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Observation and Analysis of BGP Behavior Under Stress — a Study of BGP’S Reaction to the Nimda Worm Attack

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Observation and Analysis of BGP Behavior Under Stress — a Study of BGP’S Reaction to the Nimda Worm Attack Observation and Analysis of BGP Behavior Under Stress — A Study of BGP’s Reaction to the Nimda Worm Attack Lan Wang, Dan Pei, Lixia Zhang, UCLA Xiaoliang Zhao, Daniel Massey, Allison Mankin, USC/ISI Randy Bush, IIJ, Felix Wu, UC Davis http://fniisc.nge.isi.edu/ 11/25/02 1 Problem Statement Investigate BGP behavior during Nimda worm attack in Sept. 2001 Renesys Corp.: “Global routing instability …” [1] 9/18/01 (2pm, 3pm): 1.5M What caused the spike? •Worm? SANS Institute: “the (Nimda) activity jumped dramatically at approximately 13:00 GMT (on Sept. 18, 2001) and then proceeded to taper off in the following hours …” •BGP implementation bugs? 9/18/01 (12pm, 1pm): 50.7K •BGP protocol design issues? •Misconfiguration? •Other causes? Hourly BGP Update Count at RIPE NCC rrc00 11/25/02 2 Data BGP update messages collected by RIPE NCC (rrc00) from 9/10/01 to 9/30/01 12 BGP Peers 3 US peers: AT&T, Verio, Global Crossing 4 peers in Netherlands: RIPE NCC, SURFnet, Tiscali, KPNQwest 2 peers in Switzerland: CERN, Nextra 1 in Germany: Global Access 1 in London: Global Crossing 1 in Japan: NSPIXP2 11/25/02 3 Identifying What Caused the Spike Classify BGP update messages Identify the causes of each class BGP Updates Announcements Withdrawals New Duplicate Implicit Withdrawals Table Flap NADA Plain SPATH DPATH Exchange (New Announcement New (Same AS Path) (Different AS Path) Different Attributes) 11/25/02 4 Classification Example Time | Type | Prefix | ASPATH | Community Attribute t0 | session reset New Ann -> Table Exchange t1 | A | 200.16.216.0/24| 3549 701 12956 4926 |3549:2256 3549:30840 Withdrawal t2 | W | 200.16.216.0/24| New Ann -> NADA t3 | A | 200.16.216.0/24| 3549 6453 8297 12956 4926 |3549:2246 3549:30840 Duplicate t4 | A | 200.16.216.0/24| 3549 6453 8297 12956 4926 |3549:2246 3549:30840 Implicit Withdrawal -> DPATH t5 | A | 200.16.216.0/24| 3549 701 12956 4926 |3549:2826 3549:30840 Implicit Withdrawal -> SPATH t6 | A | 200.16.216.0/24| 3549 701 12956 4926 |3549:2725 3549:30840 11/25/02 5 Daily BGP Update Count 6.67M 1.2M Announcements: 87.3% of the total updates on average (91.7% on 9/18/01) 11/25/02 6 Announcements Classification Implicit Withdrawals: largest component (40.9% ~ 81.2%) except on 9/18/01 Table Exchanges: largest component on 9/18/01, second largest on 11 days, 0 on 9 days 11/25/02 7 BGP Updates on Worm Day Withdrawals 8.3% BGP table exchanges 40.2% (2.7M) Implicit withdrawals 37.6% (2.5M) New Duplicate announcements Announcements 8.9% 5% What caused the BGP table exchanges and duplicate announcements? What caused the implicit withdrawals? 11/25/02 8 BGP Table Exchanges 2.7M BGP table exchanges on 9/18/01 •30 session resets between the monitoring point and peer routers synchronization Each mark indicates a session reset. All resets on 9/18/01 occurred between 2:20pm and 4:40pm 11/25/02 9 What caused the session resets? All the session resets recovered very quickly è transient problems: congestion or routing problems … R1 AT&T monitor router R2 InternetInternet Surfnet Multi-hop BGP peering sessions router The monitoring process was affected by the worm! 11/25/02 10 Hourly BGP Update Count (Table Exchanges Removed) 9/25/01 (6am, 7am): 1.1M 9/18/01 (3pm, 4pm): 540.6K 9/18/01 (2pm, 3pm): 303.1K 9/18/01 (12pm, 1pm): 50.7K 11/25/02 11 Duplicate Announcements 4% ~ 10% of all the updates, but represent 31% of AT&T’s updates Most likely an implementation problem Triggered by changes to non-transitive attributes Nexthop changed Nexthop replaced R1 R2 R3 AS1 AS2 Little saving in the implementation increases the overall system overhead 11/25/02 12 SPATH Implicit Withdrawals ~22% of the implicit withdrawals are SPATH (i.e. the same AS path) •~40% of Verio’s and ~70% of GBLX’s implicit withdrawals are SPATH. •SPATH doesn’t reflect topology changes at the AS level. •Most likely caused by internal network instability or policy changes. 11/25/02 13 Hourly BGP Update Count (Table Exchanges, Duplicates, SPATH removed) 9/25/01 (6am, 7am): 702.1K 9/18/01 (3pm, 4pm): 431.5K 9/18/01 (2pm, 3pm): 226.7K 9/18/01 (12pm, 1pm): 40.4K 11/25/02 14 Spikes in DPATHs Spike in DPATHs (Surfnet) Spike Removed (Surfnet) Possible explanation: the operational session between Surfnet and one of its peers went down temporarily, causing many routes to change their path and then immediately return to the original path 11/25/02 15 DPATH Distribution AT&T on Sept. 18, 2001 Watch the last bin: this group of highly unstable prefixes (~2500) contributed disproportionately (>60%) to the total; Was every prefix unstable during the worm attack? No. Only 14.4% of the prefixes in AT&T’s routing table had DPATH changes (similar for several other peers). 11/25/02 16 Conclusions Excessive session resets at the monitoring point contributed most to the spike. a monitoring artifact BGP does not work well over multi-hop connections; A substantial amount of BGP updates don’t reflect AS-level topology changes. Worm attack may have seriously affected a small group of networks and the intermittent reachability to these networks propagated globally. 11/25/02 17 Related Work Labovitz et al studied BGP pathologies [2,3] Two experimental studies on BGP’s behavior under congestion Malan and Jahanian [4]: TCP failed to deliver keep-alive messages and BGP session broke Shaikh et al [5]: the expected lifetime of BGP sessions decreases as congestion increases Maennel and Feldmann analyzed BGP traffic characteristics to produce realistic BGP traces [6] 11/25/02 18 References [1] J. Cowie and A. Ogielski, “Global Routing Instabilities During Code Red II and Nimda Worm Propagation”, NANOG 23 [2] C. Labovitz, et al, “Internet Routing Instability,” SIGCOMM ’97 [3] C. Labovitz, et al, “Origins of Internet Routing Instability,” INFOCOM ’99 [4] G. R Malan and F. Jahanian, “An Extensible Probe Architecture for Network Protocol Performance Measurement,” SIGCOMM ’98 [5] A. Shaikh, et al, “Routing Stability in Congested Networks: Experimentation and Analysis,” SIGCOMM 2000 [6] O. Maennel and A. Feldmann, “Realistic BGP Traffic for Test Labs”, SIGCOMM 2002 11/25/02 19 BGP Session Resets from Sept. 01, 2001 to Sept. 30, 2001 11/25/02 20.
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