How to Attain Liberation from a False World? the Gnostic Myth of Sophia

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

How to Attain Liberation from a False World? the Gnostic Myth of Sophia Journal of Religion & Film Volume 21 Article 34 Issue 1 April 2017 4-1-2017 How To Attain Liberation From a False World? The Gnostic Myth of Sophia in Dark City (1998) Fryderyk Kwiatkowski Jagiellonian University in Kraków, [email protected] Recommended Citation Kwiatkowski, Fryderyk (2017) "How To Attain Liberation From a False World? The Gnostic Myth of Sophia in Dark City (1998)," Journal of Religion & Film: Vol. 21 : Iss. 1 , Article 34. Available at: https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/jrf/vol21/iss1/34 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UNO. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Religion & Film by an authorized editor of DigitalCommons@UNO. For more information, please contact [email protected]. How To Attain Liberation From a False World? The Gnostic Myth of Sophia in Dark City (1998) Abstract In the second half of the 20th century, a fascinating revival of ancient Gnostic ideas in American popular culture could be observed. One of the major streams through which Gnostic ideas are transmitted is Hollywood cinema. Many works that emerged at the end of 1990s can be viewed through the ideas of ancient Gnostic systems: The Truman Show (1998), The Thirteenth Floor (1999), The Others (2001), Vanilla Sky (2001) or The Matrix trilogy (1999-2003). In this article, the author analyses Dark City (1998) and demonstrates that the story depicted in the film is heavily indebted to the Gnostic myth of Sophia. He bases his inquiry on the newest research results in Gnostic Studies in order to highlight the importance of definitional problems within the field and how carefully the concept of “Gnosticism” should be applied to popular culture studies. Keywords Gnosticism, Hollywood, Gnosis, Western esotericism, neo-noir, science-fiction Author Notes Fryderyk Kwiatkowski is a PhD candidate at the Institute of Philosophy of the Jagiellonian University in Kraków. He is also affiliated to the Facta Ficta Research Centre in Kraków. He is currently preparing a dissertation about the idea of the Gnostic myth and conspirituality in Hollywood (1990-2016). His research interests include the reception of esoteric ideas in contemporary Western culture, with particular focus on Gnosticism in philosophy, literature, and popular culture. He is an editorial assistant for the Nag Hammadi Bibliography Online (Brill) and Facta Ficta Journal. He did internships at the Center for Hermetic Philosophy and Related Currents of the University of Amsterdam and at the department of Jewish, Christian and Islamic Origins of the University of Groningen. This article is available in Journal of Religion & Film: https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/jrf/vol21/iss1/34 Kwiatkowski: The Gnostic Myth of Sophia in Dark City (1998) Introduction In the last three decades many Hollywood films have disclosed themes that can be viewed in the light of ancient Gnosticism. Several authors have rightly identified films such as The Truman Show (1998), Pleasantville (1998), Vanilla Sky (2001) or The Matrix trilogy (1999-2003) as “Gnostic.”1 In this paper, I provide a close reading of an understudied film directed by Alex Proyas, Dark City (1998),2 through the Gnostic myth of Sophia (Gr. Wisdom). Although one could also deliver a Neo-Platonic or Christian interpretation of Proyas’ work, I shall limit myself only to Gnosticism. First of all, I find the interpretative context of Gnosticism far more efficient in explaining various meanings of Dark City than previously mentioned. It is also due to the fact that in the light of ancient Gnostic thought, no thorough examination of Proyas’ work has been offered yet.3 What is Gnosticism? In contemporary Gnostic Studies the notion of Gnosticism is understood not as a historical unity that can be defined by a clear set of characteristics but rather as a theoretical term.4 For nearly two thousand years scholars had had no access to original “Gnostic” texts. They had to base their inquiry on the works of Church Fathers who distorted the meaning of teachings of various groups and persons they studied in the early Christian era. Amid them Saint Irenaeus of Lyons had the greatest influence. He called all of the Christian groups he Published by DigitalCommons@UNO, 2017 1 Journal of Religion & Film, Vol. 21 [2017], Iss. 1, Art. 34 attacked adherents of false gnosis (Gr. “knowledge,” “investigation,” “insight”). Although Irenaeus was aware of the great diversity of groups he described, his account was very inaccurate. In 1945 near Nag Hammadi a great number of the so-called “Gnostic” scriptures were discovered. Scholars started to revise the concept of Gnosticism, which was the product of modern scholarship,5 and it soon became apparent that it was too narrow to encompass the enormous diversity of ideas, myths, practices and rituals expressed in the original texts. After the emergence of ground-breaking critical works of Michael A. Williams6 and Karen L. King,7 in which they argued for abandoning the idea of Gnosticism due to its inadequacy in the light of the discovered materials, several counterpropositions have been suggested.8 Most of them are embedded in the typological approach which offers a set of characteristics that group certain texts and ideas together. Their authors do not use the idea of “Gnosticism” or “Gnostic religion” referring to a single phenomenon. It rather serves as an interpretive or heuristic category to lump together thinkers and texts for closer scrutiny and comparison.9 I will base my inquiry of Dark City on the typology formulated by Roelof van den Broek.10 In his account, “Gnosticism” or rather “Gnostic religion” is understood as a phenomenon that flourished in great myths of the 2nd and 3rd century which spread across the Middle East and Roman Empire up to the Far East. Van den Broek enumerates the most typical features of Gnosticism that involve myths in which: https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/jrf/vol21/iss1/34 2 Kwiatkowski: The Gnostic Myth of Sophia in Dark City (1998) (1) a distinction is made between the highest, unknown God and the imperfect or plainly evil creator-god, who is often identified with the God of the Bible; (2) this is often connected with an extensive description of the divine world (Pleroma), from which the essential core of human beings derives, and of disastrous “fall” of a divine being (Sophia, “Wisdom”), in this upper world; (3) as a result, humankind has become entrapped in the earthly condition of oblivion and death, from which it is saved by the revelation of gnosis by one or more heavenly messengers; (4) salvation is often actualized and celebrated in rituals that are performed within the gnostic community.11 Systems of Gnostic religion can be divided into two groups. In the first one, there is a dominant idea of radical dualism between two opposing principles of light and darkness. In Manichaeism, some Mandaean texts and three-principle systems, it is said that when darkness encountered light it resulted in the creation of the world with evil within. Most of the Gnostic systems, however, are monistic in the sense that they posit one divine transcendent principle from which everything begins. It is absolutely good but during a series of emanations an evil comes into being. Thus we can speak about a certain dualistic tendency within this type of gnosis and it can be found in Classic (Sethian) Gnosticism, Basilidian12 or Valentinian gnosis. For van den Broek, the set of traits he provides is the core of Gnostic religion which in his account stipulates a “radical” or “mythological” form of ancient gnosis.13 It is expressed in the great systems of the 2nd and 3rd century, e.g. Sethianism or Valentinianism. Therefore, the Dutch scholar avoids using the notion of Gnosticism. In this article, I shall understand the category of Gnosticism in a narrow sense, i.e. as a mythological form of ancient gnosis that van den Broek suggests.14 I will consider as “Gnostic” the ideas and people that Published by DigitalCommons@UNO, 2017 3 Journal of Religion & Film, Vol. 21 [2017], Iss. 1, Art. 34 fit into van den Broek’s category of mythological gnosis. For instance, I name Sethians “Gnostic” who spoke about themselves as “Gnostics,” but also Valentinians, although in a narrower sense they should not be called such.15 The myth of Sophia One of the realizations of radical gnosis of its monistic type is the myth about Sophia’s fall (who can be also identified with “Word”, “Logos,” “Wisdom,” or “Achamoth,” depending on the Gnostic writing), a divine being who causes disruption within the celestial sphere, which leads to the creation of the world. Despite differences between numerous texts that express this myth, for instance Zostrianus (NHC VIII, 1) or Tripartite Tractate (NHC I, 5), they share a common set of traits.16 Most frequently, these scriptures start from the description of the heavenly world in which the unknowable God (also called in other texts “Bythos”, “Father” or “Monad”) resides. He comprises the original, metaphysical unity from which lesser beings emanate. However, they should not be viewed as distinctive, independent entities but symbolic manifestations of the Father. Aeons, altogether with God, comprise a divine sphere: Pleroma. The creation of the world is brought by a flaw, error, passion or ignorance of the lowest entity, Sophia. In the most popular versions of the myth, her fall is caused by her need for understanding the greatness of God or because she wanted to produce something on her own, without the permission of her spouse or the Father. In the aftermath, she gives birth to a malign, ignorant being called https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/jrf/vol21/iss1/34 4 Kwiatkowski: The Gnostic Myth of Sophia in Dark City (1998) “Demiurge”17 (also known as “Yaldabaoth,” “Saklas” or “Samael”).18 He creates human beings as well as the material world, a place of death, terror, and suffering.
Recommended publications
  • Religio-Historical Observations on Valentinianism
    RELIGIO-HISTORICAL OBSERVATIONS ON VALENTINIANISM BY UGO BIANCHI I THE distinction made by the Yale Seminars between a Valentinian and a "Sethian" gnosticism seems to me very meaningful. Nay, at this particular stage of research, it may be preferred to the other, widely accepted distinction between "Syro-Egyptian" and "Iranian." Natu­ rally enough, gnostic thinkers may have been interested in dualistic patterns "in the Iranian style" (the idea of two absolutely primordial, opposed realms of Light and Darkness): suffice it to mention Basilides' attribution of a dualistic doctrine to the "barbarians." 1 But neither is there any doubt that "Iranian" dualistic forms and mythical characters (those serpentine, aggressive beings that recall the Mazdean figures of Az, Jeh, Azhi Dahaka, etc.) are peripheral in the wide ambit of the gnostic schools of the second and the third centuries A.D. In fact, they are confined to Manichaeism and to Mandaeanism, though not com­ pletely alien to some of the demonic imagery of the Demiurge in the Coptic tractates. On the other side we have the always growing number of schools, systems, and tractates of "Western" gnosticism. It is here, it seems, that we can observe the gnostic phenomenon in statu nascendi, as well as the origins of those divarications and autonomous developments which characterize that articulated set of genomena and phainomena we call "gnosticism." Moreover, it is here that a radical distinction between a Valentinian, "Egyptian" gnosticism and a "Syro-Palestinian" one (the Simonian tradition, with Saturninus) seems appropriate, if, on the basis of Jonas's concept of "devolution" of heavenly hypostases, we are to contrast the respective opposed dynamisms as expressed in the relevant cosmogonies.
    [Show full text]
  • Iamblichus and Julian''s ''Third Demiurge'': a Proposition
    Iamblichus and Julian”s ”Third Demiurge”: A Proposition Adrien Lecerf To cite this version: Adrien Lecerf. Iamblichus and Julian”s ”Third Demiurge”: A Proposition . Eugene Afonasin; John M. Dillon; John F. Finamore. Iamblichus and the Foundations of Late Platonism, 13, BRILL, p. 177-201, 2012, Ancient Mediterranean and Medieval Texts and Contexts. Studies in Platonism, Neoplatonism, and the Platonic Tradition, 10.1163/9789004230118_012. hal-02931399 HAL Id: hal-02931399 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02931399 Submitted on 6 Sep 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Iamblichus and Julian‟s “Third Demiurge”: A Proposition Adrien Lecerf Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France [email protected] ABSTRACT. In the Emperor Julian's Oration To the Mother of the Gods, a philosophical interpretation of the myth of Cybele and Attis, reference is made to an enigmatic "third Demiurge". Contrary to a common opinion identifying him to the visible Helios (the Sun), or to tempting identifications to Amelius' and Theodorus of Asine's three Demiurges, I suggest that a better idea would be to compare Julian's text to Proclus' system of Demiurges (as exposed and explained in a Jan Opsomer article, "La démiurgie des jeunes dieux selon Proclus", Les Etudes Classiques, 71, 2003, pp.
    [Show full text]
  • Archons (Commanders) [NOTICE: They Are NOT Anlien Parasites], and Then, in a Mirror Image of the Great Emanations of the Pleroma, Hundreds of Lesser Angels
    A R C H O N S HIDDEN RULERS THROUGH THE AGES A R C H O N S HIDDEN RULERS THROUGH THE AGES WATCH THIS IMPORTANT VIDEO UFOs, Aliens, and the Question of Contact MUST-SEE THE OCCULT REASON FOR PSYCHOPATHY Organic Portals: Aliens and Psychopaths KNOWLEDGE THROUGH GNOSIS Boris Mouravieff - GNOSIS IN THE BEGINNING ...1 The Gnostic core belief was a strong dualism: that the world of matter was deadening and inferior to a remote nonphysical home, to which an interior divine spark in most humans aspired to return after death. This led them to an absorption with the Jewish creation myths in Genesis, which they obsessively reinterpreted to formulate allegorical explanations of how humans ended up trapped in the world of matter. The basic Gnostic story, which varied in details from teacher to teacher, was this: In the beginning there was an unknowable, immaterial, and invisible God, sometimes called the Father of All and sometimes by other names. “He” was neither male nor female, and was composed of an implicitly finite amount of a living nonphysical substance. Surrounding this God was a great empty region called the Pleroma (the fullness). Beyond the Pleroma lay empty space. The God acted to fill the Pleroma through a series of emanations, a squeezing off of small portions of his/its nonphysical energetic divine material. In most accounts there are thirty emanations in fifteen complementary pairs, each getting slightly less of the divine material and therefore being slightly weaker. The emanations are called Aeons (eternities) and are mostly named personifications in Greek of abstract ideas.
    [Show full text]
  • The Book of the Body of Christ: Jewish-Christian Mysticism of Letters
    Irina Kolbutova Moscow [email protected] THE BOOK OF THE BODY OF CHRIST: JEWISH‐CHRISTIAN MYSTICISM OF LETTERS AND THE NAME OF GOD AS AN ORIGIN FOR THE CHRISTIAN SPIRITUAL EXEGESIS INTRODUCTION In his article “The Body of the Text: a Kabbalistic Theory of Em‐ bodyment”1 E. R. Wolfson has expressed his views on the opposition as well as points of contact between the Jewish kabbalistic and medi‐ eval Christian treatment of the hermeneutics of the incorporation of the Divine Word into the letters of the Holy Scripture. This scholar formulated in general words the main points of his argument in the following way: “Pitched in the heartland of Christian faith, one en‐ counters the logocentric belief in the incarnation of the word in the flesh of the person of Jesus, whereas in the textual panorama of me‐ dieval kabbalah, the site of the incarnational insight is the onto‐ graphic inscripting of flesh into word and the consequent conversion of the carnal body into the ethereal, luminous body, finally trans‐ posed into the literal body that is the letter, hyperliterally, the name that is the Torah. Both narratives, therefore, presume a correlation of body and book, but in an inverse manner: for Christians, the body is the embodyment of the book; for Jews, the book is the textualization of the body.”2 However, one should note a scholarly consensus concerning the parallelism of the Incarnation of Logos in the Person of Christ and the letters of the Scripture in such great Christian theorists of the biblical exegesis as Origen and Augustine.
    [Show full text]
  • The Gnostic Myth of Sophia in Dark City (1998) Fryderyk Kwiatkowski Jagiellonian University in Kraków, [email protected]
    Journal of Religion & Film Volume 21 Article 34 Issue 1 April 2017 4-1-2017 How To Attain Liberation From a False World? The Gnostic Myth of Sophia in Dark City (1998) Fryderyk Kwiatkowski Jagiellonian University in Kraków, [email protected] Recommended Citation Kwiatkowski, Fryderyk (2017) "How To Attain Liberation From a False World? The Gnostic Myth of Sophia in Dark City (1998)," Journal of Religion & Film: Vol. 21 : Iss. 1 , Article 34. Available at: https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/jrf/vol21/iss1/34 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UNO. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Religion & Film by an authorized editor of DigitalCommons@UNO. For more information, please contact [email protected]. How To Attain Liberation From a False World? The Gnostic Myth of Sophia in Dark City (1998) Abstract In the second half of the 20th century, a fascinating revival of ancient Gnostic ideas in American popular culture could be observed. One of the major streams through which Gnostic ideas are transmitted is Hollywood cinema. Many works that emerged at the end of 1990s can be viewed through the ideas of ancient Gnostic systems: The Truman Show (1998), The Thirteenth Floor (1999), The Others (2001), Vanilla Sky (2001) or The Matrix trilogy (1999-2003). In this article, the author analyses Dark City (1998) and demonstrates that the story depicted in the film is heavily indebted to the Gnostic myth of Sophia. He bases his inquiry on the newest research results in Gnostic Studies in order to highlight the importance of definitional problems within the field and how carefully the concept of “Gnosticism” should be applied to popular culture studies.
    [Show full text]
  • The Theosophical Seal by Arthur M. Coon the Theosophical Seal a Study for the Student and Non-Student
    The Theosophical Seal by Arthur M. Coon The Theosophical Seal A Study for the Student and Non-Student by Arthur M. Coon This book is dedicated to all searchers for wisdom Published in the 1800's Page 1 The Theosophical Seal by Arthur M. Coon INTRODUCTION PREFACE BOOK -1- A DIVINE LANGUAGE ALPHA AND OMEGA UNITY BECOMES DUALITY THREE: THE SACRED NUMBER THE SQUARE AND THE NUMBER FOUR THE CROSS BOOK 2-THE TAU THE PHILOSOPHIC CROSS THE MYSTIC CROSS VICTORY THE PATH BOOK -3- THE SWASTIKA ANTIQUITY THE WHIRLING CROSS CREATIVE FIRE BOOK -4- THE SERPENT MYTH AND SACRED SCRIPTURE SYMBOL OF EVIL SATAN, LUCIFER AND THE DEVIL SYMBOL OF THE DIVINE HEALER SYMBOL OF WISDOM THE SERPENT SWALLOWING ITS TAIL BOOK 5 - THE INTERLACED TRIANGLES THE PATTERN THE NUMBER THREE THE MYSTERY OF THE TRIANGLE THE HINDU TRIMURTI Page 2 The Theosophical Seal by Arthur M. Coon THE THREEFOLD UNIVERSE THE HOLY TRINITY THE WORK OF THE TRINITY THE DIVINE IMAGE " AS ABOVE, SO BELOW " KING SOLOMON'S SEAL SIXES AND SEVENS BOOK 6 - THE SACRED WORD THE SACRED WORD ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Page 3 The Theosophical Seal by Arthur M. Coon INTRODUCTION I am happy to introduce this present volume, the contents of which originally appeared as a series of articles in The American Theosophist magazine. Mr. Arthur Coon's careful analysis of the Theosophical Seal is highly recommend to the many readers who will find here a rich store of information concerning the meaning of the various components of the seal Symbology is one of the ancient keys unlocking the mysteries of man and Nature.
    [Show full text]
  • The Trinitarian Theology of Irenaeus of Lyons
    Marquette University e-Publications@Marquette Dissertations, Theses, and Professional Dissertations (1934 -) Projects The Trinitarian Theology of Irenaeus of Lyons Jackson Jay Lashier Marquette University Follow this and additional works at: https://epublications.marquette.edu/dissertations_mu Part of the Religion Commons Recommended Citation Lashier, Jackson Jay, "The Trinitarian Theology of Irenaeus of Lyons" (2011). Dissertations (1934 -). 109. https://epublications.marquette.edu/dissertations_mu/109 THE TRINITARIAN THEOLOGY OF IRENAEUS OF LYONS by Jackson Lashier, B.A., M.Div. A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School, Marquette University, in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Milwaukee, Wisconsin May 2011 ABSTRACT THE TRINITARIAN THEOLOGY OF IRENAEUS OF LYONS Jackson Lashier, B.A., M.Div. Marquette University, 2011 This dissertation is a study of the Trinitarian theology of Irenaeus of Lyons. With the exception of two recent studies, Irenaeus’ Trinitarian theology, particularly in its immanent manifestation, has been devalued by scholarship due to his early dates and his stated purpose of avoiding speculative theology. In contrast to this majority opinion, I argue that Irenaeus’ works show a mature understanding of the Trinity, in both its immanent and economic manifestations, which is occasioned by Valentinianism. Moreover, his Trinitarian theology represents a significant advancement upon that of his sources, the so-called apologists, whose understanding of the divine nature converges in many respects with Valentinian theology. I display this advancement by comparing the thought of Irenaeus with that of Justin, Athenagoras, and Theophilus, on Trinitarian themes. Irenaeus develops Trinitarian theology in the following ways. First, he defines God’s nature as spirit, thus maintaining the divine transcendence through God’s higher order of being as opposed to the use of spatial imagery (God is separated/far away from creation).
    [Show full text]
  • Proclus and Artemis: on the Relevance of Neoplatonism to the Modern Study of Ancient Religion
    Kernos Revue internationale et pluridisciplinaire de religion grecque antique 13 | 2000 Varia Proclus and Artemis: On the Relevance of Neoplatonism to the Modern Study of Ancient Religion Spyridon Rangos Electronic version URL: http://journals.openedition.org/kernos/1293 DOI: 10.4000/kernos.1293 ISSN: 2034-7871 Publisher Centre international d'étude de la religion grecque antique Printed version Date of publication: 1 January 2000 ISSN: 0776-3824 Electronic reference Spyridon Rangos, « Proclus and Artemis: On the Relevance of Neoplatonism to the Modern Study of Ancient Religion », Kernos [Online], 13 | 2000, Online since 21 April 2011, connection on 01 May 2019. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/kernos/1293 ; DOI : 10.4000/kernos.1293 Kernos Kernos, 13 (2000), p. 47-84. Proclus and Artemis: On the Relevance of Neoplatonism to the Modern Study of Andent Religion* Imagine the situation in which contemporary philosophers would find themselves if Wittgenstein introduced, in his Philosophical Investigations, the religious figure of Jesus as Logos and Son of God in order to illuminate the puzzlement ofthe private-language paradox, or if in the second division of Being and Time Heidegger mentioned the archangel Michael to support the argument of 'being toward death'. Similar is the perplexity that a modern reader is bound to encounter when, after a highly sophisticated analysis of demanding metaphysical questions about the relationship of the one and the many, finitude and infinity, mind and body, Proclus, l in ail seriousness and without the slightest touch of irony, assigns to some traditional gods of Greek polytheism a definitive place in the structure of being.
    [Show full text]
  • The Gnostic and Hellenistic Backgrounds of Sophia in 1 Corinthians 1-4
    Perichoresis Volume 17. Single Author Supplement 2 (2019): 3-15 DOI: 10.2478/perc-2019-0032 THE GNOSTIC AND HELLENISTIC BACKGROUNDS OF SOPHIA IN 1 CORINTHIANS 1-4 CORIN MIHĂILĂ * Emanuel University ABSTRACT. First Corinthians 1-4 discusses the concept of sophia or wisdom as a central theme. It seems to be both a worldly standard by which the Corinthians judged their teachers and a concept which Paul redefines in light of the cross. Over the last century, two major proposals have been put forth as an explanation for the background of sophia: Gnosticism and Hellenistic Jewish wisdom. Those who advance the hypothesis of Gnosticism behind the concept, correctly identify in these chapters words and terminology that are commonly associated with Gnosti- cism. However, the literary context of 1 Corinthians 1-4, as determinative of meaning for these words, suggests different meanings associated with the cross. Moreover, claiming Gnostic influ- ence on the writing of 1 Corinthians is guilty of anachronism. The Hellenistic Jewish wisdom proposal is likewise based on alleged linguistic and conceptual parallelism with Philonic type wisdom. It is argued, among other things, that the Corinthians were taught such wisdom by Apollos. This argument, however cannot be sustained, when we look at Apollos’ ministry in light of the information we have in the New Testament. As a result, both Gnosticism and Hel- lenistic Jewish wisdom are not viable hypothesis for the background of sophia. KEY WORDS: Sophia, Corinthians, Gnosticism, Hellenistic Jewish wisdom, Apollos, Paul Introduction The first epistle to the Corinthians is well known to provide answers and solutions to some issues that were present in the Corinthian church.
    [Show full text]
  • Gnosticism Notes
    Copyright © 2014, 2018 by Cory Baugher 1 KnowingTheBible.net Gnosticism Notes Gnosticism (“having knowledge”) was a prominent heretical movement of the third-century Christian Church. Gnostic doctrine taught that the world was created and ruled by a lesser and cruel divinity, the demiurge. Also, the Pleroma (“light”), the true God force, sent the spiritual Christ with esoteric gnosis (“knowledge”) to liberate the human spirit from the material realm. History Simon Magus of Syria (about 50s AD) claimed he was an incarnation of the God force come to rescue the divine thought of God (which was female) imprisoned in the material realm. He practiced magic and divination. He became a Christian to gain power (Acts 8:9-24) and mixed mystery religion ideas with Christianity. He was an Antinomian. Gnostics consider him a founding father. Marcion of Sinope (85–160 AD) believed that the teachings of Jesus Christ were incompatible with Yahweh, the belligerent God of the Old Testament. Taught that God of the Old Testament (Demiurge) is evil and inferior to the God of the New Testament (the Father), which is good. He believed that the Old Testament had to be set aside and so put together his own list of accepted New Testament books. He created his own New Testament church. He denied Jesus’ human body as an illusion. Valentinus of Alexandria (100–160 AD) developed Gnostic theology fully and founded his own school in Rome. He connected Gnostic ideas with the mystery religions and Plato. He taught that there were three kinds of people: Spiritual (his own followers) received the gnosis (“knowledge”) that allowed them to return to the divine Pleroma (“light”).
    [Show full text]
  • Sophia: the Gnostic Heritage John F
    Fall 2009 Sophia: the Gnostic Heritage John F. Nash Summary ther,” “Lord,” and so forth. Resistance has also increased to the custom of envisioning his article presents a brief history of God in any kind of anthropomorphic terms.2 TSophia, best known of the divine feminine Yet anthropomorphism is comforting to many individualities of the West. Under her Hebrew people, and the concept of a powerful God- name, Chokmah, Sophia emerged in late bibli- dess, complementing or even replacing the cal times. But it was the Gnostics of the early traditional masculine God, resonates with large Christian era who created the Sophia we rec- numbers of thinking people. ognize today. Sophia played a small but sig- nificant role in western mainstream Christian- Of all the anthropomorphized, feminine deities ity and a much larger role in Eastern Ortho- discussed today, Sophia is the most popular in doxy. Russian Orthodox theologians not only the West, to judge by the literature of feminist had personal experiences of Sophia but also theology, women’s studies, and New Age cul- shared important insights into how she related ture. The purpose of this article, then, is to to the Trinity and to the “invisible Church” present a brief review of the history and con- that transcends historical Christianity. The temporary relevance of Sophia in western article concludes with some remarks about the spirituality. Many questions remain concern- relevance of Sophia in modern spirituality. ing how Sophia can be reconciled with tradi- tional Christian doctrine. However, opportuni- Background ties also exist to integrate Sophia more firmly into the Trans-Himalayan teachings.
    [Show full text]
  • The Nag Hammadi Library
    The Nag Hammadi Library The Apocryphon of John (The Secret Book of John - The Secret Revelation of John) Translated by Frederik Wisse The Apocryphon of John is commonly referenced by two other names: The Secret Book of John and The Secret Revelation of John, depending upon how the word "Apocryphon" is translated. Their are four surviving Coptic manuscripts of this text: two shorter version found in the Berlin Codex; and Nag Hammadi Codex III, and two longer version, found in Nag Hammadi Codex II and IV. This translation prepared by Dr. Wisse for the Nag Hammadi Library in English uses all four manuscripts to produce a single text. Separate translations of the short and long version, along with extensive additional resources, are available in the Apocryphon of John Collection of the Gnostic Society Library. Visit the Apocryphon of John Collection for more information The teaching of the savior, and the revelation of the mysteries and the things hidden in silence, even these things which he taught John, his disciple. And it happened one day, when John, the brother of James - who are the sons of Zebedee - had come up to the temple, that a Pharisee named Arimanius approached him and said to him, "Where is your master whom you followed?" And he said to him, "He has gone to the place from which he came." The Pharisee said to him, "With deception did this Nazarene deceive you (pl.), and he filled your ears with lies, and closed your hearts (and) turned you from the traditions of your fathers." When I, John, heard these things I turned away from the temple to a desert place.
    [Show full text]