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Spinal Cord Injury After Blunt Cervical Spine Trauma: Correlation of Soft-Tissue Damage and Extension of Lesion

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Spinal Cord Injury After Blunt Cervical Spine Trauma: Correlation of Soft-Tissue Damage and Extension of Lesion ORIGINAL RESEARCH SPINE Spinal Cord Injury after Blunt Cervical Spine Trauma: Correlation of Soft-Tissue Damage and Extension of Lesion R. Martínez-Pe´rez, I. Paredes, S. Cepeda, A. Ramos, A.M. Castan˜o-Leo´n, C. García-Fuentes, R.D. Lobato, P.A. Go´mez, and A. Lagares ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: In patients with spinal cord injury after blunt trauma, several studies have observed a correlation between neurologic impairment and radiologic findings. Few studies have been performed to correlate spinal cord injury with ligamentous injury. The purpose of this study was to retrospectively evaluate whether ligamentous injury or disk disruption after spinal cord injury correlates with lesion length. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 108 patients diagnosed with traumatic spinal cord injury after cervical trauma between 1990–2011. Plain films, CT, and MR imaging were performed on patients and then reviewed for this study. MR imaging was performed within 96 hours after cervical trauma for all patients. Data regarding ligamentous injury, disk injury, and the extent of the spinal cord injury were collected from an adequate number of MR images. We evaluated anterior longitudinal ligaments, posterior longitudinal ligaments, and the ligamentum flavum. Length of lesion, disk disruption, and ligamentous injury association, as well as the extent of the spinal cord injury were statistically assessed by means of univariate analysis, with the use of nonparametric tests and multivariate analysis along with linear regression. RESULTS: There were significant differences in lesion length on T2-weighted images for anterior longitudinal ligaments, posterior longi- tudinal ligaments, and ligamentum flavum in the univariate analysis; however, when this was adjusted by age, level of injury, sex, and disruption of the soft tissue evaluated (disk, anterior longitudinal ligaments, posterior longitudinal ligaments, and ligamentum flavum) in a multivariable analysis, only ligamentum flavum showed a statistically significant association with lesion length. Furthermore, the number of ligaments affected had a positive correlation with the extension of the lesion. CONCLUSIONS: In cervical spine trauma, a specific pattern of ligamentous injury correlates with the length of the spinal cord lesion in MR imaging studies. Ligamentous injury detected by MR imaging is not a dynamic finding; thus it proved to be useful in predicting neurologic outcome in patients for whom the MR imaging examination was delayed. ABREVIATIONS: ALL ϭ anterior longitudinal ligament; ASIA ϭ American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale; LF ϭ ligamentum flavum; PLL ϭ posterior longitudinal ligament; SCI ϭ spinal cord injury; SCIWORA ϭ spinal cord injury without radiological abnormalities cute traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is located at the cer- for patients with acute cervical spine injury.3 Since the early 1990s, Avical level in 45–75% of cases.1,2 Thus, cervical trauma is several studies have investigated the role of several radiologic potentially the source of long-term disability because of its asso- findings in SCI.3,4 Previous published reports have described ciated risk of SCI.2 The internal architecture of the spinal cord, as the mechanism and biomechanics of spinal stability after blunt well as soft tissue injury, is best visualized with MR imaging. How- trauma.5-7 It is believed that the degree of soft-tissue damage is ever, MR imaging performed after the cervical trauma has prog- related to the severity of the SCI. However, very few studies have nostic implications for the therapeutic management of this dis- similarly shown this association. ease; hence, it has become part of the standard imaging protocol Instead, the correlation between lesion length and neurologic outcome has been sufficiently demonstrated in the acute phase 8,9 Received February 5, 2013; accepted after revision September 9. after cervical trauma. In fact, it has been recommended that the 10 From the Departments of Neurosurgery (R.M.-P., I.P., S.C., AM.C.-L., R.D.L., P.A.G., first MR imaging should be performed 24–72 hours after injury. A.L.) and Radiology (A.R.), and Intensive Care Unit (C.G.-F.), Hospital 12 de Octubre, The prognostic value of MR imaging in later stages is less clear Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain. Please address correspondence to Rafael Martı´nez-Pe´rez, MD, Hospital 12 de Oc- because of the dynamic nature of edema and the dependence on tubre. Andalucía s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain; e-mail: rafa11safi[email protected] the lesion length after trauma.11 Therefore, we designed this study http://dx.doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A3812 to detect soft-tissue injuries that are related to more pronounced AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 35:1029–34 May 2014 www.ajnr.org 1029 FIGURE. A, Traumatic herniation disk producing spinal cord compression at the same level; it is seen as hyperintensity in the T2-weighted image. Lesion length is measured in millimeters from the most cephalad level to the lowest (arrows). B, Sagittal projection on T2-weigthed images. Disruption of posterior longitudinal ligament is visualized at level C5–C6. C, Sagittal projection on T2-weighted image. At level C7–T1, the injured anterior longitudinal ligament (arrow) is seen. Signal changes are shown at level C6–C7. D, Damage in anterior longitudinal ligament, posterior longitudinal ligament, ligamentum flavum, and disk are represented by a disruption in low signal intensity corresponding to this structure. lesions, which MR imaging can detect, including more severe SCI. Table 1: American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale Soft-tissue injury is a more static finding than is cord edema and Grade A Complete: No sensory or motor function is can convey potentially relevant information when MR imaging is preserved in the sacral segments S4–S5 delayed (Fig 1). Grade B Incomplete: Sensory but not motor function is preserved below the neurological level and includes the sacral segments S4–S5 MATERIALS AND METHODS Grade C Incomplete: Motor function is preserved below the Patients with known SCI after non-penetrating cervical spine neurological level, and more than half of key trauma over a 21-year period were recruited in the clinical, retro- muscles below the neurological level have a spective data base. Only patients in whom cervical MR imaging muscle grade Ͻ3 was performed within 96 hours after trauma were selected for Grade D Incomplete: Motor function is preserved below the neurological level, and at least half of key further analysis. muscles below the neurological level have a Patients who were neurologically intact, or whose MR imaging muscle grade Ն3 was performed after the fourth day of the injury, were excluded. Grade E Normal: Sensory and motor function is normal Patients with severe traumatic brain injury or upper cervical spine injuries (C1–C2 fractures) were also excluded from the analysis. Thoracic injuries were not included either. analyzed with anterior longitudinal ligament (ALL), posterior We recorded clinical variables, including age, sex, mechanism longitudinal ligament (PLL), and ligamentum flavum (LF), and of injury, and neurologic status. Epidemiologic data also exam- the intervertebral disk was examined. In all patients, MR imaging ined age, sex, and mechanism of injury from the medical records. was performed within the first 4 days after trauma. MR imaging Neurologic status was assessed clinically during the first examina- was performed with the use of a 1.5T magnet and 3-mm section tion by using the American Spinal Injury Association Impairment thickness for axial and sagittal planes. We analyzed ligamentous Scale (ASIA) (Table 1). injury by assessing disruption in T1- and T2-weighted images (in Plain radiographs, CT scans, and MR images were consensu- a sagittal plane), including axial T2- and T2*-weighted images. In ally assessed by a neurosurgeon trained in cervical trauma images all patients, lesion length was determined by intramedullary cord (I.P.) and an experimental neuroradiologist (A.R.). Both observ- signal intensity change in T2-weighted images and was defined as ers were blinded to patient clinical and neurologic data. the distance in millimeters between the most caudal and cephalad To diagnose the level and extension of injury and determine signal intensity change in the cord. Soft-tissue disruption was de- the number of fractures, plain radiographs, MR imaging, and CT fined as a clear MR imaging signal with complete discontinuity of were used. The presence of fracture and bone integrity was as- the structure in all appropriate imaging sections. sessed in the CT scan. The segment affected was defined as fracture level with only 1 Soft-tissue injury was assessed with the use of MR imaging and fracture: if there was more than 1, it was defined as the fracture 1030 Martínez-Pe´rez May 2014 www.ajnr.org level that produced the most cord compression. In cases with SCI Table 2: Characteristics of patients with acute traumatic cervical but without radiologic abnormalities (SCIWORA), we consid- SCI ered the segment to be affected when the soft tissues were most Characteristic No. of Patients (%) injured. Mean age, y 40.5 (17–86) Male 87 (80.6) We analyzed the data with univariate and multivariate meth- Female 21 (19.4) ods to compare the damage of soft-tissue structures (LF, ALL, Severity of SCI PLL, and disk), including the extent of SCI. ALL, PLL, LF, and disk ASIA A 39 (36.1) injuries were independently analyzed as dichotomous variables ASIA B 10 (9.3) ASIA C 22 (20.3) (damaged or intact); the extent of SCI (distance between the most ASIA D 37 (34.3) caudal and cephalad of the cord signal intensity change [hyperin- Spinal level of SCI tensity] in a sagittal plane, T2-weighted image measured in milli- C3–C4 16 (14.8) meters) was considered to be a continuous variable. Levels of C4–C5 22 (20.3) injury, age, and sex were analyzed as potential covariates. Sex C5–C6 31 (28.7) C6–C7 24 (22.2) (male/female) and level of injury (upper lesion, C3-C4-C5 and C7–T1 15 (13.8) lower lesion, C6-C7-C8) were considered dichotomous variables, Cause of SCI whereas age was seen as a continuous variable.
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