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Early Pyrrhonism As a Sect of Buddhism? a Case Study in the Methodology of Comparative Philosophy
Comparative Philosophy Volume 9, No. 2 (2018): 1-40 Open Access / ISSN 2151-6014 www.comparativephilosophy.org EARLY PYRRHONISM AS A SECT OF BUDDHISM? A CASE STUDY IN THE METHODOLOGY OF COMPARATIVE PHILOSOPHY MONTE RANSOME JOHNSON & BRETT SHULTS ABSTRACT: We offer a sceptical examination of a thesis recently advanced in a monograph published by Princeton University Press entitled Greek Buddha: Pyrrho’s Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia. In this dense and probing work, Christopher I. Beckwith, a professor of Central Eurasian studies at Indiana University, Bloomington, argues that Pyrrho of Elis adopted a form of early Buddhism during his years in Bactria and Gandhāra, and that early Pyrrhonism must be understood as a sect of early Buddhism. In making his case Beckwith claims that virtually all scholars of Greek, Indian, and Chinese philosophy have been operating under flawed assumptions and with flawed methodologies, and so have failed to notice obvious and undeniable correspondences between the philosophical views of the Buddha and of Pyrrho. In this study we take Beckwith’s proposal and challenge seriously, and we examine his textual basis and techniques of translation, his methods of examining passages, his construal of problems and his reconstruction of arguments. We find that his presuppositions are contentious and doubtful, his own methods are extremely flawed, and that he draws unreasonable conclusions. Although the result of our study is almost entirely negative, we think it illustrates some important general points about the methodology of comparative philosophy. Keywords: adiaphora, anātman, anattā, ataraxia, Buddha, Buddhism, Democritus, Pāli, Pyrrho, Pyrrhonism, Scepticism, trilakṣaṇa 1. INTRODUCTION One of the most ambitious recent works devoted to comparative philosophy is Christopher Beckwith’s monograph Greek Buddha: Pyrrho’s Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia (2015). -
The Concept of Self-Liberation in Theravada Burmese Buddhism
ASIA-PACIFIC NAZARENE THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY THE CONCEPT OF SELF-LIBERATION IN THERAVADA BURMESE BUDDHISM A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of Asia-Pacific Nazarene Theological Seminary In Partial Fulfilment of the Degree Master of Science in Theology BY CING SIAN THAWN TAYTAY, RIZAL NOVEMBER 2020 ASIA-PACIFIC NAZARENE THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY WE HEREBY APPROVE THE THESIS SUBMITTED BY Cing Sian Thawn ENTITLED THE CONCEPT OF SELF-LIBERATION IN THERAVADA BURMESE BUDDHISTS AS PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE MASTER OF SCIENCE IN THEOLOGY (SYSTEMATIC THEOLOGY) Dr. Dick Eugenio _________ Dr. Phillip Davis __________ Thesis Adviser Date Program Director Date Dr. Eileen Ruger _________ Dr. Naw Yaw Yet ___________ Internal Reader Date External Reader Date Dr. Dick Eugenio _________ Dr. Larry Bollinger ___________ Academic Dean Date President Date ii ABSTRACT This thesis explores the self-liberation concept of Theravada Buddhism, with the hope that it can provide a foundation towards a dialogical exchange between Buddhists and Christians in Myanmar. To provide a better understanding of the context, the thesis offers a brief historical background of Buddhist-Christian relations in Myanmar. By mainly relying on the translation of the Pali Tipitaka, along with a number of secondary sources from prominent Buddhist scholars, the self-liberation concept of Theravada Buddhism is discussed, beginning with the personal experience of Gotama, the Buddha. The thesis is descriptive in nature. The research employs a basic qualitative method, integrated with the analytical and interpretive methods. Correlation and synthesis were done and are presented in the final chapter with an emphasis on implications for interfaith dialogue. The study produced some significant findings. -
4.35 B.A. /M.A. 5 Years Integrated Course in Pali A.Y. 2017-18
Cover Page AC___________ Item No. ______ UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI Syllabus for Approval Sr. No. Heading Particulars Title of the B.A./M.A. Five Year Integrated Course In 1 Course Pali Eligibility for As per existing Ordinances & policy 2 Admission Passing As per University Credit Semester System 3 Marks 2017 Ordinances / 4 - Regulations ( if any) No. of Years / 5 5 Years Semesters P.G. / U.G./ Diploma / Certificate 6 Level ( Strike out which is not applicable) Yearly / Semester 7 Pattern ( Strike out which is not applicable) New / Revised 8 Status ( Strike out which is not applicable) To be implemented 9 From Academic Year 2017-2018 from Academic Year Date: Signature : Name of BOS Chairperson / Dean : ____________________________________ 1 Cover Page UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI Essentials Elements of the Syllabus B.A./M.A. Five Year Integrated Course In 1 Title of the Course Pali 2 Course Code - Preamble / Scope:- The traditional way of learning Pali starts at an early age and gradually develops into ethically strong basis of life. Now at the university though we cannot give the monastic kind of training to the students, the need of the time is -a very strong foundation of sound mind and body, facing the stress and challenges of the life. There is necessity of Pali learning for a long time from early age which few schools in Maharashtra are giving, but not near Mumbai. Mumbai University has only one college which satisfies the need of Pali learning at the undergraduate and graduate level those too only three papers in Pali. The interest in the study of Pali language and literature is on the rise. -
APA Newsletter on Asian and Asian-American Philosophers And
NEWSLETTER | The American Philosophical Association Asian and Asian-American Philosophers and Philosophies FALL 2018 VOLUME 18 | NUMBER 1 Prasanta Bandyopadhyay and R. Venkata FROM THE EDITOR Raghavan Prasanta S. Bandyopadhyay Some Critical Remarks on Kisor SUBMISSION GUIDELINES AND Chakrabarti’s Idea of “Observational INFORMATION Credibility” and Its Role in Solving the Problem of Induction BUDDHISM Kisor K. Chakrabarti Madhumita Chattopadhyay Some Thoughts on the Problem of Locating Early Buddhist Logic in Pāli Induction Literature PHILOSOPHY OF LANGUAGE Rafal Stepien AND GRAMMAR Do Good Philosophers Argue? A Buddhist Approach to Philosophy and Philosophy Sanjit Chakraborty Prizes Remnants of Words in Indian Grammar ONTOLOGY, LOGIC, AND APA PANEL ON DIVERSITY EPISTEMOLOGY Ethan Mills Pradeep P. Gokhale Report on an APA Panel: Diversity in Īśvaravāda: A Critique Philosophy Palash Sarkar BOOK REVIEW Cārvākism Redivivus Minds without Fear: Philosophy in the Indian Renaissance Reviewed by Brian A. Hatcher VOLUME 18 | NUMBER 1 FALL 2018 © 2018 BY THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL ASSOCIATION ISSN 2155-9708 APA NEWSLETTER ON Asian and Asian-American Philosophy and Philosophers PRASANTA BANDYOPADHYAY, EDITOR VOLUME 18 | NUMBER 1 | FALL 2018 opponent equally. He pleads for the need for this sort of FROM THE EDITOR role of humanism to be incorporated into Western analytic philosophy. This incorporation, he contends, has a far- Prasanta S. Bandyopadhyay reaching impact on both private and public lives of human MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY beings where the love of wisdom should go together with care and love for fellow human beings. The fall 2018 issue of the newsletter is animated by the goal of reaching a wider audience. Papers deal with issues SECTION 2: ONTOLOGY, LOGIC, AND mostly from classical Indian philosophy, with the exception EPISTEMOLOGY of a report on the 2018 APA Eastern Division meeting panel on “Diversity in Philosophy” and a review of a book about This is the longest part of this issue. -
Buddhist Psychology
CHAPTER 1 Buddhist Psychology Andrew Olendzki THEORY AND PRACTICE ince the subject of Buddhist psychology is largely an artificial construction, Smixing as it does a product of ancient India with a Western movement hardly a century and a half old, it might be helpful to say how these terms are being used here. If we were to take the term psychology literally as referring to “the study of the psyche,” and if “psyche” is understood in its earliest sense of “soul,” then it would seem strange indeed to unite this enterprise with a tradition that is per- haps best known for its challenge to the very notion of a soul. But most dictio- naries offer a parallel definition of psychology, “the science of mind and behavior,” and this is a subject to which Buddhist thought can make a significant contribution. It is, after all, a universal subject, and I think many of the methods employed by the introspective traditions of ancient India for the investigation of mind and behavior would qualify as scientific. So my intention in using the label Buddhist Psychology is to bring some of the insights, observations, and experi- ence from the Buddhist tradition to bear on the human body, mind, emotions, and behavior patterns as we tend to view them today. In doing so we are going to find a fair amount of convergence with modern psychology, but also some intriguing diversity. The Buddhist tradition itself, of course, is vast and has many layers to it. Al- though there are some doctrines that can be considered universal to all Buddhist schools,1 there are such significant shifts in the use of language and in back- ground assumptions that it is usually helpful to speak from one particular per- spective at a time. -
Chronology of the Pali Canon Bimala Churn Law, Ph.D., M.A., B.L
Chronology of the Pali Canon Bimala Churn Law, Ph.D., M.A., B.L. Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Researchnstitute, Poona, pp.171-201 Rhys Davids in his Buddhist India (p. 188) has given a chronological table of Buddhist literature from the time of the Buddha to the time of Asoka which is as follows:-- 1. The simple statements of Buddhist doctrine now found, in identical words, in paragraphs or verses recurring in all the books. 2. Episodes found, in identical words, in two or more of the existing books. 3. The Silas, the Parayana, the Octades, the Patimokkha. 4. The Digha, Majjhima, Anguttara, and Samyutta Nikayas. 5. The Sutta-Nipata, the Thera-and Theri-Gathas, the Udanas, and the Khuddaka Patha. 6. The Sutta Vibhanga, and Khandhkas. 7. The Jatakas and the Dhammapadas. 8. The Niddesa, the Itivuttakas and the Patisambbhida. 9. The Peta and Vimana-Vatthus, the Apadana, the Cariya-Pitaka, and the Buddha-Vamsa. 10. The Abhidhamma books; the last of which is the Katha-Vatthu, and the earliest probably the Puggala-Pannatti. This chronological table of early Buddhist; literature is too catechetical, too cut and dried, and too general to be accepted in spite of its suggestiveness as a sure guide to determination of the chronology of the Pali canonical texts. The Octades and the Patimokkha are mentioned by Rhys Davids as literary compilations representing the third stage in the order of chronology. The Pali title corresponding to his Octades is Atthakavagga, the Book of Eights. The Book of Eights, as we have it in the Mahaniddesa or in the fourth book of the Suttanipata, is composed of sixteen poetical discourses, only four of which, namely, (1.) Guhatthaka, (2) Dutthatthaka. -
A Anguttara Nikiiya D Digha Nikaya M Majjhima Nikaya S Samyutta Niklzya Dh Dhammapada It Itivuttaka Ud Udiina
Notes The following abbreviations occur in the Notes: A Anguttara Nikiiya D Digha Nikaya M Majjhima Nikaya S Samyutta Niklzya Dh Dhammapada It Itivuttaka Ud Udiina I BASIC FEATURES OF BUDDHIST PSYCHOLOGY I Robert H. Thouless, Riddel Memorial Lectures, (Oxford, 1940), p. 47. 2 Mrs C. A. F. Rhys Davids, Buddhist Psychology, (London, 1914). 3 Rune Johansson, The Psychology ofNirvana (London, 1965), P:II. 4 The material pertaining to the psychology ofBuddhism is basically drawn from the suttapitaka. 5. Carl R. Rogers, 'Some Thoughts Regarding The Current Philosophy of the Behavioural Sciences', Journal ofHumanistic Psychology, autumn 1965. 6 Stuart Hampshire (ed.), Philosophy ofMind (London, 1966) 7 Dh., 183. 8 M I, 224. 9 O. H. de A. Wijesekera, Buddhism and Society, (Sri Lanka, 1952), P: 12. 10 DIll, 289. II S V, 168. 12 Wijesekera, Ope cit., P: 12. 13 DIll, Sutta 26. 14 A II, 16. 15 The Sangiiraoa Sutta refers to three groups of thinkers: (I) Traditionalists (anussavikii) , (2) Rationalists and Metaphysicians (takki vzma'rlSl) , (3) Ex perientialists who had personal experience of a higher knowledge. 16 Nanananda, Concept and Reality (Sri Lanka, 1971), Preface. 17 For an analysis of the Buddhist theory of knowledge, see K. N.Jayatilleke, Early Buddhist Theory ofKnowledge (London, 1963). 18 See, K. N.Jayatilleke, 'The Buddhist Doctrine of Karma' (mimeo, 1948) p. 4; The analysis pertaining to the several realms within which the laws of the universe operate is found in the works of commentary, and not in the main discourses of the Buddha. 19 Far a comprehensive study of the Buddhist concept of causality see David J. -
The Oral Transmission of the Early Buddhist Literature
JIABS Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies Volume 27 Number 1 2004 David SEYFORT RUEGG Aspects of the Investigation of the (earlier) Indian Mahayana....... 3 Giulio AGOSTINI Buddhist Sources on Feticide as Distinct from Homicide ............... 63 Alexander WYNNE The Oral Transmission of the Early Buddhist Literature ................ 97 Robert MAYER Pelliot tibétain 349: A Dunhuang Tibetan Text on rDo rje Phur pa 129 Sam VAN SCHAIK The Early Days of the Great Perfection........................................... 165 Charles MÜLLER The Yogacara Two Hindrances and their Reinterpretations in East Asia.................................................................................................... 207 Book Review Kurt A. BEHRENDT, The Buddhist Architecture of Gandhara. Handbuch der Orientalistik, section II, India, volume seventeen, Brill, Leiden-Boston, 2004 by Gérard FUSSMAN............................................................................. 237 Notes on the Contributors............................................................................ 251 THE ORAL TRANSMISSION OF EARLY BUDDHIST LITERATURE1 ALEXANDER WYNNE Two theories have been proposed to explain the oral transmission of early Buddhist literature. Some scholars have argued that the early literature was not rigidly fixed because it was improvised in recitation, whereas others have claimed that word for word accuracy was required when it was recited. This paper examines these different theories and shows that the internal evi- dence of the Pali canon supports the theory of a relatively fixed oral trans- mission of the early Buddhist literature. 1. Introduction Our knowledge of early Buddhism depends entirely upon the canoni- cal texts which claim to go back to the Buddha’s life and soon afterwards. But these texts, contained primarily in the Sutra and Vinaya collections of the various sects, are of questionable historical worth, for their most basic claim cannot be entirely true — all of these texts, or even most of them, cannot go back to the Buddha’s life. -
Bhikkhu Manual Essential Chants and Vinaya Notes Handbook Edition
BHIKKHUMANUAL Essential Chants and Vinaya Notes Handbook Edition Bhikkhu Manual Essential Chants and Vinaya Notes Handbook Edition Published by Amaravati Publications ISBN 000-000-0000-00-0 Copyright © Amaravati Buddhist Monastery 2020 This book is offered for free distribution, please do not sell this book. Download this book in PDF, EPUB and MOBI formats at the following addresses: www.forestsangha.org www.amaravati.org bhikkhu-manual.github.io This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. Produced with the LATEX typesetting system, set in Gentium and Nunito Sans. Fourth edition, 2020 Namo tassa bhagavato arahato sammāsambuddhassa Namo tassa bhagavato arahato sammāsambuddhassa Namo tassa bhagavato arahato sammāsambuddhassa Abbreviations used in the text A Aṅguttara Nikāya Mv Mahāvagga Cv Cullavagga Pr Pārājika D Dīgha Nikāya Pv Parivāra Dhp Dhammapada Snp Sutta Nipāta DhpA Dhammapada Sp Samantapāsādikā Aṭṭhakathā S Saṃyutta Nikāya It Itivuttaka Thī Therīgāthā Ja Jātaka Th Theragāthā Khp Khuddakapāṭha Ud Udāna Kv Kaṅkhāvitaraṇī Vin Vinaya Piṭaka M Majjhima Nikāya Vism Visuddhimagga References to shorter texts consisting of verses such as the Dhammapada, Udāna, Itivuttaka, Theragāthā, Therīgāthā or Sutta Nipāta are to the verse number or chapter and verse number. The other longer texts are referred to by volume and page number of the PTS edition. CONTENTS PART I. ESSENTIAL CHANTS 1. MORNING CHANTING 2 2. EVENING CHANTING 8 3. REFLECTIONS 14 3.1 Reflection on the Four Requisites -
THE DISCOURSE COLLECTION Selected Texts from the Sutta
THE DISCOURSE COLLECTION Selected Texts from the Sutta Nipata Translated from the Pali by John D. Ireland The Wheel Publication No. 82 Copyright 1965, 1983 Buddhist Publication Society PO Box 61 54, Sangharaja Mawatha Kandy, Sri Lanka Electronic edition 1995 Transcription: Joe Crea Proofreading & Formatting: John Bullitt <[email protected]> by arrangement with the publisher. This text is a gift of Dhamma. You may print this file for your personal use, and you may make and distribute unaltered copies of this file, provided that you charge no fees of any kind for its distribution. Otherwise, all rights reserved. * * * * * * * * CONTENTS Introduction 1. Dhammika (From the //Dhammika Sutta//) 2. Wrong Conduct (//Dhammacariya Sutta//) 3. Right Conduct (//Kimsila Sutta//) 4. On Friendship (//Hiri Sutta//) 5. The Simile of the Boat (//Nava Sutta//) 6. Advice to Rahula (From the //Rahula Sutta//) 7. The Training (//Attadanda Sutta//) 8. On Vigilance (//Utthana Sutta//) 9. The Buddha's Great Struggle (//Padhana Sutta//) 10. On Decay (//Jara Sutta//) 11. The Arrow (//Salla Sutta//) 12. On Purity (//Suddhatthaka Sutta//) 13. On Views (//Paramatthaka Sutta//) 14. Ajita's Questions (//Ajita-manava-puccha//) 15. Punnaka's Questions (//Punnaka-manava-puccha//) 16. Mettagu's Questions (//Mettagu-manava-puccha//) 17. Further Questions (//Kalaha-vivada-Sutta//) 18. Mogharaja's Question (//Mogharaja-manava-puccha//) 19. Pingiya's Request (//Pingiya-manava-puccha//) 20. The Noble One's Happiness (From the //Dvayatanupassana-sutta//) 1 * * * * * * * * INTRODUCTION The Sutta-nipata or "Discourse-collection," from which this selection has been compiled, contains some of the oldest and most profound discourses of the Buddha. The complete text has been translated at least three times into English, the most recent being by E.M. -
Ānāpānasatisuttaṃ the Discourse on Mindfulness of in and out Breathing Majjhima Nikāya – 118 CONTENTS Setting 1. Mindf
Ānāpānasatisuttaṃ The Discourse on Mindfulness of In and Out Breathing Majjhima Nikāya – 118 CONTENTS Setting 1. Mindfulness of In and Out breathing 5. Preliminary Steps 5. First Tetrad 5. Second Tetrad 6. Third Tetrad 6. Fourth Tetrad 6. Fulfillment of the Four Progressions of Mindfulness 7. First Tetrad 7. Second Tetrad 8. Third Tetrad 8. Fourth Tetrad 9. Fulfillment of the Seven Factors of Awakening 9. Fulfillment of Perfect Knowledge and Freedom 12. Notes 13. Setting: Evaṃ me sutaṃ: ekaṃ samayaṃ bhagavā sāvatthiyaṃ viharati pubbārāme migāramātupāsāde sambahulehi abhiññātehi abhiññātehi therehi sāvakehi saddhiṃ, āyasmatā ca sāriputtena āyasmatā ca mahā moggallānena āyasmatā ca mahākassapena āyasmatā ca mahā kaccāyanena āyasmatā ca mahākoṭṭhitena āyasmatā ca mahākappinena āyasmatā ca mahācundena āyasmatā ca anuruddhena āyasmatā ca revatena āyasmatā ca ānandena aññehi ca abhiññātehi abhiññātehi therehi sāvakehi saddhiṃ. I have heard thus: At Sāvathi, in the Eastern Grove, at the mansion of Migāra’s mother; there the Sublime One was abiding with many well known and distinguished elder disciples: Venerable Sāriputta, Venerable Mahā Moggallāna, Venerable Mahā Kassapa, Venerable Mahā Kaccayana, Venerable Mahā Koṭṭhita, Venerable Mahā Kappina, Venerable Mahā Cunde, Venerable Anuruddha, Venerable Revata, Venerable Ānanda, together with other well known and distinguished elder disciples. Tena kho pana samayena therā bhikkhū nave bhikkhū ovadanti anusāsanti. Appekacce therā bhikkhū dasapi bhikkhū ovadanti anusāsanti. Appekacce therā bhikkhū -
What Buddhists Believe Expanded 4Th Edition
WhatWhat BuddhistBuddhist BelieveBelieve Expanded 4th Edition Dr. K. Sri Dhammanada HAN DD ET U 'S B B O RY eOK LIBRA E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.buddhanet.net Buddha Dharma Education Association Inc. Published by BUDDHIST MISSIONARY SOCIETY MALAYSIA 123, Jalan Berhala, 50470 Kuala Lumpur, 1st Edition 1964 Malaysia 2nd Edition 1973 Tel: (603) 2274 1889 / 1886 3rd Edition 1982 Fax: (603) 2273 3835 This Expanded Edition 2002 Email: [email protected] © 2002 K Sri Dhammananda All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any in- formation storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Cover design and layout Sukhi Hotu ISBN 983-40071-2-7 What Buddhists Believe Expanded 4th Edition K Sri Dhammananda BUDDHIST MISSIONARY SOCIETY MALAYSIA This 4th edition of What Buddhists Believe is specially published in conjunction with Venerable Dr K Sri Dhammananda’s 50 Years of Dhammaduta Service in Malaysia and Singapore 1952-2002 (BE 2495-2545) Photo taken three months after his arrival in Malaysia from Sri Lanka, 1952. Contents Forewordxi Preface xiii 1 LIFE AND MESSAGE OF THE BUDDHA CHAPTER 1 Life and Nature of the Buddha Gautama, The Buddha 8 His Renunciation 24 Nature of the Buddha27 Was Buddha an Incarnation of God?32 The Buddha’s Service35 Historical Evidences of the Buddha38 Salvation Through Arahantahood41 Who is a Bodhisatva?43 Attainment of Buddhahood47 Trikaya — The Three Bodies of the Buddha49