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Mollusca : Gastropoda) Dan Beberapa Aspek Biologinya www.oseanografi.lipi.go.id Oseana, Volume XIV, Nomor 3 : 73 – 80 ISSN 0216–1877 JENIS-JENIS KEONG LAUT BERBISA DARI SUKU CONIDAE (MOLLUSCA : GASTROPODA) DAN BEBERAPA ASPEK BIOLOGINYA oleh MUDJIONO ABSTRACT SOME SPECIES OF VENOMOUS MARINE SNAILS OF THE FAMILY CONI- DAE (MOLLUSCA : GASTROPODA) AND SOME OF THEIR BIOLOGICAL AS- PECTS. In general, most species of venomous marine snails belong to the family Co- nidae. At least 500 species of living snails of the family Conidae are recorded, which are widely distributed throughout the world. Most of them inhabit coral reef area and the rest inhabit sandy or muddy bottoms. They are found at depths ranging from the intertidal zone down to less than 100 meters. The special characteristic of this snail is their venomous gland and teeth or radula. With their venom and radula they have a special way to catch and kill their prey. The food of those snails are also special, such as worms, small fishes and other mollusca. Actually only few spe- cies are considered very dangerous to human, i.e. Conus geographus, Conus textile and Conus striatua . PENDAHULUAN hingga ditakuti oleh jenis-jenis invertebrata lain, terutama yang menjadi mangsanya. Jenis-jenis keong laut yang dianggap Pengetahuan tentang aspek kehidupan berbahaya dan sering dapat mencelakai keong suku Conidae masih sedikit sekali, manusia antara lain adalah dari suku Coni- bahkan tulisan yang ada sampai saat ini ma- dae, kelas Gastropoda dari filum Mollusca. sih bersifat pengumpulan dan pengenalan Jenis-jenis keong ini dikatakan berbahaya jenis-jenis yang ada. Para pakar yang banyak karena memiliki bisa yang dapat melumpuh- menulis tentang keong suku Conidae antara kan atau bahkan mematikan korbannya. lain KOHN (1963; 1964; 1966 dan 1968), Keong suku Conidae termasuk hewan pe- ABBOTT (1967) dan WALLS (1979). Di mangsa (predacious carnivora) dan aktif Indonesia perhatian para peneliti terhadap berburu atau mencari mangsa pada malam kehidupan keong ini masih kecil, bahkan pe- hari (nokturnal). Di alam keong ini hidup nanganannya secara khusus belum pernah di laut dan mereka terkenal sangat buas se- ada. Pada umumnya jenis-jenis keong suku 1) Balai Penelitian dan Pengembangan Biologi Laut, Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Oseanologi – LIPI, Jakarta. 73 Oseana, Volume XIV No. 3, 1989 www.oseanografi.lipi.go.id Conidae dikoleksi oleh kolektor amatir cangkang yang merupakan bagian belakang sebagai hobby (kesukaan) saja. Di antara (posterior) (Gambar 1). Celah bibir (apertu- jenis-jenis keong ini ternyata ada jenis yang re) merupakan jalan keluar masuknya tubuh sangat langka dan harganya sangat mahal keong pada saat mereka bergerak maupun (WALLS 1979). menghindarkan diri dari bahaya. Dalam ilmu obat-obatan (farmakologi) Pola warna dan bentuk cangkang ini dan ilmu tentang racun (toksikologi) keong sangat bervariasi, sehingga dapat dijumpai ini mempunyai potensi untuk dikembang- bermacam-macam bentuk cangkang dengan kan. Penelitian tentang bisa atau racun dari pola warna yang berbeda. Secara umum ben- keong suku Conidae telah banyak dilakukan tuk cangkang keong suku Conidae dapat di- oleh para pakar antara lain KOHN et al. kelompokkan menjadi 4 tipe, yaitu tumpul (1960), RUSSELL (1965), SONGDAHL & (conical), datar (obconical), meruncing (bi- LANE (1970) dan SONGDAHL (1973). conical) dan lancip (turbinate) (WALLS Pada tahun 1705 di daerah Maluku pernah 1979). Perbedaan morfologi seperti di atas terjadi peristiwa yang menggemparkan dima- dapat dijadikan batasan dalam menentukan na seorang pakar dari Belanda bernama G.E. RUMPHIUS memberitahukan terjadi- taxa sampai tingkat jenis. nya malapetaka yang menimpa 16 orang dan seorang di antaranya wanita meninggal B. Anatomi dunia. Musibah ini ternyata disebabkan Struktur organ dalam (anatomi) jenis- sengatan keong, yaitu Conus geographus jenis keong suku Conidae secara umum mi- dan Conus textile (YONGE & THOMSON rip dengan jenis keong lain, terutama dari 1976). anak kelas Neogastropoda. Pada bagian ke- pala terdapat organ yang disebut moncong MORFOLOGI, ANATOMI (probosis). Organ ini sebenarnya semacam DAN KLASIFIKASI rahang, dimana di dalamnya terdapat gigi- giginya (radula). Gigi-gigi ini terletak berde- A. Morfologi ret menyerupai parutan sehingga ada yang Bentuk luar (morfologi) dari keong menyebutnya dengan gigi parut (KASTORO suku Conidae dapat dikenal dari bentuk 1976). Pada beberapa jenis keong marga cangkangnya. Dalam keadaan hidup cang- Conus gigi-gigi ini mempunyai ukuran yang kang keong ini ditutupi oleh semacam lapi- bervariasi, yaitu berkisar antara 1 mm – san tipis seperti membran dan disebut man- 10 mm (RUSSELL 1965) (Gambar 2). tel (periostracum). Mantel tersebut pada Gigi-gigi tersebut dibuat dan disimpan di umumnya berwarna kuning, tipis dan tem- dalam kantung gigi dan setiap kantung bi- bus pandang (transparan) dan ada juga asanya terdapat 2 baris yang setiap barisnya yang berwarna agak kemerahan. Dalam kea- mengandung 14 buah gigi. Di dalam probosis daan terbalut oleh mantel pola warna cang- biasanya sudah ada kira-kira 22 buah gigi kang masih terlihat dengan jelas. yang setiap saat siap dipergunakan. Jadi tiap- Bentuk umum keong suku Conidae tiap individu keong suku Conidae rata-rata menyerupai kerucut. Bagian yang menyem- memiliki 50 buah gigi (ABBOTT 1967). pit adalah bagian depan (anterior), sedang- Gigi-gigi ini akan selalu diproduksi selama kan bagian yang melebar merupakan pangkal keong-keong tersebut masih hidup. 74 Oseana, Volume XIV No. 3, 1989 www.oseanografi.lipi.go.id Gambar 1. Bentuk luar (morfologi) keong dari suku Conidae (WALLS 1979). A = meruncing (biconical); B = lancip (turbinate) C = tumpul (conical); D = datar (obconical) 75 Oseana, Volume XIV No. 3, 1989 www.oseanografi.lipi.go.id Gambar 2. Bentuk dan ukuran gigi-gigi (radula) dari beberapa jenis keong suku Conidae (WALLS 1979). 76 Oseana, Volume XIV No. 3, 1989 www.oseanografi.lipi.go.id Bisa atau racun dibuat dan disimpan ka gigi-gigi tersebut akan digerakkan keluar di dalam kantung bisa. Dari sini bisa terse- dari kantung gigi menuju ke bagian kepala but dialirkan melalui saluran kecil panjang dan akhirnya bersatu dengan saluran kelen- dan berkelok-kelok menuju ke bagian kepa- jar bisa. Di sini gigi-gigi tersebut secara oto- la, yaitu dekat dengan kerongkongan (pha- matis terendam oleh bisa dan siap untuk di- rynk) dan berhubungan dengan moncong pergunakan. Secara skematis struktur organ (probosis). Apabila keong-keong ini akan dalam keong suku Conidae disajikan dalam menangkap atau membunuh korbannya, ma- Gambar 3. Gambar 3. Sketsa struktur organ dalam keong suku Conidae (ABBOTT 1967). k = kaki; o = operculum; P = penis; R = radula (C) RM = rostrum ; Ph = pharynk; PR = probosis; ST = stomach; SB = SB = saluran bisa ; KB = kantung bisa ; KR = kantung radula (B); S = siphon. 77 Oseana, Volume XIV No. 3, 1989 www.oseanografi.lipi.go.id C. Klasifikasi Siphon juga membantu dalam aktifi- tas berburu mangsa, sebab selain sebagai Di dalam tatanama atau nomenklatur, organ pernafasan juga berfungsi sebagai keong suku Conidae digolongkan ke dalam alat deteksi (radar) yang sangat peka. De- bangsa (ordo) Neogastropoda anak kelas ngan siphon ini keong Conidae dapat dengan (subclass) Prosobranchia. Urutan kalsifikasi tepat mengetahui korbannya berada (KAS- jenis-jenis keong Conidae dapat dilihat da- TORO1976). lam klasifikasi seperti di bawah ini (CER- NOHORSKY1978). B. Makanan Phylum : Mollusca Class : Gastropoda Sebagai hewan pemangsa, keong suku Subclass : Prosobranchia Conidae mengkonsumsi hewan lain sebagai Ordo : Neogastropoda makanannya. Makanan keong ini terdiri Subordo : Toxoglossa dari jenis-jenis avertebrata lain seperti Family : Conidae cacing, ikan-ikan kecil dan moluska lain. Berdasarkan jenis makanannya keong suku Conidae dapat dibedakan menjadi 3 golong- CARA HIDUP, MAKANAN an, yaitu golongan pemangsa cacing (ver- DAN SEBARAN mescivorous), golongan pemangsa ikan-ikan kecil (piscivorous) dan golongan pemangsa A. Cara hidup moluska lain (molluscivorous) (RUSSELL Kerang dari suku Conidae bersifat nok- 1965). turnal, artinya mereka aktif pada malam ha- ri. Pada siang hari keong ini biasanya bersem- Golongan pemangsa cacing pada u- bunyi di bawah atau di sela-sela batu atau mumnya mempunyai ukuran cangkang rela- karang dan beberapa jenis di antaranya ada tif kecil, celah bibir sempit dan pola warna yang membenamkan tubuhnya di dasar bercorak sangat sederhana. Jenis-jenis ini ba- perairan yang berlumpur atau berpasir. nyak dijumpai hidup di daerah perairan yang berdasar pasir atau lumpur. Jenis-jenis ini an- Di dalam hal berburu mangsanya, tara lain Conus radiatus, Conus ebraeus, keong suku Cinidae mempunyai cara yang Conus flavidus dan Conus virgo. Golongan khusus dan sangat menarik untuk diketahui. pemangsa ikan-ikan kecil dan pemangsa mo- Berbeda dengan jenis-jenis keong pemang- luska lain agak sulit untuk dibedakan, sebab sa lainnya, keong suku Conidae memiliki mereka mempunyai banyak kemiripan. Ke- bisa yang dapat melumpuhkan korbannya. dua golongan ini banyak dijumpai hidup Mangsa yang menjadi korbannya sebelum di daerah terumbu karang dan mereka pada ditangkap akan disengat oleh radula atau umumnya mempunyai ukuran cangkang rela- gigi parut berbisa dengan bantuan probosis. tif besar apabila dibandingkan dengan go- Dengan pasti dan yakin korban yang terkena longan pemangsa cacing. Celah bibir tampak sengatan akan segera lumpuh dan selanjut- agak lebar dan mempunyai pola warna le- nya mati. Salah satu hal yang sangat menarik bih indah dan menarik. Jenis-jenis ini antara dari keong suku Conidae adalah
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