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Data Collection Survey on the Marine Plastic Litter and Application of Japanese Technologies for Resource Circulation

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Data Collection Survey on the Marine Plastic Litter and Application of Japanese Technologies for Resource Circulation Application of Japanese Technologies for Resource Circulation Data Collection Survey on the Marine Plastic Litter and Data Collection Survey on the Marine Plastic Litter and Application of Japanese Technologies for Resource Circulation Final Report March 2020 Japan International Cooperation Agency(JICA) Kokusai Kogyo Co., Ltd. GE JR 20-029 Table of Contents Chapter 1 Outline of the Survey ......................................................................... 1 1.1 Background .......................................................................................................1 1.2 Survey Objectives .............................................................................................1 1.3 Survey Team .....................................................................................................2 1.4 Structure of This Report ....................................................................................2 1.5 Survey Procedure ..............................................................................................2 Chapter 2 Understanding of the Current Status of Marine Plastic Litter Issue .................................................................................................... 3 2.1 Current Situation and Future Prospects of the Marine Plastic Litter Issue .......3 2.1.1 Generation Amount of Marine Plastic Litter ............................................................... 3 2.1.2 Marine Plastic Litter Amount ...................................................................................... 7 2.1.3 Impacts by Marine Plastic Litter ............................................................................... 10 2.1.4 Issues Requiring Further Research ............................................................................ 11 2.2 Implementation of Countermeasures ..............................................................12 2.2.1 Discussion Trends in International Society of Marine Plastic Litter Issue ............... 12 2.2.2 Overview of Regulatory Approaches Controlling Marine Plastic Pollution at the National Level ........................................................................................................... 23 2.2.3 Voluntary Approaches in Private Companies and Organizations Worldwide .......... 35 2.2.4 Related Legislation and Policies in Japan ................................................................. 37 2.2.5 Efforts by Private Companies and Organizations in Japan ....................................... 40 2.2.6 Measures to Deal with Marine Plastic Litter in Japan ............................................... 41 2.2.7 Activities of International Donors ............................................................................. 48 2.2.8 Activities of International Institutions and Networks Other than Donors ................. 56 2.3 Achievement and Trend of Waste Management Projects by JICA .................60 Chapter 3 Organization and Integration of Information for the Examination of JICA Assistance Policies for the Marine Plastic Litter Issue ... 68 3.1 Needs Identification and Possibilities of Assistance Utilizing JICA Projects 68 3.2 Cooperative Approaches Deemed to be Effective ..........................................69 3.3 Considerations Necessary for Project Formulation.........................................73 3.4 Technologies of Japanese Firms Expected to Be Utilized ..............................75 Chapter 4 Organization of Information for the Examination of Assistance for Priority Countries ............................................................................. 80 4.1 Selection of Priority Countries ........................................................................80 4.2 Measures Taken in Priority Countries.............................................................81 4.2.1 Indonesia ................................................................................................................... 81 i 4.2.2 Thailand .................................................................................................................... 86 4.2.3 Vietnam ..................................................................................................................... 89 4.2.4 Philippines ................................................................................................................. 93 4.3 Proposed Assistance Projects ..........................................................................96 Chapter 5 Examination of Plan and Content of Invitation Program to Japan .............................................................................................. 105 5.1 Implementation Outline ................................................................................105 5.2 Outcome of the Invitation Program and Analysis of Lessons Learned ........107 5.2.1 Analysis of Effectiveness of the Invitation Program (Achievement of Goal) and Outcome .................................................................................................................. 107 5.2.2 Lessons Learned from Invitation Program .............................................................. 113 5.3 Suggestions for Formulation of Future Thematic Training ..........................114 5.3.1 Types of Thematic Training .................................................................................... 114 5.3.2 Target for Training .................................................................................................. 115 5.3.3 Preparation .............................................................................................................. 115 5.3.4 Content of the Training ........................................................................................... 115 5.3.5 Post Evaluationaa and Follow-up ............................................................................ 119 Chapter 6 Implementation of Seminars and Publications ........................... 120 6.1 Objectives of Seminars and Implementation Schedules ...............................120 6.2 Seminar Materials .........................................................................................120 6.3 Results of Seminars (Questions and Answers) .............................................120 6.3.1 The First Seminar .................................................................................................... 120 6.3.2 The Second Seminar ............................................................................................... 121 6.4 Publication Materials ....................................................................................122 References ........................................................................................................ 123 ii List of Tables Table 2-1 Amount of Marine Plastic Waste Generated by Country................................................... 3 Table 2-2 Top 20 Rivers Discharging Largest Amounts of Plastic Litter into the Ocean .................. 4 Table 2-3 Types of Microplastics and Their Contribution to Total Discharge .................................. 5 Table 2-4 Types and Volume of Plastics and Environmental Compartments to Which They are Released ..................................................................................................................................... 6 Table 2-5 Flow and Stock of Marine Plastic Litter ............................................................................ 9 Table 2-6 Timeline of Discussion of Marine Plastic Litter Issue in International Society ... 13 Table 2-7 Ratification Status of Top Marine Plastic Litter Generating Countries ........................... 22 Table 2-8 Examples of the Regulation of Plastic Bags .................................................................... 26 Table 2-9 Examples of Regulations on Single-Use Plastic .............................................................. 28 Table 2-10 Types of Prohibitions in Countries with Microbead Regulations .................................. 29 Table 2-11 Countries with Mandated Recycling and/or Recovery Regulations .............................. 32 Table 2-12 Countries with Fiscal Incentives for Single-Use Plastics Recycling ............................. 32 Table 2-13 Countries with Mandated Deposit-Refund Schemes ..................................................... 33 Table 2-14 Examples of Regulations on Import of Plastic Waste in Asian Countries ..................... 33 Table 2-15 Examples of Voluntary Approaches at Private Companies ........................................... 36 Table 2-16 Examples of Voluntary Approaches in Cooperative Organization ................................ 37 Table 2-17 Recycling-related Laws in Japan and Plastic Resource Recycling ................................ 37 Table 2-18 Measures to Deal with Marine Plastic Litter in Japan ................................................... 41 Table 2-19 JICA PPP Projects According to Waste Types and Technologies ................................. 48 Table 2-20 Marine Plastic Projects of Major Donors in the Four Countries of Field Survey .......... 56 Table 2-21 JICA Project in Solid Waste Management Sector Since March 2009 ........................... 60 Table 2-22 Areas of Issues Included in JICA Projects ..................................................................... 61 Table 2-24 JICA Project Review (Grant Aid) .................................................................................. 63 Table 2-23 JICA Project Review (Technical Assistance) ...............................................................
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