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An Integrated Perspective of the Operational Forecasting System in R´Iasbaixas (Galicia, Spain) with Observational Data and End-Users

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An Integrated Perspective of the Operational Forecasting System in R´Iasbaixas (Galicia, Spain) with Observational Data and End-Users An integrated perspective of the Operational Forecasting System in R´ıasBaixas (Galicia, Spain) with observational data and end-users Anabela Ven^ancio1, Pedro Montero2, Pedro Costa1, Sabela Regueiro1, Swen Brands1, and Juan Taboada1 1 MeteoGalicia. Subdirecci´onXeral de Meteorolox´ıae Cambio Clim´aticoDirecci´on Xeral de Calidade Ambiental e Cambio Clim´aticoConseller´ıade Medio Ambiente, Territorio e Vivenda Xunta de Galicia, Santiago de Compostela, Spain [email protected] 2 INTECMAR. Instituto Tecnol´oxicopara o Control do Medio mari~node Galicia, Vilaxo´an,Villagarc´ıade Arousa, Spain [email protected] Abstract. R´ıasBaixas is a coastal region located in northwestern Spain (Galicia), between Cape Fisterra and the Portugal-Spain border. Its rich natural resources, which are key for the welfare of the region, are highly vulnerable to natural and anthropogenic stress. In this study, the oper- ational ocean forecasting system developed at the meteorological agency of the Galician government (MeteoGalicia) is presented focussing on the R´ıas Baixas region. This system includes four models providing daily output data: the hydrodynamic models ROMS and MOHID, the atmo- spheric model WRF and the hydrological model SWAT. Here, MOHID's implementation for the R´ıasBaixas region is described and the model's performance with respect to observations is shown for those locations where Current-Temperature-Depth (CTD) profiles are obtained weekly by the Technological Institute for the Monitoring of the Marine Environ- ment in Galicia (INTECMAR). Although the hydrodynamical conditions of this region are complex, the model skillfully reproduces these CTDs. The model results and derived products are publicly available through MeteoGalicia's web page and data server (www.meteogalicia.gal). Keywords: R´ıasBaixas · Modeling · Observational Data. ICCS Camera Ready Version 2019 To cite this paper please use the final published version: DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-22747-0_18 2 A. Ven^ancioet al. 1 Introduction Located in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula, the region of Galicia is charac- terised by a singular morphology. Along the coastline, there are deep coastal in- lets with SW-NE (southwest-northwest) orientation, called r´ıas, which are Pleis- tocene river valleys flooded by the sea at the end of the W¨urmGlaciation. They have a typical V form and, as we get closer to the platform, become wider and deeper. According to their hydrodynamic and sedimentologic characteristics, the r´ıas can be subdivided into distinct zones [14] and in each zone there exists a predominating type of water circulation. The inner zone is influenced by river discharges and tides, the outer zone is dominated by coastal winds that promote water exchange with the open ocean and the middle zone is subject to both influences. From north to south, four r´ıas can be found in the region (see Fig. 1): Muros and Noia, Arousa, Pontevedra and Vigo. All of them have similar characteristics, influenced by tides, winds and river plumes. These estuaries are usually classified as partially mixed during the whole year. In winter, stratification is determined by the river freshwater input, while in summer it is caused by solar heating. The r´ıas biodiversity is favoured by the meteorological conditions of the Galician coast. The interaction between the ocean and the atmosphere is affected by the presence of the low-pressure system of the North Atlantic [5]. Namely, the movement associated with the anticyclone of Azores has repercussions in the wind field that interferes with the ocean circulation along the Iberian coast. When the wind blows off the coast, it causes a displacement of the surface waters known as Ekman's transport. Perpendicular to the direction of the wind the transport is directed to the right in the Northern Hemisphere due to Coriolis force. If northerly winds prevail, they drive a surface current directed to the open ocean that is compensated by a current in opposite direction generated in depth. Near the coastline, these cold waters emerge in a process in a process known as \upwelling". On the other hand, \downwelling" occurs when southerly winds drive the warm surface waters towards the coast, where they are forced to sink to the bottom. Upwelling waters are usually rich in nutrients and, in combination with a sufficiently intense solar radiation, promote a rapid growth in phytoplankton populations. In addition, this area is affected by freshwater plumes originating from the discharges of several rivers, as well as by the Western Iberian Circulation, which both exhibit a strong seasonal cycle. During periods of intense precipitation and associated large river discharges, a buoyant plume may form in the r´ıaand prop- agate towards the open sea altering key features of the marine ecosystem such stratification, nutrients, turbidity and circulation patterns [15,16]. The complex dynamics of the R´ıasBaixas ecosystem have been the subject of many previous studies [2,4,7,13,16,19,20]. The Galician coast is part of an important upwelling system extended along the east coast of the North Atlantic from approximately 10◦N to 44◦N. The high productivity of the r´ıas is exploited by a very active mussel farming in- dustry using rafts (bateas), as well as by the fishing and aquaculture industry. ICCS Camera Ready Version 2019 To cite this paper please use the final published version: DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-22747-0_18 An Operational Forecasting System in R´ıasBaixas 3 Moreover, a variety of human activities such as harbours, industrial complexes, buildings, agriculture, sewage emissions, maritime traffic and tourism have direct or indirect effects r´ıas and their surroundings. Also, most of the Galicia's popu- lation lives in the coastal zone which is subject to a considerable anthropogenic pressure and continuous situations of environmental stress. Over the last years, several research institutes and agencies have developed methodologies for monitoring and forecasting aquatic systems in order to mit- igate the negative anthropogenic impacts and to promote the benefits arising from the natural resources. These efforts imply the integration of information technologies using numerical models and sensor devices which increasingly con- tribute to the sustainable management of the water resources. It is a multidis- ciplinary field covering three main components: measurements, modelling and data dissemination, [1]. Observational data obtained from satellites, buoys and CTDs directly provide ecosystem information and can be used for the calibra- tion and validation of numerical models, making these more accurate to simulate the behaviour of these systems. It is also necessary to have easy access to this information through tools that allow the analysis and visualisation of the data in an effective way. This integrated concept will serve as a decision support tool for offshore operations, navigation, coastal management, tourism activities and the monitoring of marine pollution episodes, as well as other emergency situ- ations. All of these activities critically dependent on precise predictions of the oceanographic and meteorological conditions. Fig. 1. Geographical overview of the R´ıasBaixas region, comprising the four coastal inlets/r´ıas Muros and Noia, Arousa, Pontevedra and Vigo. ICCS Camera Ready Version 2019 To cite this paper please use the final published version: DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-22747-0_18 4 A. Ven^ancioet al. 2 Operational Modeling System At present, the operational scheme involves the coupling of four models, all run- ning daily at MeteoGalicia and each of them covering different scales. At the regional scale, ROMS (Regional Ocean Modeling System) model [17], covers the Northern Iberian Peninsula with a horizontal resolution of 2 km and a vertical discretisation of 41 levels. The model is nested to the MyOcean global model (Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS)) that runs with a horizontal resolution of 1/12◦ [6]. The numerical output from ROMS provides the initial and boundary conditions for the high resolution near-shore MOHID (Water Modeling System) model developed by MARETEC (Marine and Envi- ronmental Technology Research Center) [10,12] that runs at local scale. MOHID is used to simulate the main Galician r´ıas: Muros and Noia, Arousa, Ponteve- dra and Vigo, and runs at a horizontal resolution of 300 m with 29, 34 and 27 vertical levels respectively, (see Fig.2). The Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF), run at 12 and 4 km resolution provides the atmospheric forcing for ROMS and MOHID, respectively. The atmospheric variables ingested by the hydrodynamics models are sea level pressure, winds, surface air temperature, surface specific humidity and radiation on hourly timescale. To simulate the effect of river discharges, the Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) developed by the Agricultural Research Service and Texas A&M Uni- versity is applied [18]. This model calculates the daily average flow and tem- perature of the region's principal rivers and is used to feed both hydrodynamic models. The models were calibrated and validated using satellite data, buoy data provided by MeteoGalicia, INTECMAR and Puertos del Estado, and CTDs data collected by INTECMAR. In this paper, we are focusing on the comparison of temperature and salinity obtained from the operational system and the CTD profiles. INTECMAR weekly monitors the hydrography of Galician coast since 1992. The current oceanographic network is formed by 43 oceanographic stations distributed along
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