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New Insights Into Feminizing Genitoplasty ______ SURGICAL TECHNIQUE Vol. 47 (4): 861-867, July - August, 2021 doi: 10.1590/S1677-5538.IBJU.2020.0839 Complete corporeal preservation clitoroplasty: new insights into feminizing genitoplasty _______________________________________________ Nicolas Fernandez 1, 2, 3, Julián Chavarriaga 1, Jaime Pérez 1, 2 1 Division of Urology, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota, Colombia; 2 Department of Urology, Fundacion Santa Fe de Bogota, Bogota, Colombia; 3 Division of Urology, Seattle Children’s Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States ABSTRACT ARTICLE INFO Introduction: 46,XX Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) remains the first cause Julián Chavarriaga of genital virilization and current surgical techniques aim to restore female aspect http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0158-504X of genitalia while preserving dorsal neurovascular bundle but not at the expense of not preserving erectile tissue. We aim to report our experience with a new surgical Keywords: technique for clitoroplasty, completely preserving corporeal bodies, neurovascular Surgical Procedures, Operative; bundles without dismembering the clitoris, in four patients with over a year follow up. Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital; Materials and Methods: After IRB approval four patients with 46,XX CAH and Prader 5 Clitoris and 3 external genitalia, underwent feminizing genitoplasty. Complete preservation of Int Braz J Urol. 2021; 47: 861-7 erectile tissue was accomplished without a need to dissect dorsal neurovascular bundle. _____________________ Glans size allowed no need for glanular reduction and there was no need to dismember Submitted for publication: the corporeal bodies. September 18, 2020 Results: Four patients 12 to 24-months-old underwent complete corporeal preservation _____________________ clitoroplasty (CCPC), mean age was 18.5 months, mean follow up was 10.25 months. Accepted after revision: Vaginoplasty was performed in all patients with partial urogenital mobilization (PUM) September 28, 2020 and Urogenital Sinus flap (UF), only one severely virilized patient required a parasagittal _____________________ pre-rectal approach to mobilize the vagina. We had no complications until last follow up. Published as Ahead of Print: Conclusion: To our knowledge, we are introducing the concept of CCPC without the January 10, 2021 need of disassembling the corporeal bodies, neurovascular bundle and glans. It stands as a new alternative for feminizing genitoplasty with complete preservation of erectile tissue and no dissection of neurovascular bundle. Although there is still lacking long- term follow-up, it represents a new step in conservative reconfiguration of the external virilized female genitalia. INTRODUCTION of 21-hydroxilase, followed by 11β-hydroxylase. The lack of these enzymes manifests with varying One of the most complex problems of pedi- degrees of virilization of the external genitalia as atric urology is the surgical management of disor- the result of excess androgenic metabolites (1-3). ders of sex development (DSD). Congenital adre- Management of DSDs should be conduct- nal hyperplasia (CAH) is the most common 46,XX ed by a transdisciplinary team that allows proper DSD with a prevalence of 1 in 15.000 newborns (1). genetic counseling, accurate diagnosis, classifica- The most frequent cause is enzymatic deficiency tion of the DSD, individualized surgical planning 861 IBJU | COMPLETE CORPOREAL PRESERVATION CLITOROPLASTY and a comprehensive decision-making process in- (CCPC) technique and hereby we present our sur- volving the family (1, 4). Feminizing genitoplasty gical approach. (FG) still remains a topic of controversy in many countries and cultures. Most families opt for early MATERIALS AND METHODS surgery, considering the positive implications for children’s psychosocial development, relieving After institutional ethics board approv- parents distress and restoring “normal” external al, IRB number 20190531-805, following ex- genital configuration. Szymanski et al. evaluated tended discussion with the parents, health care parental decisional regret after FG, they reported providers and after a transdisciplinary meet- that 20.5% of parents, reported some regret, in ing for disorders of sex development (DSD) re- contrast no parent would have chosen again de- cords of all patients that underwent FG between layed surgery (1, 4-6). 2018-2019 were reviewed, we identified 4 pa- FG generally involves: labioplasty, vagi- tients who underwent CCPC. All patients had noplasty, urethroplasty and clitoroplasty, the lat- never undergone surgery prior to this inter- ter has been the main focus of discussion for pedi- vention. Patient clinical and sociodemographic atric urologists and reconstructive surgeons given characteristics are listed in Table-1. the crucial role that clitoris has in female sexual- ity. Most authors agree that every effort should Surgical Technique be make in order to preserve clitoral innervation and function. Clitoral amputation techniques have Patients were prepped and draped in the been abandoned, and burying the corpora under- usual sterile fashion, allowing the possibility of neath the pubis remains uncertain considering the changing from prone to supine without a need to potential for painful clitoral erections. At present re-drape the patient (10, 11). The procedure was most surgeons preserve the neurovascular bundle then started with an endoscopic evaluation of the (NVB) and erectile tissue is excised (7-9). More re- urinary tract including vaginoscopy. The urogeni- cently, Pippi Salle described the corporeal spar- tal sinus (UGS), vaginal and urethral length were ing dismembered clitoroplasty (CSDC) technique measured (Figure-1). in which the NVB is separated from the glans and A 3 Fr Fogarty catheter was left inside the corporeal bodies, which then are buried in the bladder and a 6 Fr Foley inside the vagina. In a neo-labia majora without the erectile tissue (2). To severely virilized patient and considering the high our knowledge there are no previous descriptions confluence and long common channel, a parasag- of a complete corporeal preservation clitoroplasty ittal pre-rectal approach was performed in prone Table 1 - Clinical Characteristics of 4 patients with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia. Patient Age Clitoral Follow-Up Diagnosis UGS Urethra Vagina Prader Clitoroplasty Vaginoplasty No. (Month) lenght (Month) Size (Cm) 1 24 CAH 4.5 5.5 0.7 2.5 5 CCPC PUM+USF 19 2 12 CAH 2 1 2 3 3 CCPC PUM+USF 16 3 14 CAH 5 1 2 3.5 3 CCPC PUM+USF 11 4 24 CAH 5.5 1 2.5 4 3 CCPC PUM+USF 11 UGS: Urogenital sinus, CAH: Congenital adrenal hiperplasia, CCPC: Complete corporeal preservation clitoroplasty, PUM: Partial urogenital mobilization, USF: Urogenital Sinus flap 862 IBJU | COMPLETE CORPOREAL PRESERVATION CLITOROPLASTY Figure 1 - Patient 1, 24 months old. A) Virilized External Genitalia, Prader V. B) Well-defined (male-like) external sphincter with a verumontanum appearance distal to the vaginal confluence (Arrow head) C) Vagina and Cervix (Arrow) D) A 3 fr Fogarty catheter in the bladder and a 6 fr Foley catheter in the vagina both going through the urogenital sinus (UGS). A B C D position. Extensive dissection was then possible. ping or folding the distal aspect of the corpo- The other 3 patients underwent an anterior ap- real bodies. The aim was to have a protruding proach dissecting from the common channel of 1cm clitoris after this maneuver (Figure-3). the UGS to the vagina. Anterior pubo-urethral ligaments were preserved in all cases. Once the RESULTS common channel was dissected, an incision was made at the junction between the com- Four patients 12 to 24-months-old under- mon channel and the vagina. Multiple repair went CCPC as described earlier. Mean age was 18.5 stitches were placed to secure traction without months, all patients had molecular confirmed diag- tearing vaginal tissue. The clitoris was then de- nosis of CAH, three by deficit of 21œ-hydroxylase gloved and the NVB was never disrupted and and one with 11β-hydroxylase deficit. Median cli- left intact. On the ventral aspect, the common toral length was 4.75cm (IQR 2-5.5). Mean follow- channel was dissected off the corporeal bodies up was 10.2 months. Vaginoplasty was performed (Figure-2). Once a complete mobilization of the in all patients with partial urogenital mobilization common channel was achieved, we brought our (PUM) and Urogenital Sinus flap (UF) technique. attention to the corporeal bodies, which were Three patients had Prader 3 external genitalia and dissected and divided in the midline on a distal one severely virilized girl was Prader 5. direction starting at the bifurcation (Figure-3). The postoperative course was uneventful The glans, dorsal NVB and perforating in all patients, all of them were discharged with- branches entering at the dorsal junction be- out complications on the second postoperative tween the glans and corpora were not disturbed day. Epidural catheter was placed at the beginning in order to preserve complete sensitivity and of the cases and kept in place until the first post- vascularity to the clitoral glans. The splitted operative day. Foley catheter was removed on the proximal two thirds of each hemicorpora were seventh postoperative day. Based on parent’s per- laterally mobilized and anchored to the pubic spective and the surgical team opinion, a satisfac- bone with 6-0 polypropylene avoiding overlap- tory phenotypic appearance was achieved at the 863 IBJU | COMPLETE CORPOREAL PRESERVATION CLITOROPLASTY
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