 Sara 174 1.75 Tigbauan 335 3.37 Tubungan 42 0.42 Zarraga 143 1.44 Not Reported 19 0.19 Total 9927 100.00
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Appendix Table 6. Number of Migrants from the Municipalities and Cities in the Province of Negros Occidental, 1988-2012
City / Municipality Number of Migrants Percentage
Bago City 496 5.54 Binalbagan 406 4.53 Cadiz City 495 5.53 Calatrava 168 1.88 Candoni 18 0.20 Cauayan 134 1.50 City Of Kabankalan 425 4.75 City Of Talisay 687 7.67 City Of Victorias 672 7.50 Enrique B. Magalona (Saravia) 161 1.80 Escalante 293 3.27 Himamaylan 259 2.89 Hinigaran 357 3.99 Hinoba-An (Asia) 69 0.77 Ilog 141 1.57 Isabela 84 0.94 La Carlota City 439 4.90 La Castellana 145 1.62 Manapla 191 2.13 Moises Padilla (Magallon) 40 0.45 Murcia 161 1.80 Pontevedra 179 2.00 Pulupandan 146 1.63 Sagay City 529 5.91 Salvador Benedicto 2 0.02 San Carlos City 885 9.88 San Enrique 123 1.37 Silay City 872 9.74 Sipalay 116 1.30 Toboso 105 1.17 Valladolid 124 1.38 Not Reported 34 0.38 Total 8956 100.00
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Appendix Table 7. Number of Migrants from the Municipalities in the Province of Guimaras, 1988-2012
City / Municipality Number of Migrants Percentage Guimaras 612 100.00 Buenavista 298 48.69 Jordan (Capital) 161 26.31 Nueva Valencia 120 19.61 San Lorenzo 22 3.59 Sibunag 10 1.63 Not Reported 1 0.16 Guimaras 612 100.00
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Appendix B: Detailed Tables of Family Expenditure
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Average Annual Expenditure Expenditure as a Share of Total (PHP) Expenditure (%) Disbursement Group Without Without With With Migrant All All Migrant Migrant Migrant
Bread and Cereals 23252.14 27223.79 24104.91 17.72 9.82 14.83 Rice 18734.63 19626.00 18926.02 14.27 7.08 11.64 Corn 458.95 262.42 416.75 0.35 0.09 0.26 Flour 33.71 57.89 38.90 0.03 0.02 0.02 Other Cereal Preparation 1163.27 1860.61 1313.00 0.89 0.67 0.81 Bread 2406.17 4621.77 2881.89 1.83 1.67 1.77 Pasta 416.30 753.30 488.65 0.32 0.27 0.30 Other Bread 39.12 41.79 39.70 0.03 0.02 0.02
Meat 6093.78 13623.93 7710.60 4.64 4.92 4.74 Fresh Meat 4882.08 10384.63 6063.55 3.72 3.75 3.73 Beef 744.17 1916.39 995.86 0.57 0.69 0.61 Pork 2157.76 4574.35 2676.63 1.64 1.65 1.65 Goat 11.19 69.26 23.66 0.01 0.02 0.01 Chicken 1928.11 3772.67 2324.16 1.47 1.36 1.43 Other Fresh Meat 40.85 51.96 43.23 0.03 0.02 0.03 Frozen Meat 102.48 231.90 130.27 0.08 0.08 0.08 Dried Meat 5.21 14.60 7.22 0.00 0.01 0.00 Preserved Meat 1104.01 2992.80 1509.56 0.84 1.08 0.93
97
98
Oils Edible 1358.95 874.77 0.49 0.67 978.73 0.60
Margarine 344.22 149.94 0.12 0.12 0.11 191.66
Butter 20.41 5.42 0.01 0.01 0.00 8.64
Fats and Oils 1723.61 1030.92 0.73 0.62 0.79 1179.65
Other Milk, Cheese, and Eggs and Cheese, Milk, Other 3.17 1.66 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.98
Eggs 1784.41 1140.14 0.79 0.64 0.87 1278.47
Curd and Cheese 200.11 73.26 0.06 0.07 0.06 100.50
Desserts Milk 112.22 42.56 0.04 0.04 0.03 57.52
Condensed, Evaporated, or Powdered Milk Powdered or Evaporated, Condensed, 6776.90 2447.92 2.08 2.45 1.87 3377.41
Milk Raw 109.38 18.75 0.02 0.04 0.01
38.21
Milk, Cheese, and Eggs and Cheese, Milk, 9302.40 3806.75 3.07 3.36 2.90 4986.73
Seafood Preparation Seafood 31.47 32.90 31.08 0.01 0.02 0.02
Preserved Fish Preserved
714.08 715.59 721.11 0.26 0.54 0.44
Seafood
1046.16 1230.37 1904.06 0.69 0.80 0.76
Dried Fish Dried
1066.79 1075.31 1106.50 0.40 0.81 0.66
Fresh Fish Fresh
7961.66 8727.12 11526.70 4.16 6.07 5.37
Fish and Seafood and Fish
10819.77 11779.86 15291.27 5.52 8.24 7.25
Migrant Migrant
With Migrant With All All Migrant With
Without Without Without Without
Disbursement Group Disbursement
(PHP)
Expenditure as a Share of Total Expenditure (%) Expenditure Total of Share a as Expenditure
Average Annual Expenditure Annual Average
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE INITIATIVE DEVELOPMENT AND MIGRATION WESTERN VISAYAS VISAYAS WESTERN -
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
Average Annual Expenditure Expenditure as a Share of Total Expenditure (%) (PHP) Disbursement Group Without Without With Migrant All With Migrant All Migrant Migrant
Fruits 2213.14 4305.00 2662.29 1.69 1.55 1.64 Fresh Fruits 1799.06 3431.71 2149.61 1.37 1.24 1.32 Dried Fruits 5.25 27.57 10.04 0.00 0.01 0.01 Nuts 324.61 580.51 379.56 0.25 0.21 0.23 Preserved Fruits 55.98 167.52 79.93 0.04 0.06 0.05 Kaong 15.47 53.77 23.69 0.01 0.02 0.01 Nata de Coco 12.77 43.93 19.46 0.01 0.02 0.01
Vegetable 4198.34 6012.63 4587.89 3.20 2.17 2.82 Leafy Vegetables 1319.06 1724.35 1406.08 1.01 0.62 0.86 Friut Vegetables 1411.67 2008.83 1539.89 1.08 0.72 0.95 Root Vegetables 966.29 1451.00 1070.36 0.74 0.52 0.66 Tuber Vegetables 388.44 570.90 427.62 0.30 0.21 0.26 Preserved Vegetables 22.86 53.70 29.48 0.02 0.02 0.02 Products of Tuber Vegetables 90.01 203.86 114.46 0.07 0.07 0.07
99
100
Other Food Products not elsewhere classified elsewhere not Products Food Other 119.96 92.16 0.06 0.04 0.07 98.13
Baby Food and Dietary Preparations Dietary and Food Baby 7.96 0.00 0.00 0.01 7.66 6.58
Dessert Preparation and Soups, Broth, Stocks, and Culinary Ingredients Culinary and Stocks, Broth, Soups, and Preparation Dessert 44.50 33.78 0.02 0.02 0.03 36.08
Vinegar 327.06 267.62 0.17 0.12 0.20 280.38
Sauces, Condiments, and Seasonings and Condiments, Sauces, 1038.40 608.96 0.43 0.37 0.46 701.16
Spices and Culinary Herbs Culinary and Spices 449.95 348.27 0.23 0.16 0.27 370.10
Salt 203.55 201.45 0.12 0.07 0.15 201.90
Food Products not elsewhere Classified elsewhere not Products Food 2190.01 1560.19 1.04 0.79 1.19 1695.42
Sugar Other 312.48 202.65 0.14 0.11 0.15 226.23
Ice Edible and Sorbet, cream, Ice 0.23 0.22 359.16 634.44 283.89 0.22
Chocolate 135.18 343.41 78.25 0.12 0.06 0.08
Honey 6.41 10.99 5.16 0.00 0.00 0.00
Marmalade and Jams 20.17 53.28 11.12 0.02 0.01 0.01
Sugar 927.94 921.71 929.64 0.33 0.71 0.57
Sugar, Jam, Honey, Chocolate, and Confectionery and Chocolate, Honey, Jam, Sugar, 1510.70 1675.09 2276.32 0.82 1.15 1.03
Migrant
Migrant
All Migrant With Migrant With All
Without Without Without Without
Disbursement Group Disbursement
(PHP) (%)
Average Annual Expenditure Annual Average
Expenditure as a Share of Total Expenditure Expenditure Total of Share a as Expenditure
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE INITIATIVE DEVELOPMENT AND MIGRATION WESTERN VISAYAS VISAYAS WESTERN -
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
Average Annual Expenditure Expenditure as a Share of Total Expenditure (PHP) (%) Disbursement Group Without Without With Migrant All With Migrant All Migrant Migrant
Coffee, Cocoa, and Tea 2340.18 3209.02 2526.73 1.78 1.16 1.55 Coffee 1640.01 2071.79 1732.72 1.25 0.75 1.07 Tea 23.89 50.86 29.68 0.02 0.02 0.02 Cocoa 670.01 1072.61 756.46 0.51 0.39 0.47 Cocoa-based Beverage 6.27 13.75 7.88 0.00 0.00 0.00
Mineral Water, Softdrinks, Friut and Vegetable Juices 1974.61 4280.47 2469.71 1.50 1.54 1.52 Mineral or Spring Water 585.01 1683.75 820.92 0.45 0.61 0.50 Softdrinks 792.51 1414.71 926.10 0.60 0.51 0.57 Powdered Fruit and Vegetable Juices 435.96 775.59 508.88 0.33 0.28 0.31 Concentrates and Ready-to-Drink Juices 72.20 249.02 110.17 0.06 0.09 0.07 Other non-alcoholic Beverages 88.94 157.40 103.64 0.07 0.06 0.06
Alcoholic Beverages 1704.46 1930.49 1752.99 1.30 0.70 1.08 Liquor 1056.39 985.62 1041.20 0.80 0.36 0.64 Wine 109.90 59.69 99.12 0.08 0.02 0.06 Beer 538.16 885.18 612.67 0.41 0.32 0.38
101
102
Footwear 2768.47 947.80 0.82 1.00 0.72 1338.72
Clothing 6075.78 2331.42 1.93 2.19 1.78 3135.38
Clothing and Footwear and Clothing 8844.25 3279.22 2.75 3.19 2.50 4474.11
Accommodation Services Accommodation 567.30 192.70 0.17 0.20 0.15 273.13
Canteen 4336.31 2283.74 1.68 1.56 1.74 2724.46
7768.01 3766.01 2.85 2.80 2.87 4625.29 Restaurant and Cafes and Restaurant
Restaurant, Cafes, and the like the and Cafes, Restaurant, 12671.61 6242.45 4.69 4.57 4.76 7622.87
Food Consumed Outside Consumed Food 12104.31 6049.75 4.52 4.37 4.61 7349.74
Home At Consumed Food 58800.53 65378.89 89438.46 32.27 44.80 40.21
Products based - Vegetable Other 20.09 18.14 11.02 0.00 0.02 0.01
Cigarette 1348.23 1353.00 1370.46 0.49 1.03 0.83
Tobacco 1448.41 1455.67 1482.21 0.53 1.10 0.90
Migrant
Migrant
All Migrant With All Migrant With
Without Without Without Without
Disbursement Group Disbursement
(PHP) (%)
Average Annual Expenditure Annual Average
Expenditure as a Share of Total Expenditure Expenditure Total of Share a as Expenditure
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE INITIATIVE DEVELOPMENT AND MIGRATION WESTERN VISAYAS VISAYAS WESTERN -
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
Average Annual Expenditure Expenditure as a Share of Total Expenditure (PHP) (%) Disbursement Group Without Without With Migrant All With Migrant All Migrant Migrant Housing, Water, Electricity, Gas, and Other Fuels 21748.88 54827.20 28851.23 16.57 19.78 17.75 Rental 11869.99 31742.70 16136.92 9.04 11.45 9.93 Imputed Rentals 11467.21 30963.25 15653.26 8.74 11.17 9.63 Maintenance and repair 816.82 1926.01 1054.98 0.62 0.69 0.65 Water Supply and Miscellaneous Services 651.97 2075.54 957.63 0.50 0.75 0.59 Electricity, Gas, and Other Fuels 8410.10 19082.96 10701.71 6.41 6.89 6.58 Electicity 4681.36 13651.78 6607.43 3.57 4.93 4.06
LPG 526.48 2408.72 930.62 0.40 0.87 0.57 Kerosene 246.56 68.13 208.25 0.19 0.02 0.13 Fuelwood 2085.78 1257.09 1907.85 1.59 0.45 1.17 Charcoal 813.00 1674.15 997.90 0.62 0.60 0.61 Other 56.92 23.09 49.66 0.04 0.01 0.03
103
104
Health 17861.73 5459.67 5.00 6.44 4.16 8122.56
4121.46 967.12 1.01 1.49 0.74 1644.40 Domestic and Household Services Household and Domestic
2611.07 1654.73 1.14 0.94 1.26 1860.07 durable Household Goods Household durable - Non
Goods and Services for Routine Household Maintenance Household Routine for Services and Goods 6732.53 2621.85 2.16 2.43 2.00 3504.47
Tools and Equipment for House for Equipment and Tools 3.04 8.50 0.00 0.00 0.01 7.32
Glassware, Tableware, and Household Utensils Household and Tableware, Glassware, 91.96 36.56 0.03 0.03 0.03 48.45
7.59 5.87 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.24 Repair of Household Appliances Household of Repair
235.53 83.91 0.07 0.08 0.06 116.46 Small Electric Appliances Electric Small
976.32 186.16 0.22 0.35 0.14 355.82 Major Appliances Major
Household Appliances Household 1219.44 275.93 0.29 0.44 0.21 478.52
53.03 15.33 0.01 0.02 0.01 23.42 Other Household Textile Household Other
52.86 68.79 127.06 0.05 0.04 0.04
Bedsheet, Pillow Cases, Blankets, Mosquito Nets Mosquito Blankets, Cases, Pillow Bedsheet,
15.95 32.58 93.40 0.03 0.01 0.02
Beddings
25.22 47.45 128.75 0.05 0.02 0.03
Furnishing Fabrics Furnishing
Household Textile Household
109.36 172.24 402.23 0.15 0.08 0.11
Funiture, Furnishings, Carpet, and Other Floor Coverings Floor Other and Carpet, Furnishings, Funiture, 8.22 10.14 17.17 0.01 0.01 0.01
Furnishing, Household Equipment, and Household Maintenance Household and Equipment, Household Furnishing, 3294.19 4698.21 9833.24 3.55 2.51 2.89
Migrant Migrant
All Migrant With All Migrant With
Without Without Without Without
Disbursement Group Disbursement
(PHP)
(%)
Average Annual Expenditure Annual Average
Expenditure as a Share of Total Expenditure Expenditure Total of Share a as Expenditure
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE INITIATIVE DEVELOPMENT AND MIGRATION WESTERN VISAYAS VISAYAS WESTERN -
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
Average Annual Expenditure Expenditure as a Share of Total Expenditure (PHP) (%) Disbursement Group Without Without With Migrant All With Migrant All Migrant Migrant
Transport 8913.55 23533.81 12052.71 6.79 8.49 7.41 Purchase of Vehicle 1276.11 5279.31 2135.65 0.97 1.90 1.31 Cars 776.01 4076.89 1484.76 0.59 1.47 0.91 Motorcycle 446.54 862.09 535.76 0.34 0.31 0.33 Bicycle and Tricycle 53.56 266.56 99.29 0.04 0.10 0.06 Animal-drawn vehicles 0.00 73.77 15.84 0.00 0.03 0.01 Operation of Personal Transport Equipment 2375.79 7504.20 3476.93 1.81 2.71 2.14 Spare Parts and Accessories 216.59 697.06 319.75 0.17 0.25 0.20
Fuel and Lubricants 1896.40 5893.99 2754.74 1.44 2.13 1.69 Maintenace and Repair 216.06 773.71 335.80 0.16 0.28 0.21 Other Services 46.73 139.44 66.64 0.04 0.05 0.04
Communication 2746.13 8678.19 4019.82 2.09 3.13 2.47
Recreation 1279.92 4795.46 2034.75 0.98 1.73 1.25
Education 4192.66 15354.68 6589.29 3.19 5.54 4.05 Tuition Fees 2609.55 10579.40 4320.78 1.99 3.82 2.66 Education not definable by level 31.01 221.48 71.91 0.02 0.08 0.04 Allowance for Family Members 1061.32 3488.38 1582.44 0.81 1.26 0.97 Other Educational Expenses 490.77 1065.42 614.16 0.37 0.38 0.38
105
106
Expenditure Total 277154.65 131246.75 100.00 100.00 100.00 162575.09
Food - Non Total 175611.88 66396.47 55.26 63.36 50.59 89846.45
Food Total 101542.77 64850.28 44.74 36.64 49.41 72728.64
Other Disbursements Other 45836.88 15471.37 13.53 16.54 11.79 21991.24
Expenditure Other 133.35 69.56 0.05 0.05 0.05 83.26
Gifts and Contribution to Others to Contribution and Gifts 4011.71 1702.71 1.35 1.45 1.30 2198.49
Taxes 4978.21 2207.63 1.72 1.80 1.68 2802.51
Expenditure Other 9123.28 3979.90 3.13 3.29 3.03 5084.25
Insurance life - Non and Life 2794.77 3630.11 6685.26 2.41 2.13 2.23
Protection Social 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Effects Personal 605.74 845.91 1724.32 0.62 0.46 0.52
Care Personal 4599.91 5498.34 8784.24 3.17 3.50 3.38
Services and Goods Miscellaneous 8136.69 10419.58 18769.00 6.77 6.20 6.41
Migrant Migrant
All Migrant With All Migrant With
Without Without Without Without
Disbursement Group Disbursement
(PHP) (%)
Average Annual Expenditure Annual Average
Expenditure as a Share of Total Expenditure Expenditure Total of Share a as Expenditure
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE INITIATIVE DEVELOPMENT AND MIGRATION WESTERN VISAYAS VISAYAS WESTERN -
Survey InstrumentSurvey Appendix C:
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
National Economic Development Authority University of the Philippines Visayas Foundation, Inc. MIGRATION SITUATION IN WESTERN VISAYAS
INTERVIEW SCHEDULE
IDENTIFICATION PROVINCE 01 AKLAN 02 ANTIQUE 03 CAPIZ 04 GUIMARAS 05 ILOILO 06 NEGROS OCCIDENTAL CITY/MUNICIPALITY 01 KALIBO 02 SAN JOSE 03 ROXAS CITY 04 JORDAN 05 ILOILO CITY 06 OTON 07 STA. BARBARA 08 BACOLOD CITY 09 SILAY 10 SAN CARLOS BARANGAY
HOUSEHOLD NUMBER NAME OF RESPONDENT
Number of Migrants in the Household Note: NUMBER OF MIGRANT INFORMATION QUESTIONNAIRE SHOULD CORRESPOND TO THE NUMBER OF MIGRANTS IN THE HOUSEHOLD CONTACT INFORMATION Date of Interview
Interviewer’s Name
Encoder
108 MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
PART 1. MIGRANT INFORMATION Note: ONE INFORMATION SHEET PER MIGRANT
HOUSEHOLD NUMBER MIGRANT NUMBER IS THE MIGRANT PRESENT DURING THE INTERVIEW YES NO
SECTION 1. SOCIO-DEOMGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF OFWS
NAME OF MIGRANT 1 ______01 MALE lalaki 2 SEX 02 FEMALE babayi 01 NEVER MARRIED/SINGLE wala naka-agi pakasal / solo lawas CIVIL STATUS 02 MARRIED/LIVING-IN kasado / may ginapuyo 3 Estado 03 WIDOWED balo 04 SEPARATED/DIVORCED/ANNULLED separado / separada 00 NO GRADE COMPLETED wala sang grado nga natapusan 01 PRE-SCHOOL nursery ukon kinder 02 ELEMENTARY LEVEL elementarya 03 ELEMENTARY GRADUATE nakatapos sa HIGHEST EDUCATIONAL elementarya 4 ATTAINMENT 04 HIGH SCHOOL LEVEL hayskul Pinakata-as nga tinun-an 05 HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATE nakatapos sa hayskul 06 COLLEGE LEVEL college 07 COLLEGE GRADUATE nakatapos sa college 08 POST BACCALAUREATE masters ukon doctorate 09 TECHNICAL/VOCATIONAL 98 DON’T KNOW wala ako kabalo
01 PERMANENT permanente RESIDENCE STATUS 5 02 TEMPORARY temporaryo Estado sang pagpuyo 03 IRREGULAR indi dokumentado
01 REGULAR regular (kompleto sa binipisyo) CASUAL casual (wala pa sang binipisyo) 02 JOB ORDER/CONTRACTUAL EMPLOYMENT STATUS kon may kinahanglanon lang ang opisina / 6 Estado sa Trabaho 03 kompaniya OTHERS (specify) iban pa (palihog ihambal) 04 ______
END OF SECTION 1. PROCEED TO SECTION 2.
109 MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
SECTION 2. WORK HISTORY OF OFW
A. BEFORE GOING ABROAD 01 OFFICIAL OF GOVERNEMT AND SPECIAL-INTEREST ORGANIZATION Nagatrabaho bilang opisyal sa gobyerno ukon organisasyon (NGO)
02 CORPORATE EXECUTIVE/MANAGER May pwesto sa privado nga kumpaniya / manager
03 PROFESSIONAL propesyonal
04 TECHNICIAN AND ASSOCIATE PROFESSIONAL Nagatrabaho bilang technician ukon nagabulig sa technician
05 CLERK nagatrabaho bilang sekretarya sa opisina
What was your job 06 SERVICE WORKER nagahatag serbisyo pareho sang before going abroad? waiter, janitor, masahista, yaya, kabulig sa sulod balay Ano ang imo ubra kag iban pa 7 antes ikaw maglakat sa luwas sang 07 FARMER, FORESTRY WORKER, OR FISHER nagapanguma, pungsod? nagapangisda, naga-obra bilang manugtanum/ manugbantay sang mga kakahuyan
08 TRADE AND RELATED WORK Nagapamaligya/ nagapamakal
09 PLANT AND MACHINE OPERATOR AND ASSEMBLER machine operator sa planta
10 LABORER AND UNSKILLED WORKER mamumugon, naga obra sa construction
11 NO WORK Wala obra
95 OTHERS (specify) Iban pa (palihog ihambal) ______01 BETTER PAYING JOB agud may mata-as nga sweldo What is the main
reason why you left for abroad? 02 TO BE WITH FAMILY agud maka-upod sa akon pamilya 8 Ano ang rason nga-a naglakat ikaw sa 95 OTHERS (specify) iban pa (palihog ihambal) luwas sang pungsod? ______
110 MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
B. PRESENT JOB
What year did the migrant leave for abroad? ______9 Sang ano nga tu-ig ikaw naglakat sa luwas sang pungsod?
How many months, in total, has the migrant been working abroad? 10 Pila na tanan bulan ikaw nagatrabaho sa luwas sang pungsod? Please note month and year migrant started working abroad ______01 OFFICIAL OF GOVERNEMENT AND SPECIAL-INTEREST ORGANIZATION Nagatrabaho bilang opisyal sa gobyerno ukon organisasyon pareho sa mga NGO
02 CORPORATE EXECUTIVE/MANAGER May pwesto sa privado nga companiya / manager
03 PROFESSIONAL propesyonal
04 TECHNICIAN AND ASSOCIATE PROFESSIONAL Nagatrabaho bilang technician ukon nagabulig sa technician
05 CLERK nagatrabaho bilang sekretarya sa opisina
What is your present 06 SERVICE WORKER nagahatag serbisyo pareho sang job abroad? waiter, janitor, masahista, yaya, kabulig sa sulod balay 11 Ano ang imo trabaho kag iban pa sa luwas sang
pungsod? 07 FARMER, FORESTRY WORKER, OR FISHER nagapanguma, nagapangisda, naga-obra bilang manugtanum/ manugbantay sang mga kakahuyan
08 TRADE AND RELATED WORK Nagapamaligya/ nagapamakal
09 PLANT AND MACHINE OPERATOR AND ASSEMBLER machine operator sa planta
10 LABORER AND UNSKILLED WORKER mamumugon, naga obra sa construction
95 OTHERS (specify) iban pa (palihog ihambal) ______What is the nature of work? 01 LAND-BASED Nagatinir lang sa duta 12 Ano ang klase sang 02 SEA-BASED Nagasakay sa barko imo trabaho
111 MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
Where is the current place of work? Sa di-in ikaw subong nga pungsod naga-trabaho? 13 ______
How many years have you been in your current job? 14 Pila na ikaw katu-ig sa trabaho mo subong?
How much is your salary per month? ______15 Don’t know Pila ang sweldo mo kada bulan?
How much is your average monthly cash remittance? ______16 Mga pila ang imo ginapadala kada bulan sa imo pamilya?
How often do you send remittance in a 01 MONTHLY kada bulan year? Mga pila ka 02 QUARTERLY (EVERY THREE MONTHS) beses ikaw kada tatlo ka bulan 17 nagapadala sang 03 ANNUALLY (ONCE A YEAR) kis-a sa isa katu-ig kwarta sa imo 95 OTHERS (specify) iban pa (palihog ihambal) pamilya sa isa katu- ______ig? 01 THROUGH BANK DEPOSIT gina deposito sa bangko
02 DOOR-TO-DOOR DELIVERY Gindul-ong sa balay sang mga pareho sa LBC
03 THROUGH BANK REMITTANCE FACILITY ginapa-agi sa remittance sang bangko How do you send your remittance? 04 THROUGH MONEY TRANSFER SERVICE (Western Union, Paano mo ginapadala Money Gram, etc) Gina money transfer pareho sang 18 ang kwarta para sa Western Union, Money Gram kag iban pa imo pamilya? (Multiple Response) 05 THROUGH FRIEND/RELATIVE Ginapa-agi sa kilala/ paryente
06 THROUGH AGENCY/LOCAL OFFICE Ginapa-agi sa opisina / agency nga gina-obrahan
95 OTHERS (specify) iban pa (palihog ihambal) ______
112 MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
01 HOUSEHOLD EXPENSES galastuhan sa sulod sang balay
02 SCHOOL EXPENSES galastuhan sa eskwelahan
03 MEDICAL EXPENSES What is the purpose galastuhan sa bulong/check-up/ospital of the cash remittance? Ano ang 04 CONSTRUCTION OF HOUSE galastuhan para 19 ginagastuhan sang magpatindog/ pakay-o / padugang sang balay kwarta nga imo ginapadala? 05 PURCHASE A LOT galastuhon para magbakal sang duta
06 FOR BUSINESS galastuhon para sa negosyo
95 OTHERS (specify) iban pa (palihog ihambal) ______Does a portion of your cash remittance go to 01 YES Hu-o savings? May ara man 20 sang parti sang imo 02 NO à PROCEED TO 22 Wala kadto sa 22 ginapadala nga ginatago sa bangko? How much of your cash remittance goes to savings? (state actual amount) 21 ______Pila sa ginapadala mo nga kwarta ang ginatago sa bangko? Are you engaged in business abroad? 01 YES Hu-o 22 May ara man ikaw 02 NO à PROCEED TO 24 Wala kadto sa 24 negosyo sa luwas sang pungsod? What is your business? Ano ang imo negosyo didto sa luwas sang pungsod? 23 ______Is your current job also your first job abroad? Ang imo bala 01 YES Hu-o à PROCEED TO SECTION 3 24 trabaho subong amo 02 NO Indi ini ang una mo nga trabaho sa luwas sang pungsod? C. FIRST JOB ABROAD What is the nature of work? 01 LAND-BASED Nagatinir lang sa duta 25 Ano ang klase sang 02 SEA-BASED Nagasakay sa barko imo trabaho Where is the place of work when the migrant first left abroad? Sa di-in ikaw nga 26 pungsod una nagtrabaho? ______
113 MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
27 How many years were you in your first job abroad? Pila katu-ig ikaw nagtinir sa una mo nga trabaho sa luwas sang pungsod? END OF SECTION 2. PROCEED TO SECTION 3.
SECTION 3. TRIPS TO THE PHILIPPINES
How often does the 01 EVERY SIX MONTHS kada anum ka bula migrant come home 02 EVERY YEAR ka isa sa isa ka tu-ig to the Philippines? 28 03 EVERY TWO YEARS kada duha ka tuig Kada san-o ikaw 04 EVERY FIVE YEARS kada lima ka tuig naga-puli sa 95 OTHERS (specify) ______Pilipinas?
29 How many days does the migrant spend in the Philippines? Kon magpuli ikaw diri sa Pilipina, pila ka adlaw ikaw nagatinir?
What is the purpose of the trips? ______30 Ano ang katuyu-an sang imo mga pagpa-uli?
END OF SECTION 3. PROCEED TO SECTION 4.
END OF INTERVIEW IF THE MIGRANT IS NOT AVAILABLE. PROCEED TO PART 2 (HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE)
114 MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
SECTION 4. ISSUES AND CONCERNS
A. MIGRANT’S WELFARE ISSUES
Do/Did you experience 01 YES Hu-o welfare issues? Naka-agi 02 NO Wala 31 ikaw nga nagkaproblema sa imo trabaho? 01 MALTREATMENT/MISTREATMENT ginasakit / ginapagutoman / ginabuyayaw sa trabaho 02 DELAYED/NONPAYMENT OF WAGES Atrasado nga paghatag sang sweldo / wala ginbayaran sang sweldo What welfare issues have 03 POOR WORKING CONDITIONS you experienced? 32 Mabudlay ang hamintangan sa trabaho Ano ang imo nangin 04 OVERSTAYING nag-sobra na ako sa ginatugot nga problema? inadlaw sang pagtinir 05 CIVIL WAR Gyera sa lugar nga akon ginatrabahu-an 09 OTHERS (specify) ______
B. FAMILY-RELATED ISSUES AND CONCERNS
Are the following causing you (the migrant) apprehension and worries? Nagadala bala sang pagkabalaka / palaligban sa migrant ang mga masunod?
HEALTH RELATIONSHI FINANCIAL OTHERS P PROBLEMS PROBLEMS (specify) Ikaayong lawas Palaligban sa Palaligban sa Iban pa pag-updanay/ kwarta palihog
ihambal pagtamdanay
Y N Y N Y N SPOUSE asawa/ 33 1 2 1 2 1 2 bana CHILDREN 34 1 2 1 2 1 2 Kabataan PARENTS 35 1 2 1 2 1 2 Ginikanan SIBLINGS 36 1 2 1 2 1 2 Mga utod
END OF SECTION 4. PROCEED TO SECTION 5.
115 MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
SECTION 5. PLANS AS RETURN MIGRANT
When are you planning to stay the Philippines permanently? (year) ______37 Sa ano ikaw nga tu-ig naga plano nga ma-untat na sa pagtrabaho sa luwas kag magpauli na lang sa Pilipinas? 01 BUSINESS VENTURE negosyo What are your expected sources of 02 PENSION pensyon income? Ano ang imo nga saligan 03 38 SAVINGS tinago (sa bangko) nga kuha-an sang income (kita) sa 95 OTHERS (specify) iban pa (palihog imo pagtinir sa Pilipinas ihambal) ______
END OF SECTION 5. PROCEED TO SECTION 6.
116 MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
SECTION 6. GOVERNMENT SUPPORT AND DISASTER RISK REDUCTION INITIATIVE 39 Are you aware of Type Y N the following programs 01 Health Care Benefits 1 2 provided by the Mga benepisyo agud ma-amligan government? 02 Disability and Death Benefits 1 2 May nabal-an Mga benepisyo nga makuha kon ikaw parti sa mga masunod nga 03 Upgrading Programs 1 2 programa sang gobyerno? Programa nga nagabulig nga madugangan ang nahibal-an sa trabaho 04 Repatriation Support 1 2 Bulig para makabalik sa Pilipinas kon mabudlay ang paghalin sa lugar nga gina-obrahan 05 Reintegration Assistance 1 2 Bulig nga ginahatag agud makapangabuhi liwat sa Pilipinas pagkatapos sang trabaho sa luwas sang pungsod 06 Scholarship Program for 1 2 Dependents Scholarship para sa mga kabata- an ukon ginasagod sang naga trabaho sa luwas sang pungsod 07 Educational Loan Program 1 2 Programa nga nagapahulam sang kwarta agud may ibayad sa galastuhan sa eskwelahan 08 Livelihood Program 1 2 Programa nga nagabulig sa ka
What other support services will you request from the government? 40 ______Ano nga iban pa gid nga bulig / serbisyo ang imo ginapangayo sa gobyerno? Are you willing to contribute to a fund to be managed by the government to support YES à PROCEED TO 43 Hu-o disaster risk reduction initiatives? 01 kadto sa 43 41 Mapasugot ka bala mag-amot para sa pundo 02 NO à PROCEED TO 42 Indi nga makahatag sang proteksyon sa imo kadto sa 42 pamilya kon sila mangin biktima sang kalamidad?
117 MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
Why? Nga-a? 42 ______
How much are you willing to contribute every year? Kon mapasugot ikaw nga mag- 43 amot, pila ayhan ang pwede mo maghatag kasa tu-ig? ______01 BANK DEPOSIT i-deposito ang bayad sa bangko 02 THROUGH THE AGENCY/
LOCAL OFFICE i-paagi ang bayad sa isa ka ahensya / lokal nga opisina What is your preferred mode of payment? 44 Ano ang gusto mo nga paagi sa pagbayad? 03 PERSONAL DELIVERY TO THE OFFICE ihatag ko lang sa opisina nga responsabli sa pagpanukot
OTHERS (specify) iban pa (palihog ihambal) 04 ______
END OF INTERVIEW. IF THERE IS MORE THAN ONE MIGRANT IN THE HOUSEHOLD, INTERVIEW THE NEXT MIGRANT. AFTER ALL THE MIGRANTS ARE INTERVIEWED PROCEED TO PART 2 (HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE).
118
119
END OF SECTION 1. PROCEED TO SECTION 2. SECTION TO PROCEED 1. SECTION OF END
employees
Employed without without Employed - Self = 05
employees
98 = Don’t Know Don’t = 98 Parent = 06 98 = Don’t Know Don’t = 98 employed with with employed - Self = 04
11 = Not Related Not = 11 Grandchild = 05 09 = Technical/Vocational = 09 Level School High = 04 Annulled 03 = Work for Government for Work = 03
10 = Adopted/Foster/Stepchild = 10 law - in - Son/Daughter = 04 08 = Post Baccalaureate Post = 08 Graduate Elementary = 03 Separated/Divorced/ = 04 Establishments Service = 03
09 = Other Relative Other = 09 Daughter or Son = 03 07 = College Graduate College = 07 Level Elementary = 02 Widowed = 03 02 = Work for Private Private for Work = 02 Manufacturing Industry/ = 02
08 = Brother or Sister or Brother = 08 Spouse = 02 06 = College Level College = 06 School - Pre = 01 in - Married/Living = 02 or Farm or forestry) farming,
07 = Parent = 07 Migrant = 01 05 = High School Graduate School High = 05 Completed Grade No = 00 Married/Single Never = 01 law - in - 01 = Work for Private Household Household Private for Work = 01 (fisheries, Agriculture = 01
(Nature of Work) of (Nature Sector)
CODES FOR Q101 (Relationship to the Migrant) the to (Relationship Q101 FOR CODES CODES FOR Q107 (Educational Attainment) (Educational Q107 FOR CODES Status) (Civil Q106 FOR CODES
CODES FOR Q110 FOR CODES (Employment Q109 FOR CODES
(use additional sheets if necessary) if sheets additional (use
07 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
06 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
05 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
04 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
03 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
02
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
01 (Respondent) 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
1) F M N Y N Y N Y N Y
(10 (102) (106) (105) (104) (103) (110) (109) (108) (107) (112) (111) (113)
trabaho subong insurance? lawas? sa
an - tinun
sang sang trabaho Philhealth ukon pareho nga nga pareho ukon Philhealth Masakiton? kasablagan
as nga nga as
Klase Klase May May ara ikaw snag snag ikaw ara May Illness? May luwas - Pinakata
Work Sektor Working health insurance? health Chronic abled?
nagatrabaho sa sa nagatrabaho nt
Nature of of Nature Sector Currently Have Philhealth or other other or Philhealth Have With Differently angtanan sa sa angtanan - Ka panimalay sang myembro Mga Estado Attainme
(Use additional sheets if necessary) if sheets additional (Use No. al al Status Edad Migrant the
USUAL RESIDENTS USUAL Line
Relationship to to Relationship Age Sex Education Civil Employment Status Employment
Health
SECTION 1. HOUSEHOLD MEMBERSHIP HOUSEHOLD 1. SECTION
PART 2. HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE HOUSEHOLD 2. PART
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE INITIATIVE DEVELOPMENT AND MIGRATION WESTERN VISAYAS VISAYAS WESTERN -
204 203 202 201 CHARACTERISTICS HOUSEHOLD A.
ang salug sang balay? sang ang salug observation) (Record FLOOR THE OF MATERIAL MAIN magluto? para gatong gina Ano ang for cooking? your household does fuel of What type kasilyas? sang klase Ano nga use? household theof members do facility toilet of kind What tubig ilimnan? Sa di household? the of water drinking of main source the What is SECTION 2. PSYCHOSECTION 2. - in nagakuha sang in sang nagakuha
- usar nga usar nga
mainly Ano -
GRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF CHARACTERISTICS MIGRANTS’ HOUSEHOLDS GRAPHIC
use
03 02 01 95 06 05 04 03 02 01 95 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 95 05 95 06 05 04 03 02 01 04
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE INITIATIVE DEVELOPMENT AND MIGRATION
COMPOSTING TOILET COMPOSTING PIT LATRINE debuhos / flush may kasilyas nga TOILET FLUSH POUR OR FLUSH ______(specify) OTHERS STATION WATER/REFILLING BOTTLED TRUCK TANKER RAINWATER SPRING FROM WATER WELL PROTECTED PIPED WATER ______(specify) OTHERS MARBLE CARPET TILES CERAMIC LINOLEUM VINYL POLISHED WOOD FLOOR CEMENTED FINISHED wood/ planks/ (wood FLOOR RUDIMENTARY (earth/sand) FLOOR NATURAL ______(specify) OTHERS / dagami CROP STRAW/SHRUBS/GRASS/AGRICULTURAL WOOD CHARCOAL KEROSENE LPG ELECTRICITY ______(specify) OTHERS TOILET PUBLIC kasilyas Wala sang NO FACILITY/BUSH/FIELD/ETC
bamboo) bamboo)
Gasul kahoy
Gas Uling
buho tubig ulan tubig kuryente kahoy / kawayan / kahoy tubig halin sa tubo halin tubig
kumon nga kasilyas tubig nga ginabaligya sa trak ginabaligya nga tubig
iban pa (palihog (palihog ihambal) pa iban iban pa (palihog (palihog ihambal) pa iban (palihog ihambal) pa iban (palihog ihambal) pa iban
kahoy nga mahining nga kahoy bubon nga may tabon bubon may nga
tubig halin sa tuburan halin sa tubig
semento nga mahining nga semento
duta
-
WESTERN VISAYAS VISAYAS WESTERN mineral water mineral
120
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
01 NO ROOF wala atup
02 NATURAL ROOFING (Nipa/cogon) nipa/kogon
03 RUDIMENTARY ROOFING sari-sari ang materyales (Palm/bamboo/wood planks/makeshift/ cardboard/tarpaulin) MAIN MATERIAL OF THE
ROOF 205 04 GALVANIZED IRON/ALUMINUM (Record observation) Ano WOOD sin ang atup sang balay?
05 CALAMIN/CEMENT FIBER Hardiflex
06 ROOFING SHINGLES
95 OTHERS (specify) Iban pa (palihog ihambal) ______01 NATURAL WALLS amakan / nipa / tadtad (dirt/ cane/palm/trunks)
02 RUDIMENTARY WALLS sari-sari nga materyales (bamboo/stone with mud/uncovered adobe/ MAIN MATERIAL OF THE plywood/ makeshift/ cardboard/ reused EXTERIOR WALLS material) 206 (Record observation) Ano ang dingding sang 03 FINISHED WALLS semento (cement/ stone with balay? lime/bricks/ cement/ hollow blocks/wood plank/ galvanized iron/aluminum)
95 OTHERS (specify) iban pa (palihog ihambal) ______
01 OWNED/BEING AMORTIZED/OWNER-LIKE
POSSESSION ginapanag-iyahan / ginahulugan
What is the tenure status RENTED gina-arkilahan 02 of your lot? RENT-FREE WITH OWNER CONSENT 03 207 Ano estado sang wala naga arkila pero may pagpahanugot sang tag
pagpanag-iya mo sang -iya
duta? RENT-FREE WITHOUT OWNER CONSENT 04 Wala naga arkila pero wala sang pahanugot sang
tag-iya
How many rooms in this household are used for 208 sleeping? Pila ka kwarto ROOMS ang ginatulugan?
121 MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
B. MATERIAL POSSESSIONS Does your Type Y N Number household of units (209) have the following: 01 Electricity kuryente 1 2 (na) 02 Radio/radio cassettes radyo 1 2 (should be 03 Television 1 2 working or 04 Cable Television 1 2 functioning) 05 Landline/wireless landline 1 2 Ano telephone Telepono panimalay 06 Washing machine 1 2 bala may ara sang 07 CD/VCD/DVD Player 1 2 mga 08 Component or Karaoke 1 2 masunod? 09 Aircon 1 2 10 Electric Fan 1 2 11 Microwave Oven 1 2 12 Refrigerator 1 2
Does your household or Type Number of any member of your units household own: (211) (212) (should be working or Y N functioning) 01 Bicycle/Trisikad/ 1 2 Pedicab Ang inyo bala panimalay 02 Motorcycle/Tricycle 1 2 ukon myembro sang panimalay may ara 03 Car/Jeep/Van 1 2 sang: 04 Tractor kuliglig 1 2
213 Does your household or any member of your household own Yes = 1 a cellphone? Ang inyo bala panimalay ukon myembro sang No = 2 à PROCEED TO panimalay may ara sang cellphone? 216 How many cellphones by Type How many? type? Pila kabilog ang inyo cell phone kag mga (214) Pila kabilog? ano nga klase ini? (215) (multiple response) 01 Basic Phones Ordinaryo nga cell phone 02 Smart Phones 09 Others ______
122 MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
216 Does your household or any member of your Yes = 1 household own a personal or laptop computer? Ang No = 2 à PROCEED TO 219 inyo bala panimalay ukon myembro sang panimalay may ara sang personal computer ukon laptop?
How many units Type Check if How many? of laptop and ‘yes’ personal Pila kabilog? (217) computers? (218) (multiple response) 01 Laptop (Basic/netbook) 02 Laptop (Touch Screen)
Pila kabilog ang 03 Laptop (Ultrabook/ computer kag MacBook) laptop? 04 Desktop Computer
09 Others ______
219 Does your household or any member of your Yes = 1 household own other types of gadgets? (such as No = 2 à PROCEED TO cameras, PSP, Wii, Tablets, IPAD, Xbox) 222 Ang inyo bala panimalay ukon myembro sang panimalay may ara sang mga gadgets? How many units Type Check if How many? of gadgets? ‘yes’ (221) Pila kabilog ang gadgets? 01 Camera (Basic point and (multiple shoot) response) 02 Camera (DSLR) 03 Gaming Consoles (Wii, Xbox, PSP, playstation) 04 Android Tablets 05 Ipad 06 MP3 player, Ipod 09 Others
222 Do you have an Internet Connection at home? Yes = 1 May ara kamo Internet sa inyo balay? No = 2
123 MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
C. REAL PROPERTIES AND BUSINESSES Do you or any member of your household own any real property? Ang imo bala panimalay ukon myembro Yes = 1 223 sang panimalay bala may ginapanag- No = 2 à PROCEED TO 226 iyahan nga iban pa nga propiedad (duta, condominium ukon town house)? Type Y N Lot area/number of units
(225) (224) kadaku-on sang propyedad / pila kabilog ang units? What are the 01 Agricultural land 1 2 types of real Duta nga ulumhan properties? 02 Fishponds Punong Ano nga mga 03 Residential lot 1 2 klase propyedad? Duta nga balalayan (multiple 04 Commercial lot 1 2 response) Duta sa commercial area 05 Townhouse 1 2 06 Condominium 1 2 09 Others ______1 2 Iban pa
Do you or any member of your household own or manage a business? Ikaw ukon ang Yes = 1 226 myembro bala sang imo panimalay may ara No = 2 à PROCEED TO 228 sang negosyo? What kind of business? Ano nga klase sang negosyo? 227 ______Does your family have any outstanding loan at present? Yes = 1 228 May ara bala sang loan ang imo pamilya No = 2 à PROCEED TO 230 subong? 01 BANKS Bangko 02 OTHER FORMAL LENDING INSTITUIONS (Cooperatives/ SSS/GSIS, etc) 03 Mga ahensya nga nagapahulam Where have you availed of the loan? 229 INFORMAL LENDING (Private individuals, Sa di-in ikaw nag loan? 5-6) Mga pribado nga tawo nga 09 nagapahulam OTHERS (specify) Iban pa (palihog ihambal) ______
124 MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
D. LEISURE TIME ACTIVITIES Do you and your family travel regularly for vacation? Yes = 1 230 Naga byahe bala ikaw ukon ang imo No = 2 à PROCEED TO 234 pamilya para magbakasyon?
231 How many times do you travel for vacation every year? Mga pila ka beses sa isa katu-ig ikaw ukon ang imo pamilya naga byahe?
232 How many days do you usually spend on travel vacation? Mga pila ka adlaw kamo nagabakasyon? 01 WITHIN THE MUNICIPALITY Diri lang sa amon banwa
02 WITHIN THE PROVINCE, OUTSIDE MUNICIPALITY Diri lang Where do you sa probinsya pero sa luwas sang banwa usually go when you travel for vacation? WITHIN THE REGION, OUTSIDE PROVINCE Diri lang sa 233 Sa di-in kamo 03 rehiyon pero sa luwas sang probinsya masami naga byahe para magbakasyon? WITHIN THE COUNTRY, OUTSIDE THE REGION Diri lang 04 sang pungsod pero sa luwas sang reyon.
05 ABROAD/OUTSIDE THE COUNTRY Sa luwas sang pungsod Do you and your family eat in fine dining restaurants? Yes = 1 234 Ikaw bala kag ang imo pamilya naga gwa No = 2 à PROCEED TO 236 para magka-on sa mga malahalon nga kala -an? In the last three (3) months, how many times did your family eat in fine dining restaurants?
235 Sa nagligad nga tatlo ka bulan, kapila kamo sang imo pamilya mag-gwa para magka-on sa mga malahalon nga kalan-an? Do you and your family eat in fast food restaurants? Yes = 1 236 Nagaka-on ikaw kag ang imo pamilya sa No = 2 à PROCEED TO 238 mga fastfood restaurants pareho sang Jollibee kag McDo?
125 MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
In the last three (3) months, how many times did your family eat in fast food
237 restaurants? Sang nagligad nga tatlo ka bulan, kapila kamo sang imo pamilya nag-gwa para magka-on sa mga fastfood restaurants? Do you and your family go shopping in a local mall? Naga pamakal ikaw kag ang Yes = 1 238 imo pamilya sa mga mall malapit sa inyo No = 2 à PROCEED TO 240 balay? In the last three (3) months, how many times did your family go shopping in a local 239 mall? Sang nagligad nga tatlo ka bulan, kapila ang imo pamilya magpamalaklon sa malapit nga mall ? Do you and your family go shopping in Manila? Yes = 1 240 Nagalakat ikaw kag ang imo pamilya No = 2 à PROCEED TO 242 agud magpamalaklon sa Manila?
241 How many times in a year does your family go shopping in Manila? Kapila sa isa katuig ang imo pamilya maglakat agud magpamalaklon sa Manila? 242 Aside from the ones mentioned above, what are the other leisure activities engaged in by your family? Wala labot sa nahambal na nga mga hilikuton, ano pa gid ang iban nga hilikuton sang imo pamilya kon wala sing obra ukon klase? (Check all mentioned)
Stay at Home (Watch TV, Listen to the radio, etc) Sa balay lang, naga lantaw TV, pamati radio, etc. Playing Bingo in the Mall Naga bingo sa mall Watching Movies Nagatan-aw sang sine sa sinehan Watching concerts/plays Nagakadto sang mga concerts ukon plays Watching concerts/plays in Manila or outside the country Nagalakat sa Manila ukon sa luwas sang pungsod agud magkadto sa concerts kag plays Others (specify) iban pa (palihog ihambal) ______
END OF SECTION 2. PROCEED TO SECTION 3.
126 MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
SECTION 3. FUTURE PLANS
301 What are your plans for your 01 Send children to private school children’s education? Pa-eskwelahon ang kabataan sa private school Ano ang plano mo para sa Send children to college pag-eskwela sang imo 02 Pa-eskwelahon ang kabataan sa college kabataan? Enroll children in certain courses (such as Nursing, (multiple response) 03 Medicine or Law) Ipa-enroll ang kabataan sa kurso pareho sang Nursing, Medicine ukon Law Send children to training schools (such as culinary 04 art school, TESDA) Ipa-enroll ang kabataan sa mga eskwelahan nga nahatag sang espesyal nga training pareho sang culinary art school Do you plan to acquire properties in the future? Yes = 1 302 Naga plano ikaw nga maka-angkon sang propyedad No = 2 à PROCEED TO 304 sa pila ka adlaw? 303 What are these? 01 Buy/own a house and lot Ano nga klase sang Mabakal /panag-iya sang balay kag duta propyedad? 02 Buy/own other real property (multiple response) Mabakal / panag-iya sang mga duta, condominium ukon iban pa nga pareho sini 03 Finish amortizing for a house Tapuson bayad ang ginahulugan nga balay 09 Others (specify) iban (palihog ihambal) ______304 What are your financial plans 01 Invest in a bank for the future? Magbutang sang puhunan sa bangko Ano ang plano mo agud 02 Life insurance Magbakal sang life insurance mapadamu ang imo kwarta 03 Invest in stocks sa pila ka adlaw? Magbutang sang puhunan sa stocks (multiple response) 04 Buy a memorial lot/life plan/ columbary Bakal sang
duta sa patyo/ life plan / kolumbaryo
Others (specify) iban pa (palihog ihambal) 09 ______
305 What are your retirement plans? 01 Buy a farm mabakal sang uma Ano ang plano mo kon mag 02 Set-up a business matukod sang negosyo retire ka na? 03 Travel ma byahe (multiple response) 09 Others (specify) iban pa (palihog ihambal) ______
END OF SECTION 3. PROCEED TO SECTION 4.
127 MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
SECTION 4. ISSUES AND CONCERNS REGARDING THE MIGRANT
Do you have worries and concerns regarding the welfare of your migrant family member? May Yes = 1 401 mga ginakabalak-an / ginapaligban bala ikaw No = 2 à PROCEED TO SECTION 5 nahanungod sa kaayuhan sang myembro sang pamilya nga didto sa luwas sang pungsod? In the last three (3) months, has the migrant expressed issues and concerns regarding his/her work and workplace? Yes = 1 402 Sa nagligad nga tatlo ka bulan, nakapabutyag No = 2 à PROCEED TO 404 bala sang pagkabalaka / pagpalibog ang myembro sang pamilya nga didto sa luwas parti sa iya trabaho ukon gina-trabahu-an? 403 What are these issues? Ano nga mga isyu ang iya ginakabalak-an / ginapaligban (Check all mentioned) Problem with boss/employer Problema sa boss/ amo Difficulty in performing work responsibilities Nabudlayan maghikot sang responsibilidad sa trabaho Difficult relationship with co-workers Indi maayo nga relasyon sa mga upod sa trabaho Dangerous work environment Makatalagam ang lugar nga ginatrabahu-an Peace and order Others (specify) ______
In the last three (3) months, has the migrant expressed issues and concerns regarding his/her health? Yes = 1 404 Sa nagligad nga tatlo ka bulan nakapabutyag No = 2 à PROCEED TO 406 bala ang sang kabalaka/ pagpalibog ang myembro sang pamilya nga didto sa luwas sang pungsod parti sa iya ikaayong lawas? 405 What are these? Ano ang mga ginakabalak-an ukon ginaproblemahan? (Check all mentioned) Suffering from a chronic illness (hypertension, diabetes, etc) pagta-as sang presyon/ sugar sa dugo kag iban pa Lack of sleep indi makatulog Suffered an injury nabali-an/ napilasan Chest or back pain pagsakit sang dughan ukon likod Others (specify) iban pa (palihog ihambal) ______
128 MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
In the last three (3) months, has your family encountered any problem related to the migrant’s being away? Sang nagligad nga tatlo ka Yes = 1 406 bulan, naka-agi bala ang pamilya nga No = 2 à PROCEED TO SECTION 5 ginbudlayan tungod malayo ang myembro nga didto sa luwas sang pungsod? 407 What are these? Ano ini nga mga kabudlayan? (Check all mentioned) Problem of migrant and spouse Problema sa pagtamdanay sang mag-asawa Strained relationship between migrant and child/children Problema sa pagtamdanay sang ginikanan kag kabataan Strained relationship between migrant and siblings Problema sa pagtamdanay sang mag-ulutod Strained relationship between migrant and parents Problem sa pagtamdanay sang bata kag ginikanan Others (specify) iban pa (palihog ihambal) ______
END OF SECTION 4. PROCEED TO SECTION 5.
SECTION 5. USE OF REMITTANCE
How many members of your family/household is currently abroad? 501 Pila ka myembro sang pamilya/ panimalay ang ara sa luwas sang pungsod subong?
How many are living there permanently? 502 Pila ang didto na gid permanente nga naga-istar?
How many are working there temporarily? 503 Pila ang didto lang naga trabaho? How often in a year does your family receive 01 MONTHLY kada bulan remittance? Ka pila sa isa 02 QUARTERLY kada tatlo ka bulan 504 katu-ig ang imo pamilya nagabaton sang kwarta 03 ANNUALLY kada tu-ig halin sa myembro nga didto 09 Others_____ sa luwas sang pungsod?
129 MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
01 Deposited to bank account Gina deposito sa bangko
02 Door-to-door delivery Gindul-ong sa balay sang mga pareho sa LBC
Where is the remittance 03 Claimed at a bank remittance usually claimed? Facility Ginakuha sa remittance sang bangko Sa di-in ninyo masami
ginakuha ang kwarta nga 04 Money transfer facility (such as Western Union) 505 ginapadala sang myembro Ginakuha paagi sa money transfer sang pamilya nga didto sa
luwas sang pungsod? 05 Sent thru Friend/relative
Ginapadala paagi sa kilala / paryente (Multiple Response)
06 Agency/local office Ginakuha sa ahensya / opisina nga gina-obrahan
09 Others (specify) iban pa (palihog ihambal) ______506 What is the remittance for? (Check all mentioned) Para sa ano ang kwarta nga ginapadala Household expenses Galastuhan sa sulod sang balay School expenses Galastuhan sa eskwelahan Medical expenses Galastuhan sa bulong/check-up/ospital Savings Para tagu-on sa bangko Investment on stocks, bank, etc Puhunan sa stocks, bangko, iban pa Set up of business Para ipatukod sang negosyo Luxury items (cars, jewelry) Ibakal / ihulog sa awto ukon alahas Electronic devices, computer, cellphones Ibakal sang computer, cellphone Shopping Para ipamalaklon Others ______
Do you set aside a portion of the remittance as savings? Nagabilin ka gid 1 Yes 507 sang parti sang ginapadala 2 No à END. nga kwarta para tagu-on sa bangko? How much do you set aside for savings? Pila ang imo ginabilin para tagu-on sa bangko? 508 ______
END OF INTERVIEW. THANK YOU VERY MUCH.
130
REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT COUNCIL Western Visayas Region (Region VI) NEDA VI Building, Fort San Pedro, Iloilo City 5000
Tel. No.: (033) 337-6840 / 336-2392 / 336-2075 / 336-9787 / 335-1070 Web Address: http://www.neda-rdc6.ph Email address: [email protected]