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And Shark-Based Tourism in the Galápagos Islands

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And Shark-Based Tourism in the Galápagos Islands ECONOMIC VALUATION OF MARINE- AND SHARK-BASED TOURISM IN THE GALÁPAGOS ISLANDS A REPORT PREPARED BY: John Lynham Associate Professor, Department of Economics Director, Graduate Ocean Policy Certificate Program Research Fellow, UHERO University of Hawai‘i Affiliated Researcher, Center for Ocean Solutions Stanford University CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS: Christopher Costello UC Steve Gaines UC Santa Barbara Enric Sala National Geographic TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...........................................................................3 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................11 ECONOMIC VALUATION OF MARINE-BASED TOURISM IN THE GALÁPAGOS..............................13 Methodology Expenditure Data Apportioning Revenues to Marine-based Tourism Wider Impacts on the Galápagos Economy Apportioning Jobs to Marine-based Tourism Projections Based on Potential Marine Protected Area (MPA) Expansion Potential Losses to the Fishing Industry ECONOMIC VALUATION OF SHARK-BASED TOURISM IN THE GALÁPAGOS ................................ 27 Background Methodology and Literature Review Data Average Spending Per Shark Sighting The Value of Sharks to the Fishing Industry Marginal vs. Average Value of a Shark CONCLUSION .......................................................................................... 37 REFERENCE ............................................................................................ 40 APPENDIX ................................................................................................43 November 2015 | National Geographic Pristine Seas ECONOMIC VALUATION OF MARINE- AND SHARK-BASED TOURISM 1 RESUMEN EJECUTIVO November 2015 | National Geographic Pristine Seas ECONOMIC VALUATION OF MARINE- AND SHARK-BASED TOURISM 3 Galápagos es uno de los mejores este reporte estimamos el valor anual destinos del mundo para el turismo de del turismo marino, y el valor de los naturaleza y representa una importante tiburones – las especies más atractivas fuente de ingresos para la economía para buzos que visitan las islas, e ecuatoriana. Aunque es ampliamente indicadores de la salud del ambiente aceptado que el ambiente marino marino. constituye una gran parte de este valor Usamos itinerarios de cruceros, encuestas a turistas, económico, no existen estudios que artículos científicos, documentos gubernamentales, y reportes de ONGs para calcular qué tanto de la calculen los ingresos generados por experiencia turística en Galápagos depende de el turismo marino, en relación con el actividades marinas. De los US$256 millones de dólares generados por turistas en 2014, estimamos valor total del turismo en las islas. El que el 58% ($154 millones) es directamente valor turístico depende de la salud y el dependiente de actividades y experiencias marinas. Esto indica que la mayoría del valor turístico en estado del ambiente marino; mientras Galápagos es dependiente del estado del ambiente más prístino el ambiente, turistas están marino. Debido a que estos ingresos impulsan otras actividades económicas por medio de un efecto dispuestos a pagar más por visitarlo. En multiplicativo, estimamos que el impacto económico Valor económico del turismo marino vs. Valor económico de pesquerías $155 Million $9 Million Maximum Legal Fisheries Marine-based Tourism November 2015 | National Geographic Pristine Seas ECONOMIC VALUATION OF MARINE- AND SHARK-BASED TOURISM 4 del turismo marino dentro de la economía de los cuales una parte puede ser afectada (positiva o Galápagos es de $236 millones al año. También negativamente) por mayor protección en la RMG. estimamos que el turismo marino genera 5,019 Aunque mayor protección puede desplazar parte puestos de trabajo. Esto es equivalente al 37% de de la actividad pesquera, múltiples estudios han los puestos de trabajo en las Islas Galápagos. En mostrado que pesquerías locales suelen ser más otras palabras, 1 de cada 3 puestos de trabajo en las sostenibles y más rentables cuando están alrededor Galápagos existe gracias al turismo marino. de áreas de uso no extractivo con un manejo Aunque actualmente el ambiente marino adecuado. Por consiguiente, mayor protección puede contribuye en gran medida al turismo en Galápagos, beneficiar a todos los usuarios de la RMG. es posible incrementar aún más los beneficios Muchos turistas visitan Galápagos con económicos. De acuerdo con encuestas realizadas el único propósito de bucear e interactuar con a turistas, dentro de Galápagos y alrededor del tiburones; en especial en las islas de Darwin y Wolf. mundo, estimamos que crear una red de áreas de Usando información publicada sobre cruceros de uso no extractivo dentro de la Reserva Marina de buceo, precios, itinerarios, y número máximo de Galápagos (RMG) podría incrementar los ingresos pasajeros, estimamos los ingresos generados por por turismo entre $14 y $90 millones por año, el turismo de buceo con tiburones en Galápagos. sin aumentar el número total de turistas. Esto se Encontramos que las islas de Darwin y Wolf generan debe a que turistas están dispuestos a pagar más la mayoría de (63%) de los ingresos generados por un ambiente marino saludable y con menos por buceo con tiburones. Combinamos esta congestión en los lugares atractivos para la práctica información con datos de abundancia relativa de del buceo y snorkel. Como punto de comparación, varias especies de tiburones en diferentes regiones el valor máximo de la pesca legal en Galápagos está de la RMG, para calcular el valor promedio por alrededor de $4-5 millones de dólares al año, de cada avistamiento de tiburón. Esta metodología ha Valor pesquero por tiburón vs. Valor turístico por cada Fishing Value Per Shark Annual Spending Per Shark Sighting avistamiento de tiburón. $400,000 $360,100 $350,000 $158 vs. $360,100 $300,000 $250,000 $200,000 $150,000 $100,000 $50,000 $0 $158 Galapagos French Palau Cocos Belize Galapa- Maldives Western Value of a Shark Island Polynesia Island, gos Australia Carcass in Mainland (including Costa Island Ecuador Darwin and Rica (Santa Wolf) Cruz only) November 2015 | National Geographic Pristine Seas ECONOMIC VALUATION OF MARINE- AND SHARK-BASED TOURISM 5 sido ampliamente utilizada en estudios similares en varias partes del mundo y se han estimado valores anuales por tiburón entre $8,779 y $316,699 dólares. Usando la misma metodología, encontramos que los tiburones son más valiosos en Galápagos que en cualquier otra parte del mundo. El valor promedio de cada tiburón para la economía de Galápagos es de $360,105 dólares al año. Debido a que tiburones adecuadamente protegidos tienen una larga esperanza de vida, estos pueden proveer valor turístico durante muchos años. Estimamos que el valor turístico promedio de un tiburón durante la totalidad de su vida es $5.4 millones de dólares. Esto claramente revela que los tiburones en Galápagos (particularmente los tiburones martillo) son, económicamente, los más valiosos en el planeta. En cambio, el valor máximo de un tiburón pescado y vendido en el continente por sus aletas y su carne es sólo $158 dólares. Debido a que las poblaciones de tiburones en Galápagos han disminuido significativamente en comparación con sus niveles históricos, revertir este declive por medio de mayor y mejor protección puede generar beneficios substanciales. Nuestros resultados indican que mayor protección (i.e., creación de mas áreas de uso no extractivo en la RMG) no sólo preservaría el valor actual del ambiente marino en Galápagos, sino además traería beneficios económicos adicionales sin incrementar el impacto generado por el turismo. En contraste, mayor presión pesquera – particularmente en las valiosas islas de Darwin y Wolf – reduciría considerablemente el valor presente neto de la reserva mediante la erosión del capital natural más valioso del archipiélago. November 2015 | National Geographic Pristine Seas ECONOMIC VALUATION OF MARINE- AND SHARK-BASED TOURISM 6 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY November 2015 | National Geographic Pristine Seas ECONOMIC VALUATION OF MARINE- AND SHARK-BASED TOURISM 7 The Galápagos Islands are one the sharks – the most attractive species for world’s top destinations for nature dive tourists visiting the islands, and tourism, and an important economic a strong indicator of the health of the engine for Ecuador. Despite the widely- marine environment. held view that the marine environment We used tour itineraries, exit surveys, academic comprises a large fraction of this articles, government documents and NGO reports value, no reliable estimates have been to calculate how much of the tourist experience in the Galápagos depends on marine-based activities. made that separate out the spending Of the $265 million spent by tourists within the generated by the marine environment, Galápagos in 2014, we estimate that 58% ($154 million) was directly dependent on marine-based relative to total tourism revenue. tours, activities and experiences. This indicates Tourism value is dependent on the that the majority of tourism value in the Galápagos is dependent on the marine environment. Since health of the marine environment; the this expenditure supports additional economic more pristine the environment, the activity through a multiplier effect, we estimate that the economic impact of marine-based tourism more tourists are willing to pay to visit. within the Galápagos economy is $236 million per Here we report the annual value of year. We estimate that 5,019 jobs are generated by marine-based tourism expenditures. This is marine-based tourism and the
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