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Summary of the Oahu, Hawaii, Regional Aquifer-System Analysis MAR 1 1 19§? SUMMARY OF THE OAHU, HAWAII, REGIONAL AQUIFER-SYSTEM ANALYSIS Kauai HAWAII Niihau Molokai Oahu Maui Lanai Kahoolawe Hawaii U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1412-A AVAILABILITY OF BOOKS AND MAPS OF THE U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Instructions on ordering publications of the U.S. Geological Survey, along with prices of the last offerings, are given in the current-year issues of the monthly catalog "New Publications of the U.S. Geological Survey." Prices of available U.S. Geological Survey publications released prior to the current year are listed in the most recent annual "Price and Availability List." Publications that may be listed in various U.S. Geological Survey catalogs (see back inside cover) but not listed in the most recent annual "Price and Availability List" may no longer be available. Order U.S. Geological Survey publications by mail or over the counter from the offices given below. BY MAIL OVER THE COUNTER Books Books and Maps Professional Papers, Bulletins, Water-Supply Papers, Tech­ Books and maps of the U.S. Geological Survey are available niques of Water-Resources Investigations, Circulars, publications over the counter at the following U.S. Geological Survey Earth of general interest (such as leaflets, pamphlets, booklets), single Science Information Centers (ESIC's), all of which are authorized copies of Preliminary Determination of Epicenters, and some mis­ agents of the Superintendent of Documents: cellaneous reports, including some of the foregoing series that have gone out of print at the Superintendent of Documents, are obtainable ANCHORAGE, Alaska Rm. 101,4230 University Dr. by mail from LAKEWOOD, Colorado Federal Center, Bldg. 810 U.S. Geological Survey, Information Services MENLO PARK, California Bldg. 3, Rm. 3128, 345 Box 25286, Federal Center, Denver, CO 80225 Middlefield Rd. RESIGN, Virginia USGS National Center, Rm. 1C402, Subscriptions to Preliminary Determination of Epicenters) 12201 Sunrise Valley Dr. can be obtained ONLY from the SALT LAKE CITY, Utah Federal Bldg., Rm. 8105, 125 Superintendent of Documents South State St. Government Printing Office SPOKANE, Washington U.S. Post Office Bldg., Rm. 135, Washington, D.C. 20402 West 904 Riverside Ave. WASHINGTON, D.C. Main Interior Bldg., Rm. 2650, (Check or money order must be payable to Superintendent of 18th and CSts.,NW. Documents.) Maps Only Maps may be purchased over the counter at the following For maps, address mail orders to U.S. Geological Survey offices: U.S. Geological Survey, Information Services Box 25286, Federal Center, Denver, CO 80225 ROLLA, Missouri 1400 Independence Rd. STENNIS SPACE CENTER, Mississippi Bldg. 3101 Summary of the Oahu, Hawaii, Regional Aquifer-System Analysis By WILLIAM D. NICHOLS, PATRICIA J. SHADE, and CHARLES D. HUNT, JR. REGIONAL AQUIFER-SYSTEM ANALYSIS OAHU, HAWAII U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1412-A U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Gordon P. Eaton, Director Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Nichols, William D. Summary of the Oahu, Hawaii, regional aquifer-system analysis / by William D. Nichols, Patricia J. Shade and Charles D. Hunt, Jr. p. cm. - (Regional aquifer-system analysis-Oahu, Hawaii) (U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper ; 1412-A) Includes bibliographical references. Supt. of Docs. no. : I 19.16:1412-A 1. Aquifers Hawaii Oahu. I. Shade, Patricia J. II. Hunt, Charles D. III. Title. IV. Series: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper ; 1412-A GB1199.3.H3N53 1996 551.49'0969'3-dc20 96-32921 CIP For sale by the U.S. Geological Survey, Branch of Information Services, Box 25286, Federal Center, Denver, CO 80225 ISBN 0-607-86100-2 FOREWORD THE REGIONAL AQUIFER-SYSTEM ANALYSIS PROGRAM The Regional Aquifer-System Analysis (RASA) Program was started in 1978 following a congressional mandate to develop quantitative appraisals of the major ground-water systems of the United States. The RASA Program represents a systematic effort to study a number of the Nation's most important aquifer systems, which in aggregate underlie much of the country and which represent an important component of the Nation's total water supply. In general, the boundaries of these studies are identified by the hydrologic extent of each system and accordingly transcend the political subdivisions to which investigations have often arbitrarily been limited in the past. The broad objective for each study is to assemble geologic, hydro- logic, and geochemical information, to analyze and develop an understand­ ing of the system, and to develop predictive capabilities that will contribute to the effective management of the system. The use of computer simulation is an important element of the RASA studies, both to develop an understand­ ing of the natural, undisturbed hydrologic system and the changes brought about in it by human activities, and to provide a means of predicting the regional effects of future pumping or other stresses. The final interpretive results of the RASA Program are presented in a series of U.S. Geological Survey Professional Papers that describe the geology, hydrology, and geochemistry of each regional aquifer system. Each study within the RASA Program is assigned a single Professional Paper number, and where the volume of interpretive material warrants, separate topical chapters that consider the principal elements of the investigation may be published. The series of RASA interpretive reports begins with Professional Paper 1400 and thereafter will continue in numerical sequence as the interpretive products of subsequent studies become available. Gordon P. Eaton Director CONTENTS Page Page Foreword ...................................................................................... Ill Ground-Water Discharge and the Development Abstract ...................................................................................... Al of Ground Water in the Volcanic-Rock Aquifers ....................... 26 Introduction...................................................................................... 2 Discharge by Springs.............................................................. 26 Purpose and Scope .................................................................... 2 Historical Development, 1879-1980 .................................... 26 Study Area ................................................................................. 2 Water-Development Tunnels and Shafts ............................ 31 Physical Setting ........................................................................ 3 Ground-Water Levels and Water-Level Trends ................. 38 Climate ....................................................................................... 4 Southern Oahu..................................................................38 Previous Studies........................................................................ 7 Earliest Measurements in Beretania, Geologic Setting ............................................................................. 10 Kalihi, and Moanalua Ground-Water Areas........... 38 Geohydrology of the Water-Bearing Deposits ........................... 12 Earliest Measurements in Pearl Harbor, Volcanic Rocks and Deposits ................................................. 12 Ewa, and Kaimuki Ground-Water Areas ................ 38 Lava Flows ........................................................................ 12 Northern Oahu..................................................................38 Dikes................................................................................... 12 Windward Oahu................................................................ 39 Pyroclastic Deposits......................................................... 12 Southeastern Oahu .......................................................... 39 Saprolite and Weathered Basalt.................................... 12 Schofield Area................................................................... 40 Hydraulic Properties of the Volcanic Rocks ................. 13 Water Budget and Ground-Water Recharge.............................. 40 Sedimentary Rocks and Deposits ......................................... 15 Predevelopment Water Budget and Occurrence of Ground Water........................................................ 16 Ground-Water Recharge ........................................................ 40 Basal Ground Water ............................................................... 16 Effects of Land-Use Changes ................................................ 42 High-Level Ground Water ..................................................... 17 Analysis of Ground-Water Flow in Southern Oahu.................. 45 Dike-Impounded Ground Water..................................... 17 Ground-Water Recharge ........................................................ 48 Perched Ground Water and Water Ground-Water Discharge ....................................................... 48 in the Unsaturated Zone ................................................. 17 Pumpage ............................................................................ 48 Schofield High-Level Ground Water ............................. 18 Pearl Harbor Springs....................................................... 49 Saltwater.................................................................................. 18 Southern
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