DOCSLIB.ORG

FREDERICK J. THORPE CURATOR EMERITUS, CANADIAN MUSEUM of CIVILIZATION Samuel Johannes Holland: the Dutch Grooming of the Canadian Land Surveyor (1729-1755)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
FREDERICK J. THORPE CURATOR EMERITUS, CANADIAN MUSEUM of CIVILIZATION Samuel Johannes Holland: the Dutch Grooming of the Canadian Land Surveyor (1729-1755) FREDERICK J. THORPE CURATOR EMERITUS, CANADIAN MUSEUM OF CIVILIZATION Samuel Johannes Holland: the Dutch grooming of the Canadian land surveyor (1729-1755) In 1764, the British government appointed Samuel and raise the child in the Christian faith, was his Holland surveyor-general of the Province of Quebec paternal grandmother, seventy-year-old Maria and, for no additional salary, surveyor-general of Elisabeth Holland, née Weemhof. The pastor, his the northern district of North America. From 1755 uncle by marriage Dr. Christiaan Elter, baptized to 1763 he had served the British army in North him “Samuel Johannes”.4 America as an engineer, distinguished himself at the sieges of Louisbourg and of Quebec and risen Although little is known of the antecedents of to the rank of captain. He went on to map a huge Samuel’s mother, Johanna, née Buikers (a family area from Prince Edward Island (where he chose the name known in Zutphen at the time though not in name and the site of Charlottetown) to the Detroit Deventer), published genealogical information on River, including the coast and the hinterland of New the Holland family is more extensive.5 The name (QJODQG $IWHU ÀHHLQJ WKH $PHULFDQ 5HYROXWLRQ Samuel was traditional in the family. The newly- he became the surveyor-general of Quebec again EDSWL]HG LQIDQW KDG DW OHDVW DQ XQFOH WZR ¿UVW and sat on the province’s legislative council till his cousins, a grandfather and a great-grandfather death in 1801. His career was remarkably long and who before him had been named Samuel Holland distinguished. 1 (or Hollandt). His great-grandfather, baptized at Strasbourg in 1606, had earned a doctorate, been Yet to the British he was a “foreign Protestant” ordained a Lutheran pastor and served as such at RI¿FHU KDYLQJ EHHQ ERUQ DQG HGXFDWHG LQ WKH three places in Baden (Friesenheim, Hertingen and United Provinces and, in his youth, served as a Ihringen) before returning to Strasbourg, where he junior subaltern in the Dutch artillery during and ended his days about 1676. The grandfather, the following the War of the Austrian Succession. pastor’s eldest son, was born at Friesenheim before What, then, led the British to recruit him as a 1654 and moved as a young man to Utrecht, where military engineer and subsequently to name him a he married eighteen-year-old Maria Elisabeth director of land surveys in North America? Weemhof in 16776. Between late 1684 and late 1687 the family moved to Deventer.7 Altogether they seem His life began in the Province of Overijssel, in the to have had as many as fourteen children, of whom town of Deventer2. In an improvised structure in the Johan, baptized at Deventer in 1701,8 was the last- Spinhuissteeg converted into a Lutheran church,3 born. Grandfather Samuel, who died in 1710, was a Johan and Johanna Holland arrived on Thursday, dresser of hides, known as a vellenploter in Utrecht 22 September 1729 with their infant son. Standing and a velbereider in Deventer; this was one of the with them as sponsor, while they swore to instruct crafts within the trade of zeemsbereiders or dressers 10 Canadian Journal of Netherlandic Studies of chamois leather. Already mentioned in Utrecht where wealth and position counted for more than documents as a burger, he was registered in 1693 in DELOLW\ WR DEVRUE DQG DSSO\ VFLHQWL¿F NQRZOHGJH Deventer as a klein burger with a workshop among In order to become a second-lieutenant and the leatherworkers; and was apparently an elder extraordinaris vuurwerker (supernumerary of the Lutheran parish.9 His daughter Margaretha ¿UHZRUNHU RU S\URWHFKQLFLDQ LQ WKH DUWLOOHU\16 married Pastor Elter, his daughter Maria Magdalena Samuel had to pass an examination based on his a certain Johan Diederich Martfeldt, possibly a general knowledge of artillery, a certain level of relative of the Martfeldt brothers Joseph August SUR¿FLHQF\ LQ PDWKHPDWLFV LQFOXGLQJ JHRPHWU\ and Johan Frederik, distinguished lieutenant- along with drawing and a basic insight into the colonels of artillery.10 The former was to become SULQFLSOHV RI WKH FRQVWUXFWLRQ RI IRUWL¿FDWLRQV \RXQJ6DPXHO¶VFRPPDQGLQJRI¿FHU Although the standards for this examination were not especially high,17 the evidence suggests that Samuel Johannes had one sister, Elisabeth Holland’s skill and knowledge exceeded them -- in (baptized at Deventer on 24 September 1732), some areas, such as drafting, by a large margin. and no brothers. Both parents, who appear to have had a clothing shop and to have lived in relatively This is evident from the data recorded in his artillery modest circumstances, evidently died when Samuel subaltern’s manuscript notebook, dated 1750, which was a child. The father, Johan (Jan), died before 7 has survived.18 It contains tables, calculations and December 173411 and the mother Johanna (Janna), notes on a wide variety of subjects. The exquisite after 10 December 1734.12 It appears likely that hand-drawn illustrations reveal experience that Samuel and his sister were raised by relatives, could be gained only after many hours at the perhaps in Deventer.13 drafting table -- for example, a drawing that shows a number of touching circles and straight lines Samuel may have attended schools (petite école, running into curves -- that would prove very useful “French school”) where religion, reading, writing, in mapping. And although the only evidence in the DULWKPHWLF )UHQFK JHRPHWU\ IRUWL¿FDWLRQ notebook of training in trigonometry is a table of the navigation, etc. were taught. Although it is unlikely VLQHVRIGRXEOHDQJOHVDVFLHQWL¿FIUDPHRIPLQG that he went to one of the “Latin schools”, because allowed him to master the spherical trigonometry they neglected mathematics and science14, he seems UHTXLUHG IRU KLV IXWXUH ZRUN LQ ¿HOG DVWURQRP\ to have acquired a reading knowledge of Latin at The document has fourteen pages of notes on the some point.15 In any event, he must have obtained armament of fortresses that may have proved useful some grounding in mathematics and physics before when it fell to him to design citadels in Canada. The entering the Dutch artillery as a cadet in 1745. notebook is, in effect, the kind of document that in DQRWKHUDJHPLJKWKDYHEHHQSXEOLVKHGIRURI¿FHUV Since he chose a military career, his social status of his rank rather than compiled by an individual destined him for commissioned rank, but in the student from a variety of sources. “learned arms”, not in the infantry or cavalry 11 Samuel Johannes Holland: the Dutch grooming of the Canadian land surveyor (1729-1755) +ROODQGZDVUHTXLUHGDVD¿UHZRUNHUWRXQGHUVWDQG There are measurements taken on an 18-lb iron the chemistry of explosives and the various alloys ball and designs of types of projectile. The weights in use in weapon construction. The symbols for of Dutch artillery pieces and their equipment are various chemicals are given for ready reference noted, as are the elements in estimating the cost of in the notebook. The powder and ammunition artillery equipment and its repair and maintenance. requirements of each of three types of artillery -- There are memoirs on mortar, cannon and howitzer, cannon, howitzers and mortars -- are analyzed in and on the cost of Dutch artillery pieces. There are turn, as are the various calibres within each type. notes on the trajectory of mortars and howitzers, There are data on the composition and weight of and a list of the guns and ammunition taken into various metal alloys, on the weight of the contents WKH¿HOGLQ$QGWKHUHLVDURXJKGUDZLQJRID RI YDULRXV FRQWDLQHUV RQ WKH VSHFL¿F ZHLJKW RI fortress with casemates. metals compared with water, and on the costs of ammunition and equipment. There are recipes for When Cadet Holland joined Martfeldt’s artillery gunpowder, other explosives and pyrotechnics, FRPSDQ\ WKH 8QLWHG 3URYLQFHV ZHUH XQRI¿FLDOO\ a list of laboratory equipment for making fuses, --- and most reluctantly --- involved in war. The and proportional charges for bombs and grenades. War of the Austrian Succession was ostensibly a There are tables of powder weight and volume in dynastic dispute but, in reality, it was about the a cylinder, and of ranges, elevations and charges. “balance of power” in Europe and the European And the elevation and powder charge are calculated colonial empires. France supported Prussia’s for various ranges with mortars. and Spain’s challenge to Austrian power in the centre and on the Italian peninsula. The British In addition, the notebook contains tables of government’s fear that France and Prussia would equivalent units of weight, of the diameter of lead dominate the continent and swallow up King George shot according to weight, of volumes of various ,,¶VEHORYHG¿HIGRPRI+DQRYHUZDVDFFRPSDQLHG diameters and weights from 1 to 100, of the by a clamour among commercial interests to stop multiplication of cubes, of diameters and weights of a rapid French encroachment on British power materials such as stone, iron, lead, gold and silver, overseas. The United Netherlands, established in and of weights and diameters on a scale of 1000 international banking, had an abiding interest in like units. There are calculations of the calibre and maintaining neutrality while competing in trade weight of round shot, of the cubic volume of shot with other nations for its very existence. Had it not determined from the total weight of the shot, of been for the Anglo-Dutch alliance in effect since the volume of cylinders such as gun barrels, of the 1688, Dutch neutrality might just as well have volume of spheres, hollow spheres and tubes, of become pro-French --- or at least not pro-British. dimensions of cannon-ball stacks for balls of various calibres, of the number of cannon balls in a regular 7KH ¿UVW OLQH RI WKH 'XWFK ODQGZDUG GHIHQFH stack, and of the number of cannon, mortars and DJDLQVW)UDQFHFRQVLVWHGRIWKHIRUWL¿HGWRZQVRI howitzers needed for the defence of a large fortress.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Placenaming on Cape Breton Island 381 a Different View from The
    Placenaming on Cape Breton Island A different view from the sea: placenaming on Cape Breton Island William Davey Cape Breton University Sydney NS Canada [email protected] ABSTRACT : George Story’s paper A view from the sea: Newfoundland place-naming suggests that there are other, complementary methods of collection and analysis than those used by his colleague E. R. Seary. Story examines the wealth of material found in travel accounts and the knowledge of fishers. This paper takes a different view from the sea as it considers the development of Cape Breton placenames using cartographic evidence from several influential historic maps from 1632 to 1878. The paper’s focus is on the shift names that were first given to water and coastal features and later shifted to designate settlements. As the seasonal fishing stations became permanent settlements, these new communities retained the names originally given to water and coastal features, so, for example, Glace Bay names a town and bay. By the 1870s, shift names account for a little more than 80% of the community names recorded on the Cape Breton county maps in the Atlas of the Maritime Provinces . Other patterns of naming also reflect a view from the sea. Landmarks and boundary markers appear on early maps and are consistently repeated, and perimeter naming occurs along the seacoasts, lakes, and rivers. This view from the sea is a distinctive quality of the island’s names. Keywords: Canada, Cape Breton, historical cartography, island toponymy, placenames © 2016 – Institute of Island Studies, University of Prince Edward Island, Canada Introduction George Story’s paper The view from the sea: Newfoundland place-naming “suggests other complementary methods of collection and analysis” (1990, p.
    [Show full text]
  • Surveyor-General Holland
    - -., ...: k The EDITH and LORNE PIERCE COLLECTION of CANADIANA Queen's University at Kingston QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY LIBRARY KINGSTON, ONTARIO CANADA Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2013 http://archive.org/details/surveyorgeneralhOOholl : BY REV. H. SCADD1NG, D.D. A notice of Samuel Holland, first Surveyor-General of Lands for the Northern District of North America, based on an hitherto u vpublished manuscript letter, addressed by him to Lieutenant-Governor Simcoe, in the year 1792. TORONTO MDCCCXCVI SURVEYOR-GENERAL HOLLAND. BY REV. H. SCADDING, D.D. A notice of Sam ucl Holland, first Surveyor-General of Lands for the Northern District of North A mcrica, based on a hitherto unpublished manuscript letter, addressed by him to Lieutenant-Governor Simcoe, in the year 1792. Having in my possession a somewhat important hitherto unpub- lished manuscript letter, addressed by Samuel Holland, first Surveyor- General of British North America, to Lieutenant Governor Simcoe, on some matters relating to the early history of British Canada, and throwing light on the origin of certain local names still to be seen on our maps, I feel anxious that the document should in some way be committed to the safe keeping of print, and so find a place in one of the volumes of Provincial Archives, which it is confidently hoped the Government will be induced hereafter to publish. The letter would Seem to have been written at the request of Governor Simcoe, in order that he might have a written record of Mr. Holland's familiar acquaintance and intercourse with his father (Captain John Simcoe, R.N.) when brought into contact with him in the neigh- bourhood of the recently-captured French Fortress of Louisbourg, on the Island of Cape Breton, some forty-eight years previously.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessing the Reliability of the 1760 British Geographical Survey of the St
    Assessing the Reliability of the 1760 British Geographical Survey of the St. Lawrence River Valley by Nicholas Gliserman A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the USC Graduate School University of Southern California In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science (Geographic Information Science and Technology) May 2018 Copyright © 2018 by Nicholas Gliserman ii To my loving wife, Christina Copland iii Table of Contents List of Figures ................................................................................................................................. vi List of Tables ................................................................................................................................... x Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................ xi List of Abbreviations .................................................................................................................... xii Abstract ........................................................................................................................................ xiii Chapter 1: Introduction .................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 2: Towards a Historiographical Synthesis of Archival and Digital Methods .................... 7 2.1. The Underwhelming Presence of Historical Maps in the Spatial Humanities ................... 8 2.2. Scholarship on the Murray
    [Show full text]
  • Colonel Joseph Bouchette - First Surveyor of York (Toronto) Harbour – Surveyor General of Lower Canada 1774-1841
    CCHA Report, 12 (1944-45), 43-53 Colonel Joseph Bouchette - First Surveyor Of York (Toronto) Harbour – Surveyor General of Lower Canada 1774-1841 BY THE REV. BROTHER ALFRED, F.S.C., LL.D. In May, 1793, Lieutenant-Governor John Graves Simcoe, first Governor of Upper Canada, resident, at the time, at Navy Hall, Niagara, despatched a young man of great promise to make for him and for the Governor in Chief, Lord Dorchester, a survey of Toronto1 Harbor, where it had been decided to found a new city, as a permanent capital for the recently erected province of Upper Canada. That young man was Joseph Bouchette, a youth of only 19 summers. He was to take measurements, make soundings of the bay, and report to Simcoe. There were several competent surveyors of wide experience in Upper Canada, above all in the Toronto and Niagara districts, about that time. We have their names: Augustus Jones, Gother Mann, John Collins, Robert Pilkington, Alexander Aitkin, Smith, Chewett, etc. We know what they did; and it is rather a remarkable thing that Simcoe should have passed them all over and chosen so young a man for such an important mission. The entry to Toronto harbor, today known as the “ western gap”, was apparently, in Simcoe’s time, difficult to navigate. Before Bouchette’s survey, no boat of any size entered the harbor, which was neither marked nor buoyed, unless Jean Baptiste Rousseau, who had operated, with his father, for 25 years, a counter for the trade of peltries at the mouth of the Humber River,2 and who knew every foot of the channel, was at the helm.3 Bouchette, by his labours, was to open the channel and the bay to future navigators and lake captains.
    [Show full text]
  • Benjamin West: General Wolfe and the Art of Empire Contents
    Carole McNamara with an essay by Clayton A. Lewis Benjamin West: General Wolfe and the Art of Empire Contents This publication is presented in conjunction with the exhibition 5 Director’s Foreword %HQMDPLQ:HVW*HQHUDO:ROIHDQGWKH$UWRI(PSLUH at the Joseph Rosa University of Michigan Museum of Art, September 22, 2012– January 13, 2013, in the A. Alfred Taubman Gallery I. 6 Acknowledgments This exhibition is generously supported by the Joseph F. McCrindle Foundation, the University of Michigan Health System, the Carole McNamara University of Michigan Office of the Provost and Office of the Vice President for Research, the Richard and Rosann Noel Endowment 8 Benjamin West Fund, and THE MOSAIC FOUNDATION (of R. & P. Heydon). and the Art of Empire Carole McNamara 26 William L. Clements Copyright © 2012 The Regents of the University of Michigan and 6JG&GCVJQH)GPGTCN9QNHG All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, Clayton A. Lewis stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, whether electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, 34 Plates recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission in writing of the publisher. 56 Checklist of Works in the Exhibition ISBN: 978-1-930561-16-8 Library of Congress Control Number: 2012941765 58 Selected Bibliography Published by the University of Michigan Museum of Art 525 South State Street Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1354 www.umma.umich.edu Regents of the University of Michigan Julia Donovan Darlow, Ann Arbor Laurence B. Deitch, Bloomfield Hills Denise Ilitch, Bingham Farms Olivia P. Maynard, Goodrich Andrea Fischer Newman, Ann Arbor Andrew C.
    [Show full text]
  • The Making of a Maritime Explorer: James Cook in Newfoundland, 1762-1767
    THE MAKING OF A MARITIME EXPLORER: JAMES COOK IN NEWFOUNDLAND, 1762-1767 In introducing his book, Captain Cook’s War and Peace: The Royal Navy Years, 1755-1768, John Robson remarked that “Some writers have asked the question, ‘Why was James Cook chosen to lead the Endeavour expedition [into the Pacific in 1768]?’” Robson then suggested that, with a better understanding of Cook’s career between 1755 and 1768, the more reasonable questions to ask would be “‘Why would the Admiralty have chosen anyone else to lead the expedition?’ and ‘Who else could they have chosen?’.”1 Robson’s point is that Cook’s career in the Pacific (which for much of the rest of the world is the only James Cook there is) cannot be understood without reference to his accomplishments during the years that he served in the Royal Navy in North America. Those years were abso- lutely critical to his training as a navigator, a cartographer, and as a com- mander. Indeed, in his biography of Cook, Frank McLynn declares quite unambiguously that “Even without the Pacific, Cook would have been a great historical figure.”2 It is a conclusion accepted by those who have studied the man carefully, but it is a conclusion which has difficulty captur- ing public recognition outside of Atlantic Canada.3 Cook had volunteered into the Royal Navy in 1755 while in his twenties, with the rating of Able Seaman, thanks to several years’ seafar- ing experience in commercial service, first in the North Sea coal trade and 1John Robson, Captain Cook's War & Peace: The Royal Navy Years 1755-1768 (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press; Barnsley, South Yorks.: Seaforth Publishing; Sydney: University of New South Wales Press, 2009), p.
    [Show full text]
  • FS 23 Samuel Holland Rev
    Samuel Holland: From Gunner and Sapper to Page 1 of 2 Cartographer 1755-62 ______________________________________________________________________________ Based on Research Conducted by: F.J. Thorpe MA, PhD, Curator Emeritus, Canadian Museum of Civilization Developed from the Research Paper by: Trevor Clayton Illustrations: University of Western Ontario, Lowensteyn Family Web Site in the siege of Quebec is based largely upon his much later recollection. He was promoted to captain on August 24, 1759, accompanied Wolfe on a reconnaissance above the city, built batteries at Point Levis and, while attempting a feint at Sillery, was run down by a schooner and had to escape from the enemy by swimming. After the landing at l'Anse au Foulon and scaling the heights, Holland “laid down a meridian line” on the battlefield “and set up stone monuments on it [the line] . ” Subsequently, he was unable to erect a redoubt on the British left because of the Samuel Johannes Holland (1729–1801) was rapidity of the French advance. The nature appointed Canada’s first British of a wound he incurred on that day, and surveyor-general in 1764, having served as which he later fail ed to mention, is unknown. a cadet and subaltern in the Dutch artillery Evidently as a token of his esteem, Wolfe from 1745 to 1755 and as an engineer in the presented Holland with duelling pistols that British army from 1755 to 1762. Holland’s are now in the McCord Museum at McGill flair for mathematics and singular aptitude University in Montréal (a watercolour of the for learning gained him an officer-cadetship pistols is in the Samuel Holland Collection at in the artillery, and his work in designing Holland College in Charlottetown, P.E.l.).
    [Show full text]
  • Cape Breton Colony 1781+-1820
    Orphan Outpost: Cape Breton Colony 1781+-1820 by Robert J. Morgan Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. £U P ^/0 X - ay University of Ottawa June 1972 '"S/ty O* U .^y Robert J. Morgan, Ottawa, 1973, UMI Number: DC53401 INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI® UMI Microform DC53401 Copyright 2011 by ProQuest LLC All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 GREAT SEAL COLONY OF CAPE BRETON PREFACE Cape Breton has been the least examined of all the British colonies in North America. Yet, a study of the colony's history offers insights into the obstacles confronting a small dependency, and the attitudes of colonial officials during the thirty-five years following the American Revolution. This interlude in the island's history, though not as brilliant as the preceding rise and fall of Louisbourg, witnessed the arrival of the loyalists, the Scots and many of the French- speaking people who still form the bulk of her population.
    [Show full text]
  • Communication
    COMMUNICATION Commemorating Louisbourg, c. 1767 IN MY RECENT ARTICLE ON THE PRESERVATION OFLouisbourg I Stated that the first step to mark the 18th century history of the French town occurred in 1895.1 It turns out that I was mistaken. There had been a monument, so to speak, erected on the historic site around 1767,2 128 years before the American Society of Colonial Wars raised what I thought was the first memorial. All trace and memory of that early commemorative effort apparently vanished over the next few decades, or at least none of the 19th century visitors to Louisbourg mentioned it. Despite its disappearance the 1767 monument was important, both for what it indicates about the people who raised it and because it may have been the first such commemoration in what is now Canada. The man behind the 1767 memorial seems to have been Captain Samuel Hol­ land (1728-1801), the Dutch-born British officer who was at the time Surveyor- General of the Province of Quebec and of the Northern District of North Amer­ ica. A veteran of the military campaigns of the Seven Years War (among other things he was beside Wolfe when the latter died on the Plains of Abraham in 1759),3 Holland had been at Louisbourg in 1758 and travelled to Cape Breton on several occasions between 1764 and 1767 to carry out a detailed survey of the island.4 In addition to his surveying Holland was an enthusiastic astronomer, keeping a detailed record of the observations he made on both St. John's Island (Prince Edward Island) and Cape Breton to ascertain the longitude and latitude of those places.5 At Louisbourg, he even established an observatory in a building beyond the ruined fortifications, the second astronomical observatory to be erected in the town in 15 years.6 Before Holland left Louisbourg in 1767 — never to return, for the garrison withdrew the following year — he felt the need to somehow mark the British capture of the fortified town nine years earlier.
    [Show full text]
  • CAPTAIN COOK REDISCOVERED Voyaging to the Icy Latitudes
    CAPTAIN COOK REDISCOVERED Voyaging to the Icy Latitudes DAVID L. NICANDRI Contents List of Illustrations / ix Acknowledgments / xi Introduction / 5 Part 1: Prequels 1 The North Sea and Canada / 15 2 The Republic of Letters / 36 3 The South Pacific / 56 Part 2: A Frozen World 4 Toward the South Pole / 75 5 The Limit of Ambition / 99 6 Temporizing in the Tropics / 114 7 Cook and Forster, on Ice / 127 Part 3: A Third Voyage 8 An Ancient Quest, a New Mission / 163 9 Southern Staging Grounds / 191 10 Terra Borealis / 214 11 Blink / 242 12 Northern Interlude / 271 13 Intimations of Mortality / 298 viii Contents Part 4: Sequels 14 Springtime in Kamchatka / 325 15 Diminishing Returns / 340 16 Seeding the Fur Trade on the Voyage Home / 358 Conclusion / 372 Notes / 390 Bibliography / 412 Photo Credits / 417 Index / 419 Cook’s First Voyage, Endeavour, 1768–71. Map by Eric Leinberger Cook’s Second Voyage, Resolution, 1772–75. Map by Eric Leinberger Cook’s Third Voyage, Resolution, 1776–80. Route of exploration and return journey to England after Captain Cook’s Death. Map by Eric Leinberger Introduction On January 30, 1774, in the mid-summer sun, James Cook’s Resolution stretched southward at an unprecedented rate. Cook was on his second voyage, a quest for Terra Australis Incognita, the hypothetical southern continent that mirrored the Eurasian land mass. Cook had just crossed the Antarctic Circle (66° 33' S) for the third time, once in the Indian Ocean and earlier that same season in the Pacific. In the previous in- stances, after crossing the line, he had encountered the ice pack, which prevented him from sailing farther south.
    [Show full text]
  • Shipwright 2011. the International Annual Builder, Was Well Qualified for the Role of of Maritime History and Ship Modelling
    BOOK REVIEWS John Bowen and Martin Robson (eds.). built in the age of sail, and also a model Shipwright 2011. The International Annual builder, was well qualified for the role of of Maritime History and Ship Modelling. keeper/curator. Ex-RN, having served London: Anova Books, www.anova aboard surface vessels and Polaris books.com, 2010. 208 pp., illustrations. submarines as a marine engineer artificer CDN $47.95, US $39.95, UK £30.00, cloth; and, eventually Victory, his was a unique ISBN 978-1-84486-123-1. career, experiencing naval technology from the age of sail to the latest nuclear Model Shipwright, which for its first 144 engineering, albeit in reverse order. issues was quarterly, became an annual When Goodwin became keeper and publication in 2010 as The International curator, he found Victory to be essentially a Annual of Maritime History and Ship bare vessel, with little or no interpretive Modelling. This, the 2011 issue, is the information about the ship, how she was second publication under that title fought, or how the crew lived. Deciding his continuing to use the same high quality mission would be to tell her tale, he divided materials, illustrations, and lavish the ship on her centreline with the port side photography. The book opens with an cleared for action, while the starboard side, editorial outlining the contents of the issue, with its gun ports closed, shows crew followed by an interview with Peter accommodation under more peaceable Goodwin, keeper and curator of HMS conditions. Starting by fitting out the Victory, in Portsmouth. Of the 18 articles galley, sick bay, store rooms and cabins on 11deal with scratch building a range of the orlop deck, all as they would have been different vessel types and scales; three fitted out and stocked, he then restored the articles provide tips, while the other four magazines, including the Grand magazine, cover history and similar subjects, creating allowing people to walk into a magazine to an excellent balance of interesting subjects, see it as it would have been.
    [Show full text]
  • Land Use Planning in Kings County, Prince Edward Island a Research Paper for RPD 6360, University of Guelph
    8/12/2015 Land Use Planning in Kings County, Prince Edward Island A Research Paper for RPD 6360, University of Guelph David Scott David Scott Land Use Planning in Kings County, Prince Edward Island A Research Paper for RPD 6360, University of Guelph Executive Summary Figure 1- View of Montague (Source: www.pei.ca) The Province of Prince Edward Island is a province blessed with a great deal of assets. The landscape is among the most beautiful in the world. However, rural PEI is encountering a dual problem; uncontrolled development of its rural countryside, and a lack of mechanisms to ensure necessary, controlled development. Land use in many parts of the rural areas of the province are overseen by the provincial government, who without province-wide land use policies, or procedures for public notification and participation, have not been able to direct orderly development. The result has been the loss of 1 David Scott environment and natural resources to ribbon development, cottage lot along shrinking shorelines, and growing concern among Islanders. While many on the Island recognize the need to change governance in rural PEI to halt the disappearance of the land they hold as precious, there is no consensus, up to this point, about what could be done. It is the purpose of this paper to offer a potential solution. As the smallest and hardest hit in terms of population loss in the province, Kings County provides a case study that, if successful, could provide a unique answer to the land use problem in PEI; the establishment of a County Planning Board to administer a number of tasks at a regional level that would not be achievable in many of the small communities in the County (such as land use planning, economic development, by-law enforcement and building inspection).
    [Show full text]