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Smart City and Urban Issues: a Case Study of Jaipur City, Rajasthan, India

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Smart City and Urban Issues: a Case Study of Jaipur City, Rajasthan, India Annals of Geographical Studies Volume 1, Issue 1, 2018, PP 23-33 Smart City and Urban Issues: A Case Study of Jaipur City, Rajasthan, India Dr. M. M. Sheikh Associate Professor, Geography Government Lohia PG College Churu, Rajasthan, India *Corresponding Author: Dr. M. M. Sheikh, Associate Professor, Geography Government Lohia PG College Churu, Rajasthan, India. [email protected] ABSTRACT India is the second largest country in the world with a population of 1210 million (1.21billion). The Population Census of India estimates that the country represents 17.31 percent of the world population. The country has 29 states and 07 union territories. It is fast becoming urbanized with the cities across the countries struggling to cope with the unfolding situation. The urgent burden has been that of providing a better quality of life to the urban population given the complex problems spanning poverty, disasters, pollution, and governance, preservation of heritage and culture, and urban planning. The Prime Minister of India has a vision of developing 100 smart cities including 04 cities in Rajasthan State by 2022.Rajasthan has a population of 68.6 million, and forms 5.66 percent of India in 2011. The concept of smart city is influenced by the idea of developing the urban hubs which would be running on technology to provide better electricity and water supply, improved sanitation and recycling of waste, proper traffic and transport management systems. This paper deals the pressing issues in an urbanizing India against the background of the concept of smart cities. The main issue underscored in the paper is how Information and Communication Technologies is a key to Smart Cities provided there is adequate preparation and training before such systems are implemented throughout India. Keywords: Information and Communication Technologies, Urbanization, Smart Cities, Sustainable development INTRODUCTION trade and connectivity through roads, ports and rails; opportunities for growth like education; According to UN Habitat, Urban Development and services like health and sanitation. The policy is vital to provide a direction and course urban areas had a pull effect on people. But as of action to support development. The policy cities grew in size, the infrastructure and the provides an overarching framework to deal with services came under stress due to the large the important and critical issues of urban population pressure. The towns started to decay services such as water, sanitation, mobility, and due to overuse and stretched services. The housing. Approved at the highest levels of migration became distressed migration and government the policy gives a set of guidelines major reason now was not the pull effect of the for public and private interventions and serves urban areas but the push from the rural areas. as a reference document for sectoral ministries The cities lost their original character of and service providers. It is also a key reference bringing prosperity and enhancing productivity for legislative institutional reforms and judicial and promoting health of its citizens. Cities interpretations. The policy will also give a became a developmental challenge rather than chance for involvement of multiple stakeholders opportunity to the policy makers. involving citizens, Non-Governmental Organizations, and private sector players in As per Census 2011, Rajasthan’s total urban development discourse. Traditionally, population is 68.54 million, while its urban cities and towns were centers of trade and population is 17.04 million that is 24.8 percent commerce. The locations of urban areas were at of the total population. In Rajasthan state, there the ports or intersection of roads and rivers. is little variation across districts. Out of the 33 People from hinterland migrated to urban areas districts in the state, only the five major districts with the hope of economic fortunes and social of Kota, Jaipur, Ajrmer, Jhodpur, and Bikaner wellbeing. Cities and towns provided the have a level of urbanization which is higher than necessary infrastructure and services to conduct the national average. All the other 28 districts Annals of Geographical Studies V1 ●I1 ●2018 23 Smart City and Urban Issues: A Case Study of Jaipur City, Rajasthan, India have below national average level of INCLUSIVE DEVELOPMENT AND URBAN urbanization. Total urban centers in Rajasthan is POVERTY 297 ( Statutory towns, 185 and Census towns, 112).In the last decade from 2001 to 2011, there Deprivation of basic needs of humans amounts has been an increase of just 1 statutory town in to poverty. In the last two decades, the Rajasthan (from 184 in 2001 to 185 in 2011) developing world has seen tremendous progress with a comparative addition of 74 Census in reducing poverty through various towns. Evidently, the number of smaller urban programmes implemented by governments and centers or urbanizing villages in Rajasthan international organizations. Although the share which satisfy the basic criteria of urban is on a of poor living in rural areas is higher, the share constant rise. There has been no increase of of urban poor is rising at faster rate than the census towns in western districts of population as a whole. As with other developing Hanumangarh, Churu and Jaisalmer. This countries, India is also witnessing the triple clearly shows that spatially, the growth of urban dynamics of growth, rapid urbanization and areas is skewed towards the eastern Rajasthan. poverty. Urban poverty is more complex and Overall, only about 25 percent of the state is multi-dimensional – extending beyond the urbanized and in absolute values, it is deficiency of income or consumption, where its predominantly rural as it has a larger rural many dimensions relate to the vulnerability of population than urban. the poor on account of their inadequate access to STUDY AREA land and housing, physical infrastructure and services, economic and livelihood sources, Jaipur is situated in the eastern part of health and education facilities, social security Rajasthan, surrounded on three sides by the networks, and voice and empowerment. As rugged Aravali hills. Jaipur is located at 26°55′N 75°49′E (26.92°N 75.82°E). It is countries get more urbanized, the level of urban surrounded by Alwar and Sikar in the North; by poverty also increases. Some scholars label it as Sikar, Nagaur, and Ajmer in West; by Ajmer, “Urbanization of Poverty”. In India, poverty Tonk, and Sawai Madhopur in the South and by levels are estimated by the Planning Dausa and Bharatpur districts in East. It has an Commission. But these estimations have average elevation of 430 meters. Jaipur was limitations to take into account the factors of founded in 1728 A.D. Maharaja Jai Singh was changing consumer behaviours, life style the founder of Jaipur city which is famous for its changes, expensive and low quality housing, wonderful architectural planning. The city has affordability to schools, hospitals and transport many historical monuments and buildings even systems. For example, in rural areas work place as on today. The climate of Jaipur city is semi- and residence are nearby; hence, cost of travel is arid and average rainfall per year is 556.4 mm. almost negligible. The latest poverty estimates The rainy season lasts from June to September. are done on the basis of methodology suggested The dry bulb temperature lies between 450 C to 0 0 0 by C. Rangarajan. The method considers food 25 C in summer and 22 C to 8 C in winter. and non-food items such as education, The city is renowned for heritage and its color healthcare, clothing, transport, and rent. In the symmetry and thus known as the pink city. food category, the estimation takes into account According to the census 2011, Jaipur district has not only calorie intake but also nutritional a population of 6,663,971, which gives it a requirements of protein and fats. Due to these ranking of 10th most populous district in India. changes that urban poverty has increased by 40 The district has a population density of 598 persons per square kilometer and a population percent as compared to rural poverty that has growth rate of 26.91 percent in the decade 2001- increased by just 19 percent compared to 2011. The gender ratio of this district is 909 previous estimates. Based on these females for every 1000 males and a literacy considerations, the poverty line is INR 7,035 per ratio of 76.44 percent. As of 2011, Jaipur has a month for a family of five, translates to population of 3,073,350. INR1,407 per month per capita. The Expert Group (Rangarajan) estimates that the 26.4 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY percent of the urban population was below the The main objective of the study is to highlight poverty line in 2011-12 in urban India. the urban issues with special reference to Jaipur Approximately, 1,025 lakhs and 39.5 lakhs city, Rajasthan in an urbanizing India. people were below poverty line at all Indian and 24 Annals of Geographical Studies V1 ●I1●2018 Smart City and Urban Issues: A Case Study of Jaipur City, Rajasthan, India Rajasthan State level respectively in the year in the society. The high cost of living in urban 2011-12. Development can be inclusive only if areas and high pressure on government all groups of people contribute to creating institutions, the poor are often deprived the opportunities, share the benefits of development basic services like education and health which and participate in decision-making. hampers productivity. EMERGING CHALLENGES OF URBAN CLIMATE CHANGE, DISASTERS AND POVERTY RESILIENCE The distress of urban life is most evident in the India is prone to disasters, and communities slums of the cities. Due to high cost of land in urban need to find ways to build their resilience to areas, people are forced to live in informal disasters.
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