The Effects of Jurisdictional Competition on Regulatory Standards
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MGPE 18-46 Joe Brunk
No. 18-46 Summer 2018 MERCATUS GRADUATE POLICY ESSAY ANALYZING TWO APPROACHES OF SUPERVISING CULTURE IN BANKING by Joe Brunk The opinions expressed in this Graduate Policy Essay are the author’s and do not represent Abstract In light of the financial crisis and other culture-related scandals, regulators have recently begun to address the issues of toxic cultures plaguing banks. The US and the UK have attempted to address these issues using two slightly different top-down approaches. The purpose of this paper is to address the question of whether the US approach to supervising the culture of its banks is superior to the UK’s approach to supervising the culture of its banks. Two case studies show that corporations and industries, even in the absence of government regulations, can create the proper institutional framework and incentives to change their culture. This paper argues that the US approach to supervising bank culture is superior because it is more likely to mitigate the unintended consequences associated with the knowledge problem, namely unethical behavior. Because of its less regimented and burdensome nature, the US approach fosters an environment where banks can adapt to changing circumstances or errors. This approach allows for more flexibility, variation, and competition in attempts to positively change banking culture. Author Bio Joe Brunk is an alumnus of the Mercatus Center MA Fellowship at George Mason University. He is currently a Research Assistant for the Financial Regulation team at the Mercatus Center at George Mason University. During the summer of 2017, Joe interned on Capitol Hill with the House Financial Services Committee. -
Evaluating Regulatory Reform of Network Industries: a Survey of Empirical Models Based on Categorical Proxies
Evaluating regulatory reform of network industries: a survey of empirical models based on categorical proxies Andrea Bastianin Paolo Castelnovo Massimo Florio University of Milan University of Milan University of Milan This version: September 25, 2018 Abstract Proxies for regulatory reforms based on categorical variables are increasingly used in empirical evaluation models. We surveyed 63 studies that rely on such indices to analyze the effects of entry liberalization, privatization, unbundling, and independent regulation of the electricity, natural gas, and telecommunications sectors. We highlight methodological issues related to the use of these proxies. Next, taking stock of the literature, we provide practical advice for the design of the empirical strategy and discuss the selection of control and instrumental variables to attenuate endogeneity problems undermining identification of the effects of regulatory reforms. Keywords: network industries; regulatory reforms; categorical variables. JEL Codes: B41, C20, C54, D04, L98. Corresponding author: Massimo Florio, Department of Economics, Management and Quantitative Methods (DEMM), University of Milan, via Conservatorio 7, I-20122 Milan, Italy. E-mail: [email protected] 1. Introduction At least since the 1980s, governments around the world have implemented wide regulatory reforms that have reshaped network industries such as energy, telecommunications, and transport. The empirical evaluation of the societal impacts of these reforms1 is essential to guiding policymakers and regulators in the selection of the most appropriate measures. This process seems straightforward: reforms are desirable when they yield economic and social benefits that outweigh their costs (Coglianese, 2012). While this simple description is backed-up by a well-established theoretical literature in public economics (see Boadway, 2012 for a survey), empirical assessments of regulatory reforms by means of econometric analyses are complex (Jamasb and Pollit, 2001). -
5000 General Theories of Regulation | Findlaw
5000 GENERAL THEORIES OF REGULATION Johan den Hertog Economic Institute/ CLAV, Utrecht University © Copyright 1999 Johan den Hertog Abstract This chapter makes a distinction between three types of theories of regulation: public interest theories, the Chicago theory of regulation and the public choice theories. The Chicago theory is mainly directed at the explanation of economic regulation; public interest theories and public choice theories envisage in addition to that an account of social regulation. The core of the diverse theories is discussed as well as the criticisms that have been leveled at them. It can be derived from the theories in what sectors regulation can be expected and what form the regulation will take. The extent to which these theories are also able to account for deregulation, and the expectations for the future, are discussed. JEL classification: D72, D78, H10, K20 Keywords: Regulation, Deregulation, Public Interest Theories, Private Interest Theories, Interest Groups, Market Failures 1. Introduction In legal and economic literature, there is no fixed definition of the term ‘regulation’. Some researchers devote considerable attention to the various definitions and attempt through systematization to make the term amenable to further analysis (Mitnick, 1980). Other researchers, however, entirely abstain from a further definition of regulation (Joskow and Noll, 1981). In order to delineate the subject and because of the limited space, a further definition of regulation is nevertheless necessary. In this article, regulation will be taken to mean the employment of legal instruments for the implementation of social-economic policy objectives. A characteristic of legal instruments is that individuals or organizations can be compelled by government to comply with prescribed behavior under penalty of sanctions. -
Regulatory Competition in the Digital Economy of the Eurasian Economic Union
REGULATORY COMPETITION IN THE DIGITAL ECONOMY OF THE EURASIAN ECONOMIC UNION Alexey Yefremov1 Abstract. Digital transformation is becoming a mainstream of world economic development both at the national and international levels. The development of Eurasian economic integration makes it relevant to analyse both digital integration and regulatory competition of digital economies of the EAEU countries and the factors that affect these phenomena. It also prompts a deeper discussion on whether or not regulatory competition is necessary for international (and regional) integration, including in the digital sphere. The analysis demonstrates that regulatory competition is dialectically interrelated with the coordina- tion (harmonization) of legal regulation at the supranational (international) level, and together, they provide both improved regulatory quality and economic integration. The economic and legal assessment of actual regulatory competition should be based on an analysis of the aggregate of factors and the law (tax law, corpo- rate law, anti-monopoly law, telecommunication law, law on information technologies and cyberspace). But it is not enough to harmonize regulation of the EAEU’s bodies that have the greater significance for the de- velopment of regulatory competition within the framework of the EAEU, but rather the improvement of the quality of regulatory policy on digital economy at the international and national level. At the same time, the Eurasian Economic Commission can be a driver for such improvements. Based on the analysis, the new general algorithm of the consistent (cyclical) development of integra- tion (harmonization) regulation and regulatory competition in digital economy of the EAEU is proposed. Implementation of these recommendations would help improve business environment in the EAEU and en- hance their regulatory competitiveness in the area of digital economy. -
The Regulatory Roots of Inequality in America
Steven K. Vogel, University of California, Berkeley* The Regulatory Roots of Inequality in America Abstract: Why has US income inequality surged to unprecedented heights since the 1970s? The rise in inequality was not simply the natural result of differential rates of return but was powerfully driven by politics and policy. This article explores the underlying mechanisms with a focus on market governance, including corporate governance, financial regulation, labor relations, antitrust, sector- specific regulation, and intellectual property rights. Firms and individuals actively shaped market governance in their own favor and then took advantage of that favorable governance in the marketplace. This “inequality snowball” was particularly pronounced in the United States because firms were more aggressive in their business and political strategies and because the political system delivered more winner-take-all policy outcomes than the more consensual political systems of continental Europe and Japan. Keywords: Inequality, regulation, deregulation, market governance, market power, firm preferences, corporate governance I. The Marketcraft of Inequality The basic facts are now familiar: economic inequality has risen substantially since the 1970s in most industrial countries, and particularly sharply in the United States. The US surge is unprecedented in that it is driven more by inequality of wage income than by inequality of capital income (Piketty 2014, 374–81).1 This severe inequality denies ordinary workers the fruits of their labor, constrains economic opportunities, impedes economic growth, and compromises the legitimacy of the political and economic systems (Atkinson 2015, 9–14; Boushey 2019, 194–5). US labor productivity has continued to rise over this period, but most people have not benefited from higher wages or a better standard of living. -
Measuring Regulatory Performance
Measuring Regulatory Performance THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF REGULATORY POLICY: A LITERATURE REVIEW OF QUANTITATIVE EVIDENCE By David Parker and Colin Kirkpatrick Expert Paper No. 3, August 2012 THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF REGULATORY POLICY: A LITERATURE REVIEW OF QUANTITATIVE EVIDENCE This study provides a critical literature review of the theory and quantitative evidence of the impact of regulatory policy. The theory is addressed through a causal chain analysis which connects regulatory policy through the “better regulation” agenda to economic outcomes. The literature review is intended to provide a reasonably representative sample of studies on regulatory policy and governance in general; administrative simplification and reducing regulatory burdens; ex ante and ex post analyses of regulations; consultation, transparency and accountability; and regulatory institutions. The main policy lessons are highlighted, alongside discussion of the limitations of the literature in terms of content and coverage. © OECD (2012). All rights reserved. 3 FOREWORD OECD countries require better information about where investments in programs to improve regulations should be focused to pay growth and welfare dividends. This is necessary to target scarce resources for reform efforts, and also to communicate progress and generate the political support needed for implementing regulatory policy reforms. The OECD work on Measuring Regulatory Performance is intended to assist countries with the task of identifying this information through the development of measurement frameworks and the collection and interpretation of salient data (www.oecd.org/regreform/measuringperformance). The OECD is developing a framework for Regulatory Policy Evaluation to help countries evaluate the design and implementation of their regulatory policy against the achievement of strategic regulatory objectives (OECD, forthcoming). -
Corporate Inversions and the Unbundling of Regulatory Competition
Columbia Law School Scholarship Archive Faculty Scholarship Faculty Publications 2014 Corporate Inversions and the Unbundling of Regulatory Competition Eric L. Talley Columbia Law School, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/faculty_scholarship Part of the Securities Law Commons, and the Tax Law Commons Recommended Citation Eric L. Talley, Corporate Inversions and the Unbundling of Regulatory Competition, VIRGINIA LAW REVIEW, VOL. 101, P. 1649, 2015; UC BERKELEY PUBLIC LAW RESEARCH PAPER NO. 2511723; USC CLASS RESEARCH PAPER NO. CLASS14-32; COLUMBIA PUBLIC LAW RESEARCH PAPER NO. 14-475 (2014). Available at: https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/faculty_scholarship/1888 This Working Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Publications at Scholarship Archive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Scholarship by an authorized administrator of Scholarship Archive. For more information, please contact [email protected]. TALLEY_BOOK (DO NOT DELETE) 9/18/2015 1:40 PM CORPORATE INVERSIONS AND THE UNBUNDLING OF REGULATORY COMPETITION Eric L. Talley* INTRODUCTION .................................................................................... 1650 I. FEDERAL TAXATION OF MULTINATIONAL ENTITIES: A HIGH- LEVEL PRIMER .............................................................................. 1658 A. Nominal Tax Rates ................................................................ 1659 B. Residency Rules .................................................................... -
Centre for Law, Economics and Society Research Paper Series: 1/2019
Centre for Law, Economics and Society Research Paper Series: 1/2019 Are Economists Kings? Economic Evidence and Discretionary Assessments at the UK Utility Regulatory Agencies Despoina Mantzari Centre for Law, Economics and Society CLES Faculty of Laws, UCL Director: Professor Ioannis Lianos CLES Research Paper Series 1/2019 Are Economists Kings? Economic Evidence and Discretionary Assessments at the UK Utility Regulatory Agencies Despoina Mantzari June 2019 Centre for Law, Economics and Society (CLES) Faculty of Laws, UCL London, WC1H 0EG The CLES Research Paper Series can be found at www.ucl.ac.uk/cles/research-papers Pre-published version of: Despoina Mantzari, ‘Are Economists Kings? Economic Evidence and Discretionary Assessments at the UK Utility Regulatory Agencies’, Journal of Antitrust Enforcement, DOI: 10.1093/jaenfo/jnaa007 All rights reserved. No part of this paper may be reproduced in any form without permission of the author ISBN 978-1-910801-25-3 © Despoina Mantzari 2019 Centre for Law, Economics and Society Faculty of Laws, UCL London, WC1H 0EG United Kingdom ARE ECONOMISTS KINGS? ECONOMIC EVIDENCE AND DISCRETIONARY ASSESSMENTS AT THE UK UTILITY REGULATORY AGENCIES Despoina Mantzari* * Lecturer in Competition Law and Policy, University College London, Faculty of Laws. Email: [email protected]. I thank Ioannis Lianos, Diamond Ashiagbor, Stephen Littlechild, Andriani Kalintiri, Maria Ioannidou, the two anonymous reviewers, as well as participants at the IALS 2018 Lunchtime seminar series, the UCL Laws 2019 Lunchtime Research Seminars, the Annual Meeting of Law and Society 2018, the UK IVR conference 2017 (where an early draft of this paper received the ‘best early career paper prize’) as well as stakeholders of the Essential Services Access Network (ESAN) and policymakers at UK Office for Gas and Electricity Markets (Ofgem) for helpful comments and discussions on earlier versions of this paper. -
Regulatory Competition and Co- Opetition
Page 1 REGULATORY COMPETITION AND CO- OPETITION Damien Geradin* and Joseph A. McCahery** Introduction The reduction in barriers to trade and the liberalization of financial markets, transportation and telecommunications, have created the basis for the increase in flows of factors of production between jurisdictions.1 As countries move to a more liberalized domestic economy, questions of competition between jurisdictions abound. With the prospect of increased capital mobility, it is becoming conventional wisdom that national governments are forced to perform their economic policy functions more efficiently since governments that yield optimal levels of public goods may be more successful in the competition between jurisdictions for attracting mobile resources. The concern to attract mobile resources has shaped entire areas of governmental policy and plays a determinative role for firms locating new plants. Arguments in favor of decentralization follow from the economics of competition between jurisdictions. The theory of regulatory competition tells us that allowing for more decentralization helps to remove much of the asymmetrical information problems, reduces the prospects of regulatory capture, and enhances the introduction of a range of alternative solutions for similar problems. The economic advantages of decentralization undoubtedly provided a strong argument for politicians within federal systems to introduce the dynamic of diversity as a counterbalance to the discretion of central government.2 Regulatory competition is an economic theory of government organization that equates decentralization with efficient results. The theory makes an analogy between law and commodities, and then asserts that lower level governments—local, state, or national, as opposed to federal or supranational—should compete for citizens and factors of production when they regulate. -
Optimal Integration in the Single Market: a Synoptic Review
Error! No text of specified style in document. Optimal Integration in the Single Market: A Synoptic Review A Europe Economics report for BIS April 2013 - 1 - Europe Economics is registered in England No. 3477100. Registered offices at Chancery House, 53-64 Chancery Lane, London WC2A 1QU. Whilst every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the information/material contained in this report, Europe Economics assumes no responsibility for and gives no guarantees, undertakings or warranties concerning the accuracy, completeness or up to date nature of the information/analysis provided in the report and does not accept any liability whatsoever arising from any errors or omissions © Europe Economics. All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages for the purpose of criticism or review, no part may be used or reproduced without permission. Contents Summary .................................................................................................................................................................................... 0 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................... 7 2 What is the Single Market and what Policies are used to Create and Sustain it? ......................................... 8 2.1 Trade and comparative advantage .................................................................................................................... 8 2.2 Barriers to trade .................................................................................................................................................. -
Implications of Second-Best Theory for Administrative and Regulatory Law: a Case Study of Public Utility Regulation
Chicago-Kent Law Review Volume 73 Issue 1 Symposium on Second-Best Theory and Article 4 Law & Economics December 1997 Implications of Second-Best Theory for Administrative and Regulatory Law: A Case Study of Public Utility Regulation Andrew P. Morriss Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.kentlaw.iit.edu/cklawreview Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Andrew P. Morriss, Implications of Second-Best Theory for Administrative and Regulatory Law: A Case Study of Public Utility Regulation, 73 Chi.-Kent L. Rev. 135 (1998). Available at: https://scholarship.kentlaw.iit.edu/cklawreview/vol73/iss1/4 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarly Commons @ IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in Chicago-Kent Law Review by an authorized editor of Scholarly Commons @ IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. IMPLICATIONS OF SECOND-BEST THEORY FOR ADMINISTRATIVE AND REGULATORY LAW: A CASE STUDY OF PUBLIC UTILITY REGULATION ANDREW P. MORRISS* I. NATURAL MONOPOLY AND PUBLIC UTILITIES .......... 138 A. The Problem and Opportunity of "Natural Monopoly" . ........................................ 141 B. The Technical Solutions ............................. 149 C. The Legal Environment ............................. 157 1. Constitutional constraints ....................... 158 2. Statutory constraints ............................ 161 D. The Political Environment .......................... 166 II. PROBLEM -
Regulation in High-Tech Markets: Public Choice, Regulatory Capture, and the FTC
Federal Trade Commission Regulation in High-Tech Markets: Public Choice, Regulatory Capture, and the FTC Remarks of Joshua D. Wright∗ Commissioner, Federal Trade Commission at the Big Ideas about Information Lecture Clemson University Clemson, South Carolina April 2, 2015 Good afternoon. Thank you for the kind introduction and warm welcome. I am excited to be here today at Clemson. I’d like to thank Professor Hazlett, the Information Economy Project, and the Department of Economics for the generous invitation to speak with you all today. ∗ The views stated here are my own and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Commission or other Commissioners. I am grateful to my advisor Derek Moore for his invaluable assistance in preparing this speech. I. Introduction I want to focus my remarks today on the question of how regulators should approach, analyze, and respond to the ever-increasing appeals from incumbent firms to impose costs on their rivals and potential entrants through law enforcement or regulation. But first, let me begin with a simple observation: the development of new technologies often is a harbinger of disruption. Smart TVs, smartphones, and even smart thermostats can disrupt markets and create a boon for consumers. Looking at just one relatively “low-tech” sector – the broad “retail” industry – we can see multiple types of disruptive competition through the use of technology. Wal-Mart revolutionized the market through innovative inventory management. Years later, Amazon used the Internet to transform retailing worldwide, a disruption that is still shaking out in the marketplace today. Just this week, Amazon announced that it would expand its business model from products to services like installing a garbage disposal or providing piano lessons.1 These and other forms of disruptive competition spur economic growth and generate enormous benefits for consumers.