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Instructions for the Preparation of a Camera-Ready Paper in MS Word Review Semantic web; towards Ontology based Web Application Editor(s): Name Surname, University, Country Solicited review(s): Name Surname, University, Country Open review(s): Name Surname, University, Country Zeeshan Ahmed*, Saman Majeed Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland 97074, Wuerzburg Germany Abstract. In this review we address the importance of field i.e. Semantic Web; a mechanism of presenting information over the web in a format so that human being as well as machines can understand the semantic of context. Describing the techno- logical contributions of Semantic Web in detail, we present its main innovation i.e. Ontology, and development supporting technologies i.e. XML (eXtensible Mark-up Language), RDF (Resource Description Framework) and OWL (Web Ontology Language), offering different ways of more explicitly structuring and richly annotating Web pages. Furthermore, in this review paper, we discuss how ontology is contributing to semantic web development with the presentation of some Semantic Web application and conclude with some existing limitations need to be overcome. Keywords: Web, Ontology, Semantic Web 1. Introduction easy to go for scattered extensive information by looking into bookmarked web pages but quite diffi- Targeting the challenge of implementing a web cult to extract a piece of needed information. Al- based system capable of performing semantic based though some search engines and screen scrapers are search to extract desired information from attached invented, search engine uses full text query to search repositories over the web, the field of Web and Se- information but can only return unstructured contents mantic Web is explored, as it promotes the imple- not the actual structured information stored in data- mentation of semantic based web applications by base on web where as screen scrapers extracts and providing the concept of structuring of data over the repurpose fragments from web pages but insufficient web to take advantage in extracting semantic based in creating a rich multi domain information environ- information. World Wide Web is a global informa- ment [2]. Most of the search engines are not satisfac- tion sharing and communication system made up of tory because they require excessive manual pre- three standards Uniform Resource Identifier (URL), processing e.g. designing a schema, cleaning raw Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and Hypertext data, manually classifying documents into taxonomy Mark-up Language (HTML) by Tim Berners-Lee to and manual post processing e.g. browsing through effectively store, communicate and share different large result lists with too many irrelevant items forms of information. The Information is provided [11].To increase the integration and interoperability over the web in text, image, audio and video formats over the web the concept of “Web Service” was in- using HTML, considered unconventional in defining troduced [27, 28]. Due to the dynamic nature web and formalizing the meaning of the context. services became very famous in industry in short Most of the data is structured only inside the avail- time but with the passage of time due to the heavily able databases over the web and due to this it is quite increase in number of web services end-to-end ser- * Zeeshan Ahmed, E-mail: [email protected] vice authentication, authorization, data integrity and collect, manipulate and annotate information inde- confidentiality problems were identified which are pendently by providing effective access to the infor- still alive and not handled by existing web technolo- mation. Semantic web provides categorization and gies [1]. uniform access to resources, promoting the transfor- HTML documents are formatted such that these mation of World Wide Web into semantically mod- cannot be processed semantically because these are elled knowledge representation systems and common only available in a readable format. This deficiency framework which allows data to be shared and reused leads to the problems of searching, extracting, main- [7]. Semantic web also gives the concept of semantic taining, uncovering and viewing the knowledge based web services to provide solutions to the prob- based information over the web. More over this for- lems of dynamically composed service based appli- mat deficiency becomes the major cause of some cations. semantic problems and the need of some other ap- Research in the field of Semantic Web research proach which will publish data over the web in not depends on a number of key methodologies i.e. only the readable but also in a processable format. knowledge representation languages or reasoning Because if data will be available in Meta data (read- algorithms [32]. Currently, semantic web is standing able and processable data format) then it will im- on a very important building block Ontology [6]. prove the process of search, extraction and mainte- Moreover semantic web aims at providing informa- nance of data over the web. To take advantage of tion in machine processable semantic models which interactive information sharing, interoperability and assigns information resources to classes whose mean- user centred design web application development ing is defined in ontologies [8], a collection of inter- Web 2 was introduced, which then improved to the related semantic concepts. Ontology is the explicit concept of Web 3 to include transformation of the representation and description of already available Web into a database to provide accessibility of the finite sets of terms and concepts used to make the contents by multiple non browser applications [19]. abstract model of a particular domain, described. Then continuing the streak of advancement in exist- Moreover, along with the processing ability semantic ing web and to cope with the currently existing web web agent is capable of communicating, receiving problems i.e., Information filtration, security, confi- and transferring information to different sources dentiality and augmentation of meaningful contents (agent or human). in mark-up presentation, the concept of “Semantic The main and currently not achieved goal of se- Web” was proposed by Tim Berners Lee [3]. Seman- mantic web is to structure the meaningful contents of tic Web is also renowned as the modified version of unstructured published data over web to take advan- Web3. tage in improving the search process [3] and to in- The remainder of this review is organized as fol- volve knowledge management in making some more lows: section 2 discusses Semantic Web in detail, advanced knowledge modelled management systems. section 3 presents Ontology, section 4 presents some No doubt semantic web using ontology has contrib- Ontology supporting development languages and uted in the progress of web but still there are some section 5 describes some Semantic Web. We present limitations and due to them semantic web is currently some Semantic Web (Ontology) limitations in sec- not successful in attaining the actual goal of com- tion 6 and then section 7 shortly concludes the dis- pletely structuring the information over the web cussion. which can be processed by machines and making advanced knowledge modelled system. The need is 2. Semantic Web to enhance the concept of ontology with respect to development point of view because all the theories Semantic Web is a mechanism of presenting in- can be fruitful if the implementation is possible. Se- formation over the web in a format so that human mantic Web is a mechanism of presenting informa- being as well as machines can understand the seman- tion over the web in a format so that human being as tic of context. Semantic web is a mesh of information well as machines can understand the semantic of con- which can be linked up in a way, so that it can easily text. Semantic web is a mesh of information which be processed by machines [5] and aim to produce can be linked up in a way, so that it can easily be technologies capable of reasoning on semi structured processed by machines [5] and aim to produce tech- information [4]. The semantic web is an intelligent nologies capable of reasoning on semi structured incarnation and advancement in World Wide Web to information [4]. The semantic web is an intelligent incarnation and advancement in World Wide Web to collect, manipulate and annotate information inde- what there is [38], mathematical formulation of prop- pendently by providing effective access to the infor- erties and relationships of certain entities [39]. On- mation. Semantic web provides categorization and tology is a main building block of Semantic Web to uniform access to resources, promoting the transfor- provide the information in machine processable se- mation of World Wide Web into semantically mod- mantic models and produce semantically modeled elled knowledge representation systems and common knowledge representation systems. It is playing a framework which allows data to be shared and reused vital role in solving the existing web problems by [7]. Semantic web also gives the concept of semantic producing semantic aware solutions. Ontology has based web services to provide solutions to the prob- two kinds of representation schemes i.e. information lems of dynamically composed service based appli- and formal [40]. Information representation method cations. provides broad range of entities and relations (Object, Research in the field of Semantic Web research Attribute, Value triples) whereas Formal representa- depends on a number of key
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