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Cécile De Witt Morette Université Inter–Age Normandie « La Physique: une science mystérieuse? » Jeudi 20 mai 2021 Conférence de Godefroy Kugel Itinéraire d’une physicienne normande de Caen à Austin- Texas en passant par Chamonix: Cécile de Witt-Morette-Payen Cécile de Witt- Morette-Payen (1922- 2017) • C’est l’histoire d’une grande scientifique française, physicienne, une personnalité à multiples facettes, trop peu connue en France et probablement pas connue du tout en Normandie. • Une carrière scientifique hors normes. • Des rencontres exceptionnelles, notamment les plus grands physiciens du siècle. • Un itinéraire surprenant, avec de grandes joies et des peines immenses. • Un tempérament et une volonté à toute épreuve. Mais d’où vient mon intérêt pour Cécile? UIA CAEN: Saison 2015 – 2016 CONFERENCE du 25 février 2016 par Professeur Godefroy KUGEL Cycle: La Physique: une science mystérieuse? Femmes en Physique Hypathie, Marie, Lise, Irène et Jocelyne, Marietta et Cécile « Sortir de l’ombre » Nina Byers et Clary Williams Cambridge U.Press, New York (2006) • « An accurate and authoritative 2006 description of the women who made original and important contributions to physics, documenting their major discoveries and putting their work into its historical context. This book is an ideal reference for anyone with an interest in science and social history ». Des physiciennes plus ou moins « oubliées » depuis 1850 1. Hertha Ayrton 1854–1923; 2. Margaret Maltby 1860–1944; 3. Agnes Pockels 1862–1935 Gary A. Williams; 4. Marie Curie 1867–1934; 5. Henrietta Leavitt 1868–1921; 6. Harriet Brooks 1876–1933; 7. Lise Meitner 1878-1968; 8. Emmy Noether 1882–1935; 9. Inge Lehmann 1888– 1993; 10. Marietta Blau 1894–1970; 11. Hertha Sponer 1895–1968; 12. Irene Joliot-Curie 1897–1956; 13. Katherine Burr Blodgett 1898–1979; 14. Cecilia Payne Gaposchkin 1900–1979; 15. Mary Cartwright 1900–1998; 16. Bertha Jeffreys 1903–1999; 17. Kathleen Yardley Lonsdale1903–1971; 18. Maria Goeppert Mayer 1906–1970; 19. Helen Megaw 1907–2002 ; 20. Yvette Cauchois 1908–1999 Christiane Bonnelle; 21. Marguerite Perey 1909–1975; 22. Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin 1910–1994; 23. Gertrude Scharff Goldhaber 1911–1998; 24. Chien Shiung Wu 1912–1997; 25. Margaret E. Burbidge 1919; 26. Phyllis Freier 1921–1992; 27. Rosalyn S. Yal; 28. Esther Conwell 1922; 29. Cecile Dewitt-Morette 1922; 30. Yvonne Choquet-Bruhat 1923; 31. Vera Rubin 1928; 32. Mildred S. Dresselhaus 1930; 33. Myriam Sarachik 1933; 34. Juliet Lee-Franzini 1933; 35. Helen T. Edwards 1936; 36. Mary K. Gaillard 1939; 37. Renata Kallosh 1943; 38. Jocelyn Bell Burnell 1943 ; 39. Gail G. Hanson 1947. 29. Cécile De Witt-Morette Cécile De Witt-Morette: quelques photos à travers les âges Les parents de Cécile • Née à Paris le 21 décembre 1922, d’un père André Morette, ingénieur polytechnicien, Professeur aux Mines de Paris et de mère Marie-Louise Ravaudet. • En 1923, André Morette est nommé directeur de la SMN, ingénieur-conseil aux Mines de Soumont; il fonde une famille à Caen avec 3 filles et des enfants adoptés. • Un homme particulièrement apprécié dans son usine caennaise; il est à l’origine de la construction de la cité ouvrière de Mondeville. • Sa maman en a créé l’école et une maison familiale, pour « aider les familles à problèmes », selon Cécile Premier drame dans la vie de Cécile en 1931: le décès de son père en mars 1931 à l’âge de 52 ans On trouve le discours d’adieu prononcé par Eugène Rouer, Directeur Général adjoint dans le « Bulletin de anciens de l’Ecole de Mines de Paris » La famille Morette - Payen • Madame Morette-Ravaudet épouse en secondes noces un ingénieur de la SMN, Maurice Payen, en septembre 1932; la famille déménage de Caen pour Paris en 1932, pour rapidement revenir à Caen. • Maurice Payen, ingénieur des Mines de Douai, est ingénieur à la SMN à partir de 1920. • La famille prend demeure 19, rue des Chanoines, Maurice Payen ayant adopté les trois filles (acte du 9 septembre 1932 au Notaire Tardif) • En 1936, la famille achète un terrain à Pornic, où la famille construira une maison, où Cécile viendra jusqu’à la fin de sa vie, et où se rendent toujours les membres de la famille. Le parcours scolaire et scientifique de Cecile Morette-Payen De la licence de physique à Caen, aux neutrons avec les Joliot-Curie, une thèse avec Louis de Broglie, à l'intégrale de Feynman aux USA (Princeton, Austin-Texas) à l’Ecole des Houches dans les Alpes • Cécile Morette-Payen commence ses études scientifiques à l'université de Caen; elle y obtient une licence en 1943. • Juste après-guerre, elle va faire partie de cette jeune génération de physiciens français qui, comme Albert Messiah, s'exilent, frustrés par le retard pris par la France en physique théorique et largement restée à l'écart de la révolution quantique, à part quelques grands noms, Louis de Broglie ou Léon Brillouin. • C’est le début d’une carrière exceptionnelle, comme nous allons le voir. • Mais en 1944, Cécile a 22 ans, la Normandie est en guerre et le débarquement a lieu le 6 juin 1944, précédé et accompagné de bombardements terribles sur Caen. Mais en 1944, un second drame se produit dans la vie de Cécile Les bombardements de Caen par les alliés Cécile a réussi sa licence de Physique à Caen en 1943, puis continue ses études de physique à Paris pour préparer un doctorat. Elle a un examen à Paris le 6 juin 1944, pour sa thèse, sous la direction de Louis de Broglie, le prix Nobel de Physique de 1929; elle peut s’y rendre, non sans difficultés, avant la date fatidique des bombardements et du débarquement. Le second drame de Cécile: la maison de ses parents est bombardée - par une lettre de son père adoptif, elle apprend que sa mère, sa sœur, sa grand-mère ainsi que leur bonne, ont péri sous les bombes alliés du Débarquement et dans la destruction de leur maison au 19, rue des Chanoines. - « Une rentrée fracassante dans le monde des adultes. Je me suis sentie tout à coup chef de famille à la place de ma mère. Il fallait que je travaille. J’ai accepté la proposition de Joliot » LETTRE Maurice PAYEN à Cécile Caen, le Vendredi 9 Juin 1944. Mes chers enfants,, Ma chère Paulette,, Ma chère Margot, Le premier chapelet de bombes du bombardement du mardi 6 est tombé sur notre maison. Catastrophe épouvantable ! Maman, Grand-mère, Nicolette et la bonne Andrée écrasées sous les décombres. J’ai pu dans l’après-midi dégager le corps d’Andrée et de Nicolette qui devaient se trouver dans la salle à manger. J’ai entendu quelques plaintes d’Andrée aussitôt après le coup mais tout s’est tu immédiatement, elle était écrasée. Ma pauvre petite Nicolette était dans un état indescriptible. Quelle Douleur ! – Quant aux corps de Maman et de Grand-Mère, ils sont toujours sous les décombres, elles devaient se trouver dans la chambre de Grand-Mère. Nous venions de finir le déjeuner. Nicolette était dans le jardin, sur la pelouse, elle enlevait des mauvaises herbes. J’étais avec elle. Je la quitte pour aller voir Marianne qui se trouvait dans la cour à nettoyer les marches de l’escalier des mauvaise herbes poussant aux jointures. Nous avons eu dans la nuit un gros bombardement de la côte, un feu roulant continu qui laissait présager un débarquement, puis la matinée avait été calme. A 13h1/2 étant avec Marianne nous entendons le ronflement d’avions. Nous étions dans les communs, dans le local où l’on faisait la lessive. A peine y étions nous entrés, que nous avions une bombe qui éclatait dans la cour à l’endroit que nous venions de quitter ; à quelques mètres de l’endroit où nous nous trouvions. Nuit Sombre ! Marianne dans mes bras. Nous n’avons rien. Quand on revoit un peu clair, plus de maison, rien qu’un immense champ de décombres. Nous nous précipitons. Nous entendons les bombes qui continuent à pleuvoir dans la rue des Chanoines. Nous cherchons des secours. Nous appelons. Nous écoutons. Rien silence terrifiant. Nous nous mettons à déblayer. Après des heures, nous arrivons au corps d’Andrée, on continue sans arrêt. C’est après des heures et des efforts, le corps de ma chère petite fille Nicolette. En quel état ! Grand Dieu ! Et puis rien de Maman, rien de Grand-Mère….. « Une rentrée fracassante dans le monde des adultes. Je me suis sentie tout à coup chef de famille à la place de ma mère. Il fallait que je travaille. J’ai accepté la proposition de Joliot » Dès 1943/1944, Cécile fait la rencontre avec Irène et Frédéric Joliot-Curie. (Nobel de Chimie en 1935 pour la découverte de la radioactivité artificielle) Cécile est recrutée par Frédéric Joliot, dès 1944, pour préparer ses cours; elle se rend compte qu’elle doit encore apprendre mieux la physique et beaucoup progresser en anglais Irène (1897-1956) Curie et Frédéric (1900-1958) Joliot : Les découvreurs de « La radioactivité artificielle » Frédéric Joliot, (19 mars 1900 à Paris - 14 août 1958 à Paris) est un physicien et chimiste français. Etudiant de Paul Langevin, préparateur de Marie Curie, il rencontre Irène Curie. • Il a obtenu le prix Nobel de chimie en 1935 avec son épouse Irène Joliot-Curie pour la découverte de la radioactivité artificielle. • Autres travaux: observation d’une émission de positrons, construction du premier cyclotron, la fusion d’uranium, construction de la première pile atomique française Zoe…. • Directeur du CNRS en 1945, Haut commissaire au CEA…. Irène Joliot-Curie (12 septembre 1897 à Paris - 17 mars 1956 à Paris) est une chimiste, physicienne et femme politique française. Elle est la fille ainée de Pierre et Marie Curie.
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