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Lexical Gaps and Untranslatability in Translation
================================================================== Language in India www.languageinindia.com ISSN 1930-2940 Vol. 20:5 May 2020 ============================================================= Lexical Gaps and Untranslatability in Translation Prof. Rajendran Sankaravelayuthan Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetam University Coimbatore 641 112 [email protected] ================================================================== 1. Introduction Linguists consider the word as a crucial unit in their description of language. While doing so they mostly focus on those words that are recognized as part of the vocabulary of a language. Sometimes it is relevant to consider the words that are not part of the vocabulary. They can be referred to as non-existing words. In lexical semantics, it is customary to talk about lexical gaps instead of referring to non-existing words. The non-existing words are indications of “gaps” or “holes” in the lexicon of the language that could be filled. Lexical gaps are also known as lexical lacunae. The vocabulary of all the languages, including English and Tamil, shows lexical gaps. For example, the English noun horse as a hypernym incorporates its denotation both stallion (male horse) and mare (female horse). However, there is no such hypernym in the case of cows and bulls, which subsumes both cow and bull in denotation. The absence of such a hypernym is called a lexical gap. Lyons (1977, pp. 301-305) addresses lexical gaps from a structuralist perspective. He defines lexical gaps as slots in a patterning. Wang (1989) defines lexical gaps as empty linguistic symbols and Fan (1989) defines them as empty spaces in a lexeme cluster. Rajendran (2001) defines lexical gap as a vacuum in the vocabulary structure of a language. -
Srinivasan College of Arts &Science
SRINIVASAN COLLEGE OF ARTS &SCIENCE (Affiliated to Bharathidasan Universiy, Tiruchirappalli) PERAMBALUR-621 212. ------------------------------------------------------------------------- DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH Course: M.A ENGLISH Year: II semester: IV Course material on : Translation: Theory and Practice Course code : Core course – XIV Sub code : P16EN42 1 Prepared by : R.SELVAKUMAR Month & year: March-2020 Core course – XIV Translation: Theory and Practice Objectives: To familiarize learners with the history and theories of translation To introduce learners to the techniques involved in translation of literary and non- literary texts To enhance the employability of the learners as translators Unit – I A Brief History of Translation and Translation Theory, Aspects of Translation Theory Unit – II Types of Translation Procedure, Communicative and Semantic Translation Unit – III Translation Procedures, Translation Process and Synonymy, Translation and the Meta Lingual Function of Translation Unit – IV Linguistics and Translation, Theories of Translation, Equivalence in Translation, Problems in Translation – Untranslatability Unit – V Translation Practice in Tamil and English – Proverbs and Prose Passages 2 UNIT I History of Translation Translators have always played a key role in society. Early medieval translators contributed to the development of modern languages and national identities around these languages. Translators went on playing a major role in the advancement of society for centuries. After being regarded as scholars alongside authors, researchers and scientists for two millennia, many translators have become invisible in the 21st century. It is time to acknowledge again the translators’ major impact on society — past and present. This essay was written with the help of Wikipedia. In Antiquity The translation of the Hebrew Bible into Greek in the 3rd century BCE is regarded as the first major translation in the Western world. -
“You Can Taste It in the Wine”: a Visceral Political Ecology
“YOU CAN TASTE IT IN THE WINE”: A VISCERAL POLITICAL ECOLOGY OF POSTSOCIALIST TERROIR by A. JUNE BRAWNER (Under the Direction of Virginia Nazarea) ABSTRACT Terroir, or the taste of place, is the unique assemblage of geology, climate, and cultural practices of a region, essentialized in endemic food products and their tastes. The linkage of taste experience with a specific geography often results in place-brand toponyms (e.g. Champagne, Vidalia onions). Today, terroir may be protected as intellectual property through a series of legal instruments, or Geographical Indications (GIs) (e.g. Josling 2006, Gangjee 2012). This dissertation examines terroir as a window onto broader questions of cultural, political, and ecological change in post-socialist Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). Broadly, it asks: How are “hegemonies of taste” (Yung 2014) reproduced or countered through CEE terroir wine discourse and practices? This question is answered through long-term (fourteen months) ethnography in the historic Tokaj region and Budapest, Hungary, using sensuous-ethnographic methods, policy (GI) analysis, and archival/media analysis. I find that terroir-related policies shape material landscapes, becoming components of socioecological systems. This work thus reverses the terroir narrative that inert places cause specific taste experiences (from place to taste), arguing that acquired tastes are also political experiences with environmental outcomes (from taste to place). It describes how political/temporal boundaries (e.g. East/West, 1989) manifest as visceral experiences of everyday life in CEE. Through ‘blood and soil’ narratives, terroir naturalizes more-than-human communities of natives; wine in this context is thus a currency of growing ethno-nationalist sentiment in the region. -
Report of the Oxford Centre for Hebrew and Jewish Studies 2012
Report of the Oxford Centre for Hebrew and Jewish Studies 2012–2013 Report of the Oxford Centre for Hebrew and Jewish Studies Report of the Oxford Centre for Hebrew and Jewish Studies 2012–2013 | OXFORD CENTRE FOR | HEBREW AND JEWISH STUDIES | A Recognized Independent Centre of the University of Oxford Contents Oxford Centre for Hebrew and Jewish Studies Message from the Acting President page 9 Main Office President’s Message 11 Yarnton Manor, Yarnton Highlights of the 2012–2013 Academic Year 13 Oxford OX5 1PY, England Telephone: Oxford +44 (0)1865 377946 Oxford Seminar in Advanced Jewish Studies – Orthodoxy, Theological Fax: Oxford +44 (0)1865 375079 Debate and Contemporary Judaism: A Critical Exploration of Questions Email: [email protected] Raised in the Thought of Louis Jacobs Website: www.ochjs.ac.uk Orthodoxy, Theology and Louis Jacobs Dr Miri Freud-Kandel 27 Hebrew and Jewish Studies Unit Orthodox Judaism and Theology in the Twentieth Century: Oriental Institute, University of Oxford Two Projects Dr Adam Ferziger 35 Pusey Lane, Oxford OX1 2LE, England What is ‘Modern’ in Modern Orthodoxy? Professor Alan Brill 41 Telephone: Oxford +44 (0)1865 278200 Halakhah and Aggadah: The Modern Conversion Controversy Fax: Oxford +44 (0)1865 278190 in Light of Louis Jacobs’s philosophy Professor Arye Edrei 48 The Oxford Centre for Hebrew and Jewish Studies is a company, limited by guarantee, Biblical Criticism and Late-Modern Orthodoxy in Israel incorporated in England, Registered No. 1109384 (Registered Charity No. 309720). The Dr Ari Engelberg 54 Oxford Centre for Hebrew and Jewish Studies is a tax-deductible organization within the United States under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code (Employer ‘Happy is He Who Loathes it, For it is Like a Dream That Flies Away’: Identification number 13–2943469). -
Judaism and Catholicism in Italy During the Belle Époque: a Comparative Approach
Judaism and Catholicism in Italy during the Belle Époque: A Comparative Approach By Giuseppe Prigiotti Department of Romance Studies Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Roberto M. Dainotto, Supervisor ___________________________ Martin G. Eisner ___________________________ Massimo Faggioli ___________________________ Shalom Goldman ___________________________ Malachi H. Hacohen ___________________________ Anne-Gaëlle C. Saliot Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, in the Department of Romance Studies in the Graduate School of Duke University 2015 ABSTRACT Judaism and Catholicism in Italy during the Belle Époque: A Comparative Approach by Giuseppe Prigiotti Department of Romance Studies Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Roberto M. Dainotto, Supervisor ___________________________ Martin G. Eisner ___________________________ Massimo Faggioli ___________________________ Shalom Goldman ___________________________ Malachi H. Hacohen ___________________________ Anne-Gaëlle C. Saliot An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, in the Department of Romance Studies in the Graduate School of Duke University 2015 Copyright by Giuseppe Prigiotti 2015 Abstract This dissertation compares the responses of Italian Jewish and Catholic intellectuals to the process of secularization and modernization triggered by Italian -
Lexical Engineering” in Judaism, Islam and Christianity
Zuckermann, Ghil‘ad 2006. ‘“Ety myth ological Othering” and the Power of “Lexical Engineering” in Judaism, Islam and Christianity. A Socio-Philo(sopho)logical Perspective’, pp. 237-258 (Chapter 16) of ‘Tope Omoniyi and Joshua A. Fishman (eds), Explorations in the Sociology of Language and Religion (Discourse Approaches to Politics, Society and Culture series). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CHAPTER 16 ‘Ety myth ological othering’ and the power of ‘lexical engineering’ in Judaism, Islam and Christianity A socio-philo(sopho)logical perspective Ghil‘ad Zuckermann Churchill College, University of Cambridge; Research Centre for Linguistic Typology, La Trobe University; www.zuckermann.org El original es infiel a la traducción ‘The original is unfaithful to the translation’ (Borges 1943, cf. 1974: 732) 1. Introduction This chapter casts light on cross-religious interactions at the micro-level of lexis. It focuses on mechanisms of ‘ety myth ology’ (popular/folk-/synchronic etymology) and ‘lexical engineering’ , especially within Jewish, Christian and Muslim groups. Lexical engineering reflects religious and cultural interactions and often manifests the attempt of a religion to preserve its identity when confronted with an overpowering alien environment, without segregating itself from possible influences. The result can be contempt, as in the case of rejective phono-semantic matching. But lexical engineering is not always rejective: it can also lead to a kind of ‘cultural flirting’, as in the case of receptive or adoptive phono-semantic matching. Thus, lexical engineering gives us a valuable window onto the broader question of how language may be used as a major tool for religions and cultures to maintain or form their identity.