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Photonic Integrated Circuits Фотонные Интегральные Схемы

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Photonic Integrated Circuits Фотонные Интегральные Схемы Оптические устройства и системы Optical Devices & Systems Фотонные PHOTONIC интегральные схемы INTEGRATED CIRCUITS П.О.Якушенков, магистрант P.O.Yakushenkov, graduate student of Moscow НИУ "Московский физико-технический институт" Institute of Physics and Technics Вычислительная техника началась с машины Computers starts with Turing machines. Since Тьюринга. С тех пор она развивалась: большие then, it has evolved: large vacuum tube computers, ламповые ЭВМ, полупроводниковая транзисторная semiconductor transistor’s electronics, integrated электроника, интегральные схемы. В настоящее circuits. Currently, integrated silicon electronics has время интегральная кремниевая электроника reached its limit (10 GHz), and for a long time it is time достигла своего предела (10 ГГц), и давно to move on photonics. The report focuses on photonic наступила пора переходить на фотонику. В статье integrated circuits, components of the photonics с учетом достоинств фотонных интегральных element base, already existing and future developing схем рассматриваются уже существующие devices and shows the advantage of photonics. Also и перспективные схемы на их основе, а также some variants of optical transistors are discussed. некоторые варианты построения оптических транзисторов. INTRODUCTION In devices related to modern photonics, the signal ВВедение carrier is an electromagnetic wave of the optical range, В устройствах современной фотоники носите- which can be modulated at a much higher rate than лем сигнала служит волна оптического или in the radio range. As in traditional radio electronics, ИК-диапазона электромагнитного спектра. Про- the photonic element base has components such as цедуру ее модуляции можно производить с гораздо a generator (most often it is a fiber or semiconductor большей скоростью, чем в радиодиапазоне. Как laser); amplifier; connection lines, which can be и в традиционной радиоэлектронике, элементная waveguides; also photo detectors for converting база фотоники имеет такие же компоненты, как an optical signal into an electrical signal. For the генератор (наиболее часто им является волокон- construction of optical calculating machines we need ный или полупроводниковый лазер), усилитель, a logical element, with the oportunity to realize a tact соединительные линии, которыми могут служить (to change the state, when necessary, for example, волноводы, а также фотоприемники для преоб- write 1, read 1, delete 1, write 0, read 0, delete 0). разования оптического сигнала в электрический. Для построения оптической вычислительной тех- ADVANTAGES OF PHOTONICS ники необходимы логические элементы, обла- The technology of creating silicon integrated дающие возможностью реализовать такт (менять calculating elements and circuits with very small состояние по необходимости, например: записать dimensions and high information processing speeds 1, считать 1, стереть 1, записать 0, считать 0, сте- has approached a certain limit. This explains the реть 0). interest in photonic integrated circuits, on the basis of which it is possible to create THz calculating ПреиМущеСТВа фоТоники machines [1, 2]. Технология создания кремниевых интеграль- Let’s tell about the processing speed limits of the ных вычислительных элементов и схем с очень modern electronics circuits, where the logical element малыми размерами и большими скоростями обра- is a semiconductor silicon transistor. The maximum ботки информации приблизилась к определен- operation frequency determined the minimum time, ному пределу. Отсюда понятен интерес к фотон- which transistor needs to pass from one state to ным интегральным схемам, на основе которых another, for this, the gate capacitance per channel – возможно создать терагерцевую вычислительную Cgс must be recharged, but it is limited by the time, технику [1, 2]. that an electron needs to go throw the gate dielectric, Целесообразно напомнить о причинах ограни- it means, that the maximum frequency is чения быстродействия современных электронных ω = ≈100 GHz (v – electron’s speed, L – length of gate v/L 58 фотоника № 8 / 68 / 2017 DOI: 10.22184/1993-7296.2017.68.8.58.67 Оптические устройства и системы Optical Devices & Systems схем, где логическим элементом служит полупро- водниковый транзистор. Максимальная тактовая частота определяется минимальным временем, Логический необходимым для того, чтобы транзистор перешел элемент Логический из одного состояния в другое. То есть максималь- элемент ная тактовая частота определяется как ω = , где Логический Логический v – скорость электрона, L – толщина подзатворногоv/L элемент элемент Логический диэлектрика. При v = 10 000 м/c и L = 100 нм на тран- элемент зисторе можно получать значения не Логический более 100 ГГЦ. элемент При использовании металлического волновода с учетом теплового и дробового шумов, величина которых пропорциональна частоте, для надежной Обратная связь передачи сигнала отношение сигнал/шум мощ- ностей должно быть не меньше 20. Но тогда макси- Рис.1. Распараллеливание вычислений мальная частота передачи составит ~10 ГГц. Даже Fig. 1. Parallelize calculations если распараллелить вычисления по логическим цепочкам (рис.1) и параллельные каналы муль- типлексировать в обратную связь, ее пропускная dielectric), so it is the possible maximum of this способность должна все равно превосходить сумму transistor. пропускных способностей параллельных каналов, When using a metal waveguide thermal and shot чтобы эта связь успела отработать. Так например, noise, the magnitude of which is proportional to в настоящее время модернизируют Интернет- the frequency, the signal-to-noise ratio should be соединения, мультиплексируя их в оптоволокно, no less than 20 for reliable signal transmission, but которое позволяет передавать сигнал на длине then the maximum transmission frequency will волны ~1 мкм, что соответствует частотам ~1 ТГц be ~10 GHz. So, even we parallelize calculations to и увеличивает количество передаваемой инфор- different logical chains (Fig. 1), the parallel channels мации в секунду более чем в 1 000 раз. must be multiplexed to the feedback, throughput Замена металлических волноводов в вычис- of which must be more, than throughputs of the лительной технике оптоволокном и использова- parallel channels, to make the feedback have time ние в качестве логического элемента оптического to work. Such way, for example, now the internet транзистора, способного работать на терагерце- connections are being multiplexed to the optical вых частотах, несет в себе несколько преимуществ. fiber, which gives an opportunity for transmission Во-первых, позволяет достичь как минимум на signal on the wave near micron, which accords the три порядка большую скорость обработки и пере- frequency near THz. It increases the volume of the дачи данных. Во-вторых, обеспечивает помехоза- transmitted information per second more than 1 000 щищенность по отношению от внешних радиопо- times. мех. В-третьих, позволяет осуществить передачу If we exchange metal waveguides to optical fiber по одному волокну одновременно нескольких мод. in computers and use an optical transistor, which В-четвертых, дает преимущество в КПД и в коли- can work with THz frequency, so the photonics will чествах операций/джоуль. give:1) an opportunity to get as minimum, more than В качестве волноводов многие предлагают 3 order speed of data processing and transmission; 2) использовать плазмонные волноводы из-за того, immunity against external radio interference; 3) an что поверхностные плазмоны могут передавать opportunity to transmit several modes through one сигнал по волноводу с размером, меньшим длины fiber; 4) photonics can give an advantage in efficiency волны. Однако такой сигнал имеет сильное зату- and the number of operations per joule. хание, и при передаче его на значительное рас- As waveguides, many offer plasmonic waveguides, стояние необходимо применить усиление по всему because surface plasmons can transmit a signal throw каналу [3], что делает такую замену невыгодной. a channel, smaller wavelength. But because of much Поэтому рентабельными могут стать плазмонные loss a channel need gain [8], which is not profitable. межсоединения и разветвители. Также на плазмо- So, profitable could be plasmonic interconnects and нах можно делать хорошие нанолазеры, совмещен- splitters. Also good nanolasers could be done on ные с КМОП-технологией. plasmons, using Si-technology. Photonics № 8 / 68 / 2017 59 Оптические устройства и системы Optical Devices & Systems ВозМожные ВарианТы реализации оПТичеСкоГо ТранзиСТора Probe Probe Control laser Специалисты разработали несколько вариантов laser laser реализации оптического транзистора для терагер- цевой вычислительной техники: Atom • полупроводниковые транзисторы на квантовых Cavity Atom Cavity точках, например на базе InP; a b • одноатомные транзисторы; Рис.2. Одноатомный транзистор • микрооптические интерференционные эле- Fig. 2. Single atom transistor менты, основанные на эффектах нелинейной оптики, например на эффекте Керра; • основанные на магнитооптических эффектах; THE VARIANTS OF OPTICAL TRANSISTORS • основанные на фотонных кристаллах с нанодо- There are several variants to realize the most important бавками Ag и Au. thing for THz computers – an optical transistor: Недавно немецкие исследователи из института • semiconductor transistors on quantum dots, for Макса Планка [4] поместили атом рубидия в кон- example InP; струкцию между двумя тонкими зеркалами, нахо- • single atom transistors; дящимися на расстоянии полмиллиметра друг • on the micro optical elements using interference от друга. Затем
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