The Vigils of Medieval Tuscany
Plainsong and Medieval Music, 17, 1, 23–54 © 2008 Cambridge University Press doi:10.1017/S0961137108000764 Printed in the United Kingdom The vigils of medieval Tuscany BENJAMIN BRAND* ABSTRACT. Of the liturgical ceremonies enacted by the papal court in the Middle Ages, few were as distinctive as the ‘double offices’ that occurred on nights before high feasts of the Sanctorale. These consisted of two night offices, a private ‘vigil’ enacted by the pope and his entourage at dusk and a public office at the normal hour of Matins. Even as this custom flourished in Rome through the twelfth century, it concomitantly migrated north to cathedrals throughout Tuscany. Typically comprising only one nocturn, the Tuscan vigils shed their once private character, presenting a selection of the plainsong and lessons of the night office at a convenient hour for the laity. They likewise acquired distinctively civic overtones as cathedral clerics employed them in honour of local patron saints. Nowhere was this transformation more evident than in Florence and Lucca, where the vigils of Sts Zenobius and Reparata, Regulus and Martin emerged as eminently public spectacles. In this way, Tuscan clerics transformed a venerable Roman tradition into an emblem of civic as well as ecclesiastical prestige. Of the eight canonical hours celebrated daily at religious houses throughout medieval Christendom, none were longer or more complex than Matins. This so-called ‘night office’ began in the early hours of the morning with the recitation of two short versicles with their responses. Then followed a hymn, which was either proper to the feast or season, or part of a fixed cycle for specific days of the week throughout the year.
[Show full text]