European Commission

FED/2019/408-040

Support to Promoting Environmentally Sustainable Commercial Aquaculture in Uganda (PESCA) under the 11th EDF - Multi- Annual Programme Estimate (FED/2018/397-275)

Applied research and training in feed, seed and production systems with a commercial perspective.

Inception report, January 2020

Prepared by National Agricultural Research Organisation – Kajjansi Aquaculture Research and Development Centre (NARO – KARDC)

Applied research and training in feed, seed and production systems with a commercial perspective.

Inception report, January 2020

Author: NARO - KARDC.

Project Implemented by:

PESCA Applied Research ‐ Inception Report‐January 2020

ACRONYM & ABREVIATIONS

AEZs Agricultural Ecological Zones ANF Anti Nutritional Factor Apps Applications ATAAS Agricultural Technology and Agribusiness Advisory Services ASSP Agriculture Sector Strategic Plan AU African Union BMPs Best Management Practices BTVET Business, Technical, Vocational Education and Training CAADP Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme CBA Commodity Based Approach DAMD Department of Aquaculture Management and Development EU European Union FCR Feed Conversion Ratio FTI Fisheries Training Institute GoU Government of Uganda HPAZs High Potential Aquaculture Zones ISO International Organization for Standardization KARDC Kajjansi Aquaculture Research Development Centre MAAIF Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries MoES Ministry of Education and Sports MoFPED Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development NEPAD New Partnership for Africa’s Development NDP National Development Plan NPCA NEPAD Planning and Coordinating Agency PCR Polymerase Chain Reaction PESCA Support to Promoting Environmentally Sustainable Commercial Aquaculture in Uganda POs Producer Organisations SDGs Sustainable Development Goals TIMPS Technology Innovations Management Practices UNDP United Nations Development Programme Mak Makerere University FTI Fisheries Training Institute OWC Operation Wealth Creation programme NAADS National Agriculture Advisory Services

PESCA Applied Research ‐ Inception Report‐January 2020

GENERAL INFORMATION

Reference of the call for proposals Negotiated Procedure No. MAOPE 01, 2019

National Agricultural Research Organisation – Kajjansi Aquaculture Name of the lead applicant Research and Development Centre (NARO – KARDC)

Applied research in aquaculture sector related issues -fish seed, feed and production systems; upgrading the fish seed output, quality and Title of the action reliability; and establishing an aquaculture training hub for smallholder fish farmers in Uganda.

Location of the action Uganda

Duration of the action 24 months

Date of draft 01 January 2020 Period Covered May 2019 – January 2020 Author (s) NARO - KARDC

This report was prepared with financial assistance from the European Union.

The views expressed herein are those of NARO - KARDC and do not necessarily represent any official view of the EU or the Government of Uganda.

PESCA Applied Research ‐ Inception Report‐January 2020

Table of Contents Table of Contents ...... 5 1 Executive Summary ...... 6 2 Background ...... 8 2.1 Relevance of Action ...... 9 2.2 The relevance of the action to national, regional and global Strategies ...... 11 2.3 Objectives ...... 12 2.3.1 Overall Objective ...... 12

2.3.2 Specific objectives: ...... 12

2.4 Expected outputs ...... 13 2.5 Target groups ...... 13 2.6 Beneficiaries ...... 15 2.7 Key stakeholder groups ...... 16 2.8 Intervention logic ...... 17 2.9 Work packages ...... 18 2.9.1 Work package 1 – Selective breeding of Nile tilapia and the African catfish 18

2.9.2 Work package 2: Improved Production systems design, use and management ...... 19

2.9.3 Work package 3: Developing cost-effective feed for Nile tilapia and African catfish based on locally available improved plant varieties and animal protein sources ...... 21

3. Time table ...... 37 3. Log frame ...... 43 4. Conclusions and way forward ...... 52

PESCA Applied Research ‐ Inception Report‐January 2020

1 Executive Summary This document is an inception report for the contract of ‘Applied research and training in feed, seed and production systems with a commercial perspective’ awarded under the PESCA EU funded project The document gives the contractor’s understanding of the general and administrative provisions of the contract, presents the approach including methodology, activities, workplan and data/information collection tools. The study will be undertaken by National Agricultural Research Organisation – Aquaculture Research and Development Centre (NARO – KARDC) with selected collaborators. The work involves applied research in aquaculture sector related issues -fish seed, feed and production systems; upgrading the fish seed output, quality and reliability; and establishing an aquaculture training hub for smallholder fish farmers in Uganda at KARDC.

The quality of fish seed (fish fry, fingerlings) has a major impact on fish yield. Production of quality fish seed begins with the use of quality broodstock (parental stock) reared using appropriate husbandry practices. There is an increasing need amongst farmers for quality Nile tilapia and African catfish seed for stocking in pond and cage production systems. Fish farmers have persistently complained about poor seed quality manifested through poor growth rates of both table size Nile tilapia and African catfish (Mwanja, 2006). Yields as low as 0.01 kg fish/m2 per production cycle of 8-12 months have been recorded. In most cases, farmers produce seed from mismanaged broodstock leading to inbreeding and unviable off- springs with low productivity. Some farmers source their fish seed from the wild but the quality is highly compromised because the fish collected are of different species, all these lead to poor returns on investment. Based on the FAO (2018), Uganda presently produces an estimated 300 Million fish fry annually. However, the government of Uganda has projected a need for 2.5 billion fish seed of good quality to meet the planned government target to produce 1million tons of fish annually by 2025. KARDC has intervened by initiating selective breeding programs for farmed Nile tilapia and African catfish. The selective breeding technology has improved Nile tilapia productivity from an average fish pond production of 0.01 kg/m2 to 2.5 kg/m2 per production cycle. However, the technology needs to be optimised by using brood stock fish with known genetic make- up and performance traits so that the genetic variation present in the desirable traits is used to improve seed quality and productivity thereby facilitating sustainable fish production.

In addition to fish seed, quality fish feed is vital for enhancing fish survival and growth rates leading to high fish yields and profits. Fish feed represents the highest variable cost (50 to 70%) for any aquaculture enterprise, particularly commercial undertakings. The protein ingredients in a feed are the most expensive, and consequently determine the price of the fish feed and profitability of the enterprise. Nile tilapia requires 25-35% protein while African catfish require 30-45% depending on the developmental stage of the fish. In Uganda, the conventional source of protein in fish feed is the silver fish (Rastrineobola argentea) locally known as mukene. Mukene is expensive, seasonally available and has competing uses with both human consumption and as feed for terrestrial animals. As a result, research is globally being directed towards replacement of fish meal in fish feed with low cost, readily available and nutritious plant and animal protein sources. It is known fact that the use of plant protein sources in fish feed is constrained by the prevalence of anti-nutritional factors (ANFs) that directly affect performance of animals because they are indigestible if the ANFs are not properly deactivated. This research project will therefore investigate the occurrence of a range of anti-nutritional factors in improved varieties of oilseed and cereal crops used in fish feeds and investigate pre-treatment techniques appropriate for mitigating the ANFs in order to make the improved crop varieties a user- friendly alternative source of proteins for fish. Model fish feed formulations will be generated for Nile tilapia and African catfish with the involvement of fish feed producers to enable up-scaling of the technology. In addition, the appropriate fish feeding regimes/approaches for Nile tilapia and African catfish of different developmental stages fed on the developed feeds will be investigated to ensure that the fish are fed on a ration that enhances growth and minimizes left over feed given that accumulation of left over feed in the water can cause nutrient enrichment (eutrophication) which in

PESCA Applied Research ‐ Inception Report‐January 2020

turn affects aquaculture productivity and sustainability and eventually becomes detrimental to the environment.

There is also need to grow the fish in suitable production systems under appropriate management practices in order to realize optimal growth of the fish. Pond and cage fish culture are the most common used production systems for rearing Nile tilapia and African catfish in Uganda. With commercial aquaculture, intensification of aquaculture production systems is inevitable, targeting producing fish at a stocking density at which harvests are maximized. However, carrying capacities of the resources in the habitats where the production systems are situated need to be assessed so as to determine the biomass of a particular species that the resources in the habitat can support. This will ensure that stocking densities or farm densities that can potentially cause unacceptable ecological impacts are avoided. Thus, the carrying capacity can be used to promote environmentally sustainable aquaculture. In addition, there is need to select appropriate sites/locations for the different production systems.

Use of rudimentary technologies by majority of the smallholder fish farmers has been found as one other major factor that hinders development of the aquaculture sector in the country, with the most plausible way out being training of the smallholder farmers in aquaculture BMPs. Under this project NARO-KARDC intends to set up a permanent aquaculture training hub targeting mainly smallholder fish farmers with emphasis on women and youth. The training hub will be vital in imparting appropriate aquaculture knowledge and skills to smallholder farmers. The set up will involve refurbishing of training support facilities such as the training halls, trainee hostels, production units both tanks and ponds, remodelling of value addition rooms, developing training modules, schedules and popularisation of the developed schedules to attract smallholder farmers to attend the trainings.

Overall, this project is expected to contribute towards improved productivity, production, profitability and environmentally sustainable fish farming in Uganda and the technologies generated can be used elsewhere in the world.

PESCA Applied Research ‐ Inception Report‐January 2020

2 Background

Agriculture is the backbone for the economy of Uganda and about 68% of the farmers practise smallholder subsistence farming. In order to support sustainable growth of the agricultural sector, the government of Uganda, through the Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries (MAAIF) adopted the Commodity Based Approach (CBA) to increase agricultural production, productivity and profitability. Fish is one of the 12 prioritized commodities. The Aquaculture (fish farming) enterprise has been adopted in the country to increase fish production levels in order to fill the growing gap in national fish supply of currently over 330,000 tonnes annually as wild fish catches continue to decline while demand for fish and fisheries products increases due to increasing human population at an annual growth rate of 3.0% (NPC, 2018).

Uganda has extensive freshwater resources (5 large lakes and over 160 smaller water bodies including slow flowing sections of rivers) suitable for cage, pond and tank-based aquaculture production systems. Enhancement of fish production, productivity and profitability by developing a vibrant environmentally friendly commercial aquaculture industry would contribute to improved food security, employment opportunities, improved income levels and investment opportunities for the people. Presently, the main farmed fish species include Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and the African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). They are fast growing, feed on a wide range of foodstuffs, are tolerant to a wide range of environmental conditions and are accepted by most fish consumers. Quality fish seed, feed, appropriate production systems, use of Best Management Practices (BMPs) and efficient and appropriate extension provision system are vital inputs for promoting environmentally sustainable commercial aquaculture production.

The purpose of study is to contribute towards improved food and nutritional security, increased income and improved livelihoods, promote an environmentally sustainable, inclusive and climate resilient socio-economic development focusing on a market-oriented aquaculture value chain targeting the national and regional market and focusing on smallholders and smallholders’ associations. Uganda’s aquaculture industry is characterised by use of poor-quality seed, feed, inappropriate production systems and insufficient knowledge and skills among fish farmers. The major challenge to achieving this objective is use of rudimentary technologies by smallholder farmers who constitute the majority (60%) of fish farmers in Uganda (www.fao.org/fisheries/countrysector/naso_Uganda). This hinders their transformation from subsistence to commercial production. To overcome this situation, research must provide the appropriate user friendly, gender responsive, modern technologies and skills for aquaculture production; increased output of quality and reliable fish seed and feed; establish a training hub for farmers in aquaculture BMPs and provision of quality and reliable extension services to the smallholder fish farmers. The EU funded PESCA project with a component of research, improving fish seed output and capacity building is timely and relevant to increasing aquaculture productivity and production in the country. The key challenges that will be addressed under this study will include:

i. Poor access and utilisation of high-quality fish seed by smallholder fish farmers ii. Low output, low quality and un reliable supply of locally produced fish seed iii. Poor quality of locally produced feeds as a result of poor handling and adulteration of raw materials; in spite of an abundance of locally produced grains and pulses suitable for fish feed production iv. Use of inappropriate designs of fish production systems and poor fish husbandry practices v. Inadequate aquaculture extension provision systems and lack of training in aquaculture BMPs and extension provision hub for smallholder fish farmers in the country

PESCA Applied Research ‐ Inception Report‐January 2020

2.1 Relevance of Action Fish seed The quality of fish seed (fish fry, fingerlings), feed and production systems are major constraint to fish production and productivity to Uganda’s Aquaculture industry. Fish farmers have persistently complained about poor seed quality manifested through poor growth rates of both table size Nile tilapia and African catfish (Mwanja, 2006). Yields as low as 0.01 kg/m2 per production cycle of 8-12 months have been recorded (Kilimotrust survey report, 2018). In most cases, farmers produce seed from mismanaged broodstock leading to inbreeding and unviable and sometimes deformed off- springs with low productivity. Some farmers source their fish seed from the wild whose quality is highly compromised because the fish collected are of mixed species and of unknown genetic make up. All these lead to poor return on investment.

To address the above, Under ATAAS project (2013-2017) NARO-KARDC embarked on a small scale selective breeding programme for Nile tilapia which yielded a tilapia strain with an average daily growth rate of 2.47g per day from 0.52g per day that was being farmed then. This selective breeding technology has improved Nile tilapia productivity from an average fish pond production of 0.01 kg/m2 to 2.5 kg/m2 per production cycle. However, the technology needs to be enhanced by increasing the genetic diversity by using local wild broodstock fish of known high genetic variation and preferred aquaculture performance traits.

Based on the FAO (2018), Uganda presently produces an estimated 300 Million fish fry annually. However, the Government of Uganda has projected a need for 2.5 billion fish seed of high quality to meet the planned government target to produce 1million tons of fish annually through aquaculture by 2025 (MAAIF, 2018). Under the proposed study, NARO-KARDC has planned to enhance the selective breeding programmes of the two most farmed species, Nile tilapia and the African catfish. NARO-KARDC will characterize and determine the genetic integrity of wild genetic resources of the two species, which form the basis of the selective breeding programmes. The exercise will also involve strain identification and the strains with the highest genetic diversity will be selected for use in the selective breeding programmes of the two fish species. Under this study NARO-KARDC will come up with improved referenced broodstock for each of the two fish species with a target growth rate of 3g and 5g per day for Nile tilapia and African catfish respectively. The improved referenced broodstock of the two species will be multiplied and distributed to private hatcheries for seed multiplication and distribution to smallholder and commercial fish farmers. The referenced broodstock will require a number of facilities (ponds, tanks, and happas). As part of this intervention NARO- KARDC will repair the existing facilities, work with selected private hatcheries and national fry centres to maintain sufficient improved broodstock for and act as broodstock storage back-ups. NARO- KARDC ponds, tanks, will be used for broodstock reception, holding and larval/ fry nursing. The tilapia and catfish hatcheries will be used for breeding and indoor larval nursing (weaning) where as the procured happas will be used in the selective breeding. NARO-KARDC will work with NAGRIC to preserve and stored the developed referenced improved broodstock genetic material for future use. For maintenance, multiplication and distribution of improved broodstock, NARO-KARDC will work with National Fry centres and private sector hatchery operators in the different regions of the country.

Fish feed The current situation of the fish feed industry involves the use of low quality locally produced fish feed and poor feeding management regimes by small holder farmers that results into high feed conversion ratios (FCR) which average to 2.0. This coupled with use of fishmeal (mukene) and imported ingredients (wheat bran and pollard) make the current locally produced feed of expensive and inconsistent in supply. Good quality fish feed is vital for enhancing fish survival and growth rates leading to high fish yields and profits. Fish feed represents the highest variable cost (50 to 70%) for any aquaculture enterprise, particularly commercial undertakings. The protein ingredients in a feed are the most expensive, and consequently determine the price of the fish feed and profitability of the

PESCA Applied Research ‐ Inception Report‐January 2020

enterprise. Nile tilapia requires 25-35% protein while African catfish require 30-45% diets depending on the developmental stage of the fish. In Uganda, the conventional source of protein in fish feed is the silver fish (Rastrineobola argentea) locally known as Mukene. This is because the protein in mukene has a balanced amino acid profile suitable for enhancing fish performance. However, Mukene is expensive, seasonally available and has competing uses with both human consumption and as feed for terrestrial animals. As a result, research is globally being directed towards partial or total replacement of fish meal in fish feed with low cost, readily available and nutritious plant and animal protein sources to offer complementary amino acid profiles and preserve the palatability of fish feeds. A number of local crop varieties (e.g. soya, sunflower, cotton, simsim, maize, rice, oil seeds and sorghum) have been developed in Uganda in a bid to increase crop productivity and resilience to the negative effects of climate change. The effect of the local crop varieties on fish performance, health (histopathology), physiology (gene expression) and the environment is not known. In addition, it is known that the use of plant protein sources in fish feed is constrained by the prevalence of ANFs that directly affect performance of animals because they are indigestible if the ANFs are not properly deactivated (NRC, 1993, Francis et al., 2001).

This research project will therefore investigate the nutritional profile and a range of ANFs potentially present in local varieties of oilseed and cereal crops. In addition, investigate pre-treatment techniques appropriate for mitigating the ANFs in the local legume and cereal crop varieties found to have at least 35% protein content in order to make the local crop varieties a cost effective sources of protein for fish. Novel fish feed formulations with a target FCR of 1.3 will be generated based on local crop varieties for Nile tilapia and African catfish with the involvement of private local fish feed producers to enable up-scaling of the technology. In addition, the appropriate fish feed management guidelines for Nile tilapia and African catfish of different developmental stages fed on the developed feeds will be developed to ensure low FCR, good returns on investment and sustainable environment.

The study will also consider the affordability and cost-effectiveness of the developed feeds especially to the smallholder fish farmers by developing enterprise budgets for Nile tilapia and African catfish farming based on the novel feeds and their respective developed feeds management guidelines. NARO-KARDC has a commercial feed mill that will be used for production of feeds feed for on-farm trials, feeds for maintenance of broodstock and larval nursing and for distribution to smallholder farmers under this project. The greenhouse kit will be used to provide conducive conditions including temperature, ventilation, water supply system and holding facilities for fish during on-station feeding trials.

Aquaculture production systems Most smallholder farmers do not have expertise in identification of suitable sites for aquaculture production, production systems design and construction. This has often resulted in a number of smallholder farmers utilizing all sorts of structures such as excavated sand pits, flood pools, ditches and dams for fish production. This not only leads to a number of environmental hazards and pollution, but also results to extremely low yields, productivity and economic losses. Different Agro-Ecological Zones (AEZs) often have different environment conditions, which results in varied potential and suitability for aquaculture production. It is therefore critically important to conduct research to identify the High Potential Aquaculture Zones (HPAZs) in the different AEZs. Siting aquaculture operations in scientifically identified areas plays a key role in ensuring increased production and productivity while minimizing environmental hazards, pollution and degradation. There is also a need for fish producers to adopt suitable aquaculture production systems, proper stocking densities and carrying capacities that are cost-effective and environmentally friendly. These coupled with the use of appropriate management practices means optimal fish growth will be realised. Pond and cage fish culture are the most commonly used production systems for rearing Nile tilapia and African catfish in Uganda. With commercial aquaculture and intensification, promotion of appropriate environmentally sustainable aquaculture production systems for optimal fish production is inevitable if environmental sustainability

PESCA Applied Research ‐ Inception Report‐January 2020

is to be achieved. For maximized production and productivity while ensuring environmental sustainability, it is important that appropriate fish stocking densities and carrying capacities are adopted. Despite aquaculture production in Uganda being as old as the 1950s, stocking densities and carrying capacities to be adopted in the different AEZs has not been established. Whereas under stocking leads to space wastage and under utilization of available capacity, over stocking can lead to excessive nutrient and organic loading, which can potentially cause unacceptable ecological impacts. Thus, adoption of appropriate stocking densities and carrying capacities is of paramount importance to promote environmentally sustainable commercial aquaculture. Poor designs of production systems can also result in fish escapees into the wild as well as wild species entering aquaculture production units. Escapees from aquaculture have been reported to affect the genetic integrity of wild fisheries resources. This study intends to identify and map High Potential Aquaculture Zones (HPAZs) in the different AEZs, design, develop and demonstrate to fish farmers, especially the smallholder fish farmers, the appropriate production systems and respective management regimes that will increase aquaculture production and productivity. In addition NARO-KARDC will carry out adaptive research for producing farmed African catfish using tank production system. NARO-KARDC will also investigate the use of sustainable production of farmed fish in wetlands in compliance with NEMA guidelines.

Aquaculture Training Hub The existing aquaculture extension provision systems, both public and private, are not well-structured, and are limited in aquaculture knowledge and skills. In addition, there is need to establish an aquaculture training hub/centre where both smallholder fish farmers and extension service providers can be trained in aquaculture BMPs. KARDC being a public aquaculture research centre with facilities(production systems –ponds, tanks, hatcheries, happas and water reservoirs; training halls; hostels; cafeteria; library; value addition rooms; laboratories; equipment and all round security) that can be used for hands-on trainings and demonstrations; with qualified staff in all aquaculture related disciplines, will be improved and turned into a hub for training farmers and retooling extension staff in aquaculture BMPs and provision of extension services for visiting fish farmers. The action of establishing such a centre/hub will enable smallholder farmers to acquire and adopt use of modern appropriate gender responsive and environmentally smart aquaculture BMPs. This will lead to increased aquaculture productivity and production and consequently better livelihoods for the smallholder farmers. Farmers that attend training will provide feedback on their research needs, giving a platform for developing an adaptive research programme that directly addresses farmers’ needs. NARO-KARDC in development of training modules and training of farmers/extension staff will work in collaboration with Makerere University, Kampala and other academia institutions. NARO- KARDC will explore working with other local, regional and international organizations such as Zonal Agriculture Research Institutes (ZARDIs), National Animal Genetic Resources Center and Databank (NAGRIC), sister research institutions in the EAC, Asian Institute of Technology (AIT) - Thailand, Centre for Development Innovation (CDI) - Netherlands to bring more expertise on board for the operation of the training hub.

2.2 The relevance of the action to national, regional and global Strategies This Action will assist mostly smallholder fish farmers who make-up over 60% of Uganda’s fish farmers by addressing the challenges faced towards engaging in commercially viable aquaculture production. This action is in response to the Government of Uganda’s (GoU’s) plan to address the growing deficit in fish supply through aquaculture development. According to a Cabinet decision reflected in the recently passed National Fisheries and Aquaculture Policy (MAAIF, 2018), GoU has set a target of producing 1.7 million tonnes, with 700,000 tonnes from capture fisheries and 1,000,000 tonnes from aquaculture. This plan requires a paradigm shift in aquaculture development from a public-led input-supply system to a commercially driven private sector led system that allows for effective control of the supply chain and marketing system by the producers. Commercialisation of aquaculture is also stipulated in the National Aquaculture Development Strategy and Action Plan (2020-2025), another PESCA project supported action. The Agriculture Sector Strategic Plan (ASSP),

PESCA Applied Research ‐ Inception Report‐January 2020

2016 – 2020 and the National Development Plan (NDP II, 2016 – 2020) also recognise commercialisation of aquaculture as a priority investment. This action also aligns with Uganda`s Vision 2040 that aims to transforming Uganda into a well-nourished population of middle-income status among other goals.

As regards to international farmed fish trade, Uganda is one of the few African countries to have successfully gained access to the EU export market for farmed finfish products. For Uganda to maintain this status, there is need to assist smallholder fish farmers to use modern aquaculture BMPs to produce fish that meets the requirements for export and engage in environmentally responsible and socio-economically equitable production of safe and quality aquaculture fishery products. Uganda is also a signatory to the African Union (AU), specifically NEPAD/NPCA initiative “Fish for All”, and is signed to several proclamations and initiatives of the African Ministers for Fisheries and Aquaculture under the auspices of AU for promotion of inland aquaculture production. The Member States are obliged to support smallholder aquaculture as a key contributor to local economies, food and nutrition security, livelihoods and means of tackling the high unemployment characteristic of many of the Member States’ economies. The training of smallholder fish farmers to acquire, adopt and use aquaculture BMPs and the provision of quality and appropriate extension services, will help achieve the above set targets. In addition, the action is aligned to the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) Compact through Uganda`s National Agriculture Investment Plan. The CAADP promotes increased production of fish and its contributions to agriculture-led growth in Africa. Increased fish production and consumption is also critical in meeting the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 1, 2, 3, 5, 8 and 14 namely: End poverty in all its forms everywhere; end hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture; ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages; achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls; decent work and economic growth and Life under water respectively (UNDP, 2015).

This Action will ensure that the country’s fish seed quality, output and supply are enhanced and reliable. The Action will also provide quality and cost-effective fish feeds from locally available fish feeds ingredients (local grains and protein pulses) for increased aquaculture productivity and production. Smallholder fish farmers with emphasis on youth and women will be trained in making on- farm complete pelleted feeds using locally available technologies. Appropriate designs of aquaculture production systems for the different HPAZs in the country will be developed and smallholder fish farmers trained in the use and management of these production systems. Furthermore, the Action will establish a training hub at KARDC for fish farmers on aquaculture BMPs for commercial aquaculture. The training hub will also serve as a centre for quality extension service provision for fish farmers. This will contribute to Government of Uganda’s (GoU’s) plan to address the growing deficit in fish supply through aquaculture development.

2.3 Objectives 2.3.1 Overall Objective The overall objective of this action is to contribute to increased Nile tilapia and African catfish productivity and production, a competitive, job-intensive, environmentally sustainable and climate- resilient aquaculture sector in Uganda.

2.3.2 Specific objectives: i. To improve the quality of fish seed used by smallholders and commercial fish farmers through improved broodstock ii. Increase the output, access, supply and use of quality fish seed amongst smallholder and commercial fish farmers iii. To improve the quality, cost-effectiveness and management of formulated feeds based on locally produced improved crop varieties and non-conventional animal protein sources

PESCA Applied Research ‐ Inception Report‐January 2020

iv. To identify and map at least 5 High Potential Aquaculture Zones (HPAZs) in the different Agro-Ecological Zones (AEZs) v. To test and optimise different production systems for transformation of smallholder farmers to commercial farmers in at least 3 AEZs of Uganda vi. To establish an aquaculture training hub for out-growers and extension workers at NARO- KARDC

2.4 Expected outputs i. Improved quality of broodstock (F2 generation) for distribution to private sector and public regional fry centers for seed multiplication. ii. Improved output, access, supply and use of quality fish seed by at least 30% of the smallholder fish farmers iii. At least one (01) locally available improved grain legume and one cereal grain identified as appropriate fish feed ingredient iv. At least two (02) technologies for reduction of anti-nutritional factors in plant-based fish feeds developed v. At least four (04) fish feed formulations for production of cost-effective fish feeds developed vi. protocol for quality fish feed production, handling and management developed; and a policy brief on fish feed production and management developed vii. At least three (03) GIS Map of HPAZs in the different AEZs developed to guide investment in sustainable aquaculture viii. At least two (02) production systems tested and optimized for use in the transformation of smallholder to commercial farmers for Nile tilapia and African catfish production ix. At least one (01) pond and one (01) cage aquaculture production system demonstration site in the identified HPAZs established x. At least two (02) enterprise budgets for production of Nile tilapia and African catfish in ponds and cages in the identified HPAZs in the different AEZs developed xi. At least 600 fish farmers and 100 extension staff trained annually in aquaculture Best Management Practices. xii. Manuals for seed, feed production and BMPs developed, and at least 300 copies of each of these manuals printed and distributed to guide farmers, feed producers, extension staff, DAMD, training institutions and other scientists.

2.5 Target groups

Smallholder fish farmers owning 1 to 4 fish ponds each of ≤500 m2 or 1 to 2 small cages each of ≤ 10 m3 with a production of ≤ 300 Kg annually and operating at subsistence level. These farmers have a number of constraints including use of rudimentary technologies- poor quality seed, poor quality fish feeds, poorly designed and sited production systems and work in isolation. Smallholder farmers need to be mobilized and trained to operate their farms at a commercial level with increased number and size of well-designed and sited production systems. They need to use improved high-quality fish seed and fish feed that leads to a lower Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) of less than 1.5.

Commercial or emerging commercial fish farmers who operate more than 5 ponds of an average size > 500 m2 and more than 5 fish cages of over 100 m3 producing over 5 tonnes of fish annually. This group is constrained by a lack of quality fish seed, unreliable availability and supply of locally produced cost-effective commercial feeds that are consistently of high quality. As a result, many commercial farmers resort to importing feeds from countries like Brazil and Vietnam. However, the costs incurred in importing fish feeds are high, leading to low returns on the investment. The other constraint faced by this group is the use of inappropriately designed productions systems for the selected sites and being unaware of the potential negative effects of their aquaculture activities on the environment. This group needs readily available high-quality fish feeds, cost effective locally produced

PESCA Applied Research ‐ Inception Report‐January 2020

commercial fish feeds and rightly developed and described production systems designs for different selected sites/zones for aquaculture production in the country.

Local seed producers operating small fish hatcheries producing an average of 50,000 fish seed annually. These local seed producers only produce seed when there is demand. They mostly serve their own farms and a few neighbouring farmers. They mainly use rudimentary technologies - poor broodstock obtained either from the wild or another farmer, from which a fish’s history or pedigree is not known; and continous and repeated use of same broodstock over long period of time leading to inbreeding, deformities and poor growth performance. They mostly rely on fertilization of their production systems for nursing or feeding the young fish. Occasionally, they use on-farm made feeds that lack most of the essential nutrients resulting in very low survivals of ≤ 10%. Local seed producers need to operate at a commercial level producing seed all year round using improved broodstock of known ancestry or pedigree from certified sources. They need to use commercial starter feeds for nursing fish larvae in addition to application of fertilizers to stimulate natural food production. They also need to grade the fish fry regularly and use well designed hatchery facilities that ensure top hygiene and appropriate fish stocking densities. We also plan to establish a segment of farmers who will nurse fry (0.1-1.0g) to bigger size fingerling (>10g).

Local fish feed producers or manufacturers who produce fish feeds for local and regional markets targeting commercial-oriented fish farmers. They produce slightly over 100,000 tonnes of fish feed annually. This group is constrained by poor supply of ingredients and poor linkages to the farmers especially the smallholder emerging commercial farmers who form the bulk of aquaculture production in the country. The local commercial fish feed manufacturers need to be guided on the right source of less competitive readily available high-quality fish feed ingredients and need to be linked to the smallholder farmers, for instance through their Producer Organizations (POs).

NARO – KARDC that has human resource with technical capacities including fish breeding, fish geneticists, aquaculture engineering, fish nutrition, fish disease mitigation, aquaculture socio- economics and production system design and proper management that are required to solve all the identified constraints above and respond to the needs of all the identified targets groups. However, some facilities at the institution require repair, refurbishing, upgrading and remodelling to hold a large reference stock of broodstock in order to efficiently serve as a hub for training smallholder fish farmers in commercially-oriented aquaculture techniques.

MAAIF/DiFR/DAMD these are the resource managers of fisheries and aquaculture in the country. They will be responsible for giving guidance, extension service provision to smallholder farmers, as well as certification and regulation of the different key players in the aquaculture value chain (fish seed, feed, fish traders, input suppliers)

Academia are responsible for research and teaching. Under this project, NARO will link up with academia (Makerere, Gulu, and Busitema Universities, and the Fisheries Training Institute (FTI)) to give hands-on skills to smallholder farmers and extension staff in BMPs in aquaculture.

Aquaculture development and financial resource mobilisers with the Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development (MoFPED) are responsible for mobilisation of resources and allocation of funds to different sectors in the country. MoFPED is also the National Contracting Authority for the EU PESCA project Uganda. Therefore, MoFPED will be sensitised about the importance and requirements for growth and development of the aquaculture sub-sector in the country.

Project Funders -The European Union (EU) is the Funding Agency of a number of development projects in Uganda and is funding the EU PESCA project in Uganda under the 11th European

PESCA Applied Research ‐ Inception Report‐January 2020

Development Fund. The EU is supporting and funding the study. The NAO, as the Contracting Authority, will train KARDC staff on the mode of operation of EU funded projects, oversee the project execution through direct supervision and monitoring of progress against set targets, financial auditing and receiving of progress reports on deliverables. Therefore, responsible staff of the NAO will also be made aware of current status of aquaculture in Uganda, the target fish production from the sub-sector and the requirements for meeting the targeted fish production levels. In this study, emphasis will be put on the local fish seed and feed sub-sectors.

Other target groups include input suppliers (fish cages, feed ingredients), service providers (extension staff to enable them to guide farmers appropriately), and Producer Organisations.

2.6 Beneficiaries Smallholder fish farmers (including women and youth) will gain from this study through getting high quality seed that grows faster and allows for an increased number of fish harvests per year. They will also benefit from using high quality cost-effective feeds with a lower FCR that will reduce the cost of production leading to increased returns on investment and farm incomes. With these improved technologies more smallholder farmers will join the sector, practice commercial fish farming and gain employment opportunities especially for the youth and women. The other beneficiaries are the local fish seed producers, who will gain from this study through access to improved broodstock of high genetic diversity that will produce fish seed with improved growth performance. The improved performance of the fish seed, will lead to increased market for fish seed leading to increased income and better livelihoods for the local seed producers.

Commercial and emerging fish farmers will benefit from this study through increased availability and access to quality fish seed with improved growth performance leading to enhanced fish yields or production levels. This group will also benefit by use of the improved cost-effective fish feeds that give a lower FCR thereby reducing the costs of production. Therefore, the improved performing seed and feed will lead to increased production, better profits and increased incomes for the fish farmers.

Fish processors/traders will benefit from the study through having easy access to increased quantities of farmed fish for processing and selling. This will result into increased sales, profits and assured jobs for fish processors/traders who comprise mostly youth and women.

Fish consumers will benefit from the action by having increased supply and access to farmed fish resulting into improved nutrition of fish-eating households. Fish consumers will have increased bargaining power and more choices of farmed fish products.

The Scientific community will benefit through study outputs disseminated, reports and publications of how the aquaculture sector can be turned around in a short time with well thought out interventions.

Aquaculture input suppliers will gain from this study through the expected increased number of commercial fish farmers who will require year-round supplies/inputs for their farms to enable fish production.

Vulnerable gender of the population, particularly the women and youth will gain knowledge, skills and employment across the whole value chain of the improved aquaculture sub-sector.

Other beneficiaries include the government of Uganda which will benefit through economic growth from the aquaculture sub-sector. With the anticipated increase in export of farmed fish to regional (Kenya, Sudan, Rwanda, DR Congo) and international markets (Middle East, etc), an increase in the tax collection from fish exports is expected for the country.

PESCA Applied Research ‐ Inception Report‐January 2020

2.7 Key stakeholder groups

Stakeholder Current Project Role Benefit business NARO – KARDC Aquaculture Research & development Increased knowledge base, improved and collaborating Research & infrastructure and increased broodstock output partners production Smallholder & Aquaculture Trainees, on-farm trails Increased production through use of improved commercial fish production technologies such as improved fish seed; farmers quality and cost-effective fish feeds; well designed and managed production systems; and adoption and use of BMPs of aquaculture Youth Constitute the Provide employment Skills and knowledge of the youth in biggest avenues aquaculture production systems’ design and proportion of the construction improved. population and are Un-employed Local grain and Crop farming Provision of grain and Market for crop produce through contract protein pulse protein pulse produce farming with local feed producers farmers Local feed Feeds production Uptake of new More consistent supply of quality ingredients; manufacturers or technologies improved quality and output of fish feeds; producers increased market Resource Management of Policy review, extension Improved regulation policy of fish seed and managers & seed and feeds and support feeds sub-sectors technical sub sectors personnel Vulnerable Limited Increased involvement in Employment opportunities, steady incomes, groups – women, employment aquaculture value chain better livelihoods HIV affected opportunities activities households and amidst disabled challenges faced along the value chain Research and Training and Research and training Increased knowledge base and increased Academia extension visibility that will to attraction of future funding Local government Extension service Selection of sites/farmers Improved knowledge and skills for better aquaculture provision for on-farm extension service delivery extension service trials/demonstrations, providers participate in on farm trials and refresher trainings and dissemination of results MAAIF-DiFR Development of Project monitoring and Policy briefs for use in the aquaculture legal aquaculture evaluation framework policies, management guidelines, certification of fish seed and feeds and approval of sites suitable for

PESCA Applied Research ‐ Inception Report‐January 2020

establishment of different production systems NEMA Ensuring Project environmental Guidance given to the project team on sustainable use report environmentally friendly aquaculture and management of the environment Local suppliers of Trade in fish feed Supply of good quality fish Improved knowledge on appropriate methods feed ingredients ingredients feed ingredients for handling of fish feed ingredients to maintain them in good quality

2.8 Intervention logic The intervention logic underpinning the Action to improve aquaculture production, productivity and profitability in an environmentally friendly manner will involve systematically addressing the drivers of poor quality fish seed and feeds, low fish seed and feed output, accessibility and utilisation of improved seed, high cost of fish feed, poor fish feeding methods/approaches and ineffective use and management of production systems, poor extension service provision and use of rudimentary technologies that are causing the problem of low aquaculture productivity, production, profitability and sustainability in Uganda. In this intervention NARO-KARDC will establish a stock of high quality referenced improved broodstock of Nile tilapia and African catfish farmed species that will be distributed to private sector hatchery operators for use in seed multiplication. Private sector seed producers will be trained and guided in appropriate modern technologies for broodstock management and seed production. The broodstock provided by NARO-KARDC will have been selectively bred with known genetic variation and performance traits.

Poor quality feeds are largely due to use of poor quality ingredients in fish feed production. This is due to unreliable supply, poor quality ingredients, adulteration and high cost of fishmeal. In addition using fishmeal and fish oil to produce fish feeds is not environmentally sustainable as it pushes the fisheries beyond their replacement rates. NARO-KARDC will identify local grains, protein pulses and non- conventional animal protein sources, especially those of low cost that can be used as alternative protein sources to fish meal in fish diets. Technologies for utilising local feed ingredients to develop quality, environmentally friendly and cost-effective fish feeds will be developed, tested through formulations of novel cost effective fish diets and shared with local fish feed producers for up-scaling. This will lead to increased consistence and availability of quality and cost effective fish feeds. Appropriate fish feeding guidelines will be developed for use by farmers for proper feed management and limiting potential negative effects of uneaten feeds on the environment.

In collaboration with Lot 2 and 3, farmers producing raw materials recommended as suitable for use in fish feed will be linked to digital/mobile apps and databases that will support them to market their produce. These include existing databases such as AgroMarketDay.com. This linkage will serve fish feed manufacturers with real time data that will enable them access quality raw materials for feed production.

Ineffective use and poor management of aquaculture production systems is due to lack of technologies customised towards maximising aquaculture production and productivity while ensuring environmental sustainability. NARO-KARDC will identify and map HPAZs in the different AEZs, develop customised appropriate production systems designs, optimal fish stocking densities, carrying capacities and management guidelines to be adopted.

PESCA Applied Research ‐ Inception Report‐January 2020

NARO-KARDC will establish a permanent aquaculture training hub targeting mainly smallholder fish farmers with emphasis on women and youth. The training hub will be vital in imparting appropriate aquaculture knowledge and skills to smallholder farmers. This will involve refurbishing of support facilities including training halls, trainee hostels, production units both tanks and ponds, remodelling of value addition rooms, developing training modules, schedules and popularisation of the developed schedules to attract smallholder farmers to attend the trainings.

The above interventions will be implemented in collaboration with various partners involved in the aquaculture industry – academia (Department of Zoology, Fisheries and Entomology, Makerere University Kampala), resource managers MAAIF, extension staff, DLGs, and private sector (farmers, local seed producers and feed producers) and other line MDAs. The main outcome of the action is improved commercial aquaculture productivity, environmentally sustainable production, increased profitability, job creation, employment and increased involvement of youth and women in the sub- sector. The increased aquaculture productivity and production will contribute to improved food and nutrition security, increased incomes for the fish farmers will lead to better livelihoods and socio- economic transformation in the country.

The anticipated main risks involved in the project will include: i) fish farmers attitudes and adoption levels of modern appropriate aquaculture technologies; ii) fish farmers are scattered in the country with informal groupings in some areas of the country; iii) Limited access to financing more especially the smallholder farmers, women and youth. To counter these risks, NARO-KARDC will train and demonstrate to fish farmers use of Aquaculture BMPs; working PESCA LOT 1 to encourage formation of producer organizations where they can be trained and guided better; and develop customized enterprise budgets to aid fish farmers’ access to financing and capital.

2.9 Work packages 2.9.1 Work package 1 – Selective breeding of Nile tilapia and the African catfish This work package focuses on key input to aquaculture production efficiency and profitability for hatcheries and grow-out systems. Upgrading the fish seed output, quality and reliability through a number of applied research related activities including assessing current local producers output, improvement of quality through selective breeding, maintaining and distributing a referenced broodstock resource, improving seed transport systems and promoting a move toward use of larger fingerings in grow-out facilities for efficient use of installed capacity.

WK 1.1: Identification, characterisation and mapping of wild stocks of Nile tilapia and the African catfish i) First activity will involve genetic characterisation, identification and mapping of farmed fish species – Nile tilapia and the African catfish. The major activities will include taking genetic samples from fish samples (1200 samples of each of the two species) obtained from the major water bodies in Uganda (lakes Albert, Edward-George, Kyoga, Victoria) using fine structure sampling and also based on the fishing ground history as will be provided by the local fisher folk. The sampling will also include the current farmed fish for cross reference. Collected genetic samples will be taken to the laboratory for DNA extraction and further analyses. The DNA samples will be used to generate PCR products that will be sent for sequencing and microsatellite genotyping to generate raw genetic data. These data will be analysed to determine the genetic diversity, genetic structure, rate and amount of gene flow, different strains of the two species, any introgression, niches of pure strains, population subdivisions and determination of best stains with desired aquaculture traits for use in selective breeding. ii) From the findings of the genetic analyses, the wild fish stocks of Nile tilapia and the African catfish will be characterised, identified and maps of their stocks in the country generated for

PESCA Applied Research ‐ Inception Report‐January 2020

use in securing appropriate parental stock to be used in selective breeding and future reference.

WK 1.2: Enhancing selective breeding programmes of Nile tilapia and the African catfish i) Renovation of ponds, tanks and set up of happas – to maintain the parental stock and improved broodstock, and carry out selective breeding the project will require and therefore renovate 15 broodstock holding ponds, 10 larval/fry nursing ponds and 20 larval/fry nursing concrete tanks. The action will also procure 134 happas of different sizes and their accessories for the same purpose. The ponds will require routine fertilisation using organic manure 300 bags each weighing approximately 100 kgs for the 24 months. Each cohort of improved broodstock will be raised on-station at least for three months before distribution to local fish seed multipliers for use in seed multiplication. ii) Maintenance of parental broodstock, progeny and improved broodstock - A number of the improved stock will be raised on-station and selected seed multiplication centres to maturity for further seed multiplication and use in continued selective breeding. Maintenance of broodstock on-station and selected seed multiplication centres will require supplementary feeding of fish on commercially formulated feeds. For this purpose the action will procure 65,000 kg of high quality fish feeds. iii) Selective breeding (planning, collection and acclamatisation of wild broodstock) – This will involve reviewing and upscaling the breeding plans followed by collection of wild parental broodstock of Nile tilapia and the African catfish from the four (04) major water bodies. The action 10,000 Nile tilpia wild broodstock (2,500 from each of the 4 major water bodies) 10,000 African catfish wild broodstock (2,500 from each of the 4 major water bodies) for use in selective breeding. The wild broodstock will be acclamatised on station for at least three (03) months before use in selective breeding. The collection of broodstock from the wild will involve 04 scientist/technician and 01 support staff. iv) Selective breeding (breeding, selection and multiplication) – The acclamatised broodstock will be bred to give pure lines of the identified strains, the pure lines will raised and the growth performance evaluated on-station. The best performing individuals will be selected and multiplied and some used the breeding programmes of the two species. These activities will include cross breeding and back crossing while evaluating the growth performance of the progenies and selecting the best performers. The selected best performers will form the base population that will be used in the following selective breeding rounds. Selective breeding will require procurement of selected items used in breeding including – 23,500 fish tags/labels, digital weighing scales, containers for carrying fish (basins and buckets) 134 happas, 477 happa pegs/dead men, 8 boxes of air stones, 30 fish predator nets, 800kg polythene fish seed packaging material and 40 chest waders. The activity will be done by 03 scientists, 03 technicians and 06 support staff.

Deliverables: 60 seed producers and 60 fish farmers trained, one international mission undertaken

Expected outputs i) A map of will fisheries genetic resources of Nile tilapia and the African catfish in the four major water bodies of Uganda ii) Improved faster growing referenced broodstock of farmed Nile tilapia and the African catfish developed, maintained and distributed to local seed multipliers iii) Selective breeding programmes of Nile tilapia and the African catfish infrastructure of KARDC enhanced

2.9.2 Work package 2: Improved Production systems design, use and management Under this work package, the NARO-KARDC production systems research team will work with different private sector players and district extension staff to;

PESCA Applied Research ‐ Inception Report‐January 2020

i) identify and map out suitable sites for aquaculture production within the identified High Potential Aquaculture Zones (HPAZs) in the different Agro-Ecological Zones (AEZs). This will involve technical assessment following standard general environment suitability assessment criteria to identify the HPAZs. Site suitability assessment shall be done following the developed standard Bio-physico- chemical suitability assessment guide for both water (table 1) and soil; and the socio-economic assessment criteria. For the lakes based aquaculture operations, in addition to the bio-physico- chemical and socio-economic assessment criteria more guidance shall be drawn from the Guidelines for establishment and operation of cage fish farming and Aquaculture Parks in Uganda (MAAIF, 2015) and the draft guidelines for establishment and operation of Cage fish farming and aquaculture parks in Partners states of Lake Victoria Fisheries Organisation (LVFO, 2016). Mapping of suitable Aquaculture sites within HPAZs shall be done using a GPS to take reference points of the different sampled points within the HPAZs and Arc GIS shall be used to map the identified suitable sites within the different HPAZs. This is all aimed at ensuring the right production systems are adopted in their preferred agro-ecological zones (AEZs) to ensure gender responsiveness, increased production, profitability and environmental sustainability.ii) determine the best suited production systems, optimal stocking densities and carrying capacities for environmentally sustainable profitable aquaculture. Basing findings from the above studies in each of the HPAZ, appropriate production systems designs, stoking densities, carrying capacity and enterprise budgets (Business models) shall be developed for each of the identified suitable sites in the different HPAZs. iii) Conduct studies todevelop Best Management Practices (BMPs) for adoption in aquaculture production in the different HPAZs. These are critically important in ensuring maximum productivity with minimal environmental impacts. Sites with the best performing production systems designs will be used as demonstration centres for smallholder farmers especially women and youth to promote adoption of the technologies. This action will require design and construction of production units (16ponds (25X50X1.5m) and 12 cages (5x5x5m)) in the identified HPAZs in the different AEZs. It will also requirement fish feeds (10,000kgs) to be used in testing of the performance of the designed environmental friendly, cost effective production designs, fish weigh scales and measuring boards (budget action 3.3.7, 6.2.4, and 6.3.1). Single parameter water quality probes will be required in monitoring water in the small and shallow production systems like tanks and ponds. iv) Monitoring the effects of Aquaculture operation on the environment. The established demonstration shall be used to monitor the effect of aquaculture operation on the water environment. This shall be done through routine water quality monitoring and tests on influent and effluent waters from the land based aquaculture demonstration establishments in the different HPAZs to guide development of mitigation strategies / intervention measures. In cages aquaculture production systems this shall requirement routine in-situ measurements of water quality in the host water bodies. This action shall require a water quality multi-parameter meter for taking in-situ field measurement of temperature, Dissolved Oxygen, pH, conductivity and dissolved solids at varying depth in the different studies water bodies. These studies shall require renovation of NARO-KARDC laboratories and equipping the laboratory with pipettes (budget action 3.3.6 and 3.3.10). It is envisaged the 3 water quality monitoring trips shall be made over a 24months period with water monitoring trips conducted every after 8months in the water bodies and different production systems in the 6 AEZs. The team carrying out the water quality monitoring shall consist of 1 scientist, 2 technician and 1 support staff. One (1) day monitoring and evaluation trip consisting of one technical person and one support staff shall be made to the different water bodies and production systems in the 6 AEZs where water quality monitoring will be carried out (budget action 1.3.2). v) The enterprises budgets for the different production systems – After concluding experiments and analysing data on the evaluation of performance of the customised designed production systems in the different AEZs, NARO-KARDC will develop enterprise budgets for the best performing systems to guide investments in these areas but most important play a pivotal role

PESCA Applied Research ‐ Inception Report‐January 2020

in the attraction of investment into the aquaculture sector. These developed enterprise budgets / models are a requirement in the majority of financial institutions for farmers to access credit/ loans facilities.

Deliverables: 03 Maps of identified suitable sites in the identified HPAZs; At least two (02) novel production systems tested and optimised; at least two (02) enterprise budgets on the designed production systems; BMPs on the operation of the developed aquaculture production systems and at least two (02) aquaculture demonstration sites Expected Output: i. At least three (03) GIS Map of HPAZs in the different AEZs developed to guide investment in sustainable aquaculture ii. At least two (02) production systems tested and optimized for use in the transformation of smallholder to commercial farmers for Nile tilapia and African catfish production iii. At least one (01) pond and one (01) cage aquaculture production system demonstration site in the identified HPAZs established iv. At least two (02) enterprise budgets for production of Nile tilapia and African catfish in ponds and cages in the identified HPAZs in the different AEZs developed

2.9.3 Work package 3: Developing cost-effective feed for Nile tilapia and African catfish based on locally available improved plant varieties and animal protein sources The objective of this activity is to develop high quality, safe and cost effective fish feed based on locally available feed ingredients with appropriate technologies and fish feeding protocols for the smallholder farmers and private sector feed manufacturers.

WK 3.1 Nutritional analyses; i) Conduct nutritional analysis for at least 18 key locally available improved crop varieties (6 crops with each crop having 3 different varieties, n=18) and Black Soldier Fly (BSF) larvae. Focus will be on improved varieties of crops commonly farmed in Uganda as well as those prioritized for increased production under the Agricultural sector strategic plan (ASSP) (soya, sunflower, cotton, simsim, palm oil and sorghum) to ensure a sustainable supply. The different crop varieties will be identifies with the involvement of the National Crops Resources Research Institute (NaCRRI) and National Semi-Arid Resources Research Institute (NaSARRI) of NARO. To execute this activity effectively, it is estimated that a total of 19 samples will be analysed each for anti nutritional factors - ANFs (e.g. trypsin, gossypol, tannin, phytin),vitamins, minerals, amino acid, lipid classes and fatty acid analysis. Laboratory reagents will be needed for the analyses, in addition to reagents for sample preparation and preservation, 122 samples for proximate analysis (crude protein, lipid, ash, fibre, energy level, carbohydrate, dry matter, gross energy),192 samples for histopathology and, two research scientists and four technicians. ii) Develop an open access database on the nutritional content of at least 19 key locally available improved crop varieties and BSF larvae used in fish feeds. The database will act as a guide for feed producers during fish feed formulation.

WK 3.2 Deactivate any ANFs present in the feed ingredients with potential for use in fish feeds Develop at least two (02) cost effective technologies for de-activating ANFs existing in high proportions in the different improved crop varieties found to have at least 35% crude protein content for pulses/legumes and at least 11% for cereals before they are used in fish feed production.

Wk 3.3 Feeding experiments I) Conduct 10 feeding experiments a) 8 feeding experiments will each last 3 months; with 4 on station and 4 on farm to evaluate the performance of the experimental diets and identify novel feeds with growth-promoting effects and

PESCA Applied Research ‐ Inception Report‐January 2020

minimal inclusion or total substitution of fishmeal with low-cost plant and animal sources (insect larvae). Feed performance will be investigated based on fish growth and survival rate, feed intake/palatability, feed utilisation efficiency and physiology (nutrient digestibility, gut histopathology, stress levels) as well as effects of the diet on the quality of the water (Ammonia-nitrogen, nitrate, nitrite, pH, Dissolved oxygen) within the fish rearing facility. The 4 on farm trials will be conducted in 4 different AEZs of Uganda from which proper fish feed handling practices and feeding procedures will also be demonstrated to farmers within the localities where the on farm trials will be conducted. 12 months will be used to complete the on-farm trials in the 4 different AEZs of Uganda. 3 Scientists and two support staff will be directly involved in the work, spending 5 days per month in each on-farm trial in each AEZ for a period of 3 months. The on-station experiments to be conducted in indoor tanks, this will require laboratory space/facility, air pumps, and power stabilizers. Both on station and on farm trials will require an estimate of 20,000 fish fingerlings, water quality testing kits and equipment and stationery items for record keeping and data collection. b) Conduct 02 feeding experiments in at least two different AEZs (Central and eastern) to develop fish feeding charts/guides for the developed novel fish feeds for Nile tilapia and African catfish, tailored for use in central and eastern Uganda. The feeding charts will be developed following a participatory approach that will involve fish farmers and field extension staff in routine fish husbandry practices in order to gain knowledge and experience in proper fish feed handling and feeding practices. Each feeding experiment will run for 6 months and will begin with the fingerlings stage (1-5g) of Nile tilapia and African catfish until the grow-out developmental stage (at least 120g fish). Therefore 12 months will be used to complete the two on-farm trials. The feeding experiments will be conducted using the optimized designs of ponds developed in this study. Three (03) Scientists will be directly involved, spending 7 days per month in each on-farm trial (central/eastern Uganda) for a period of 6 months.

2) Produce the recommended feeding charts in 3 key languages (English, Luganda, Luo) used in Uganda and disseminate them to at least 300 fish farmers and field extension staff. 3) Renovate and upgrade the feed mill at KARDC to produce fish feeds for the feeding experiments. This action will require renovation and upgrading of the current feed mill at NARO-KARDC, replacing the worn out grinder, hammer mill, pelletiser, brushes, screws, sieves, water heater, rollers and weighing scales (budget action 3.3.1 to 3.3.5) 4) Feeds for experiments: In addition, fish feed ingredients for use in the formulation of an estimated 7500kgs of novel feeds will be required (Budget action 6.2.3)This will also require 48 aquarium thermostat heater and glass aquarium tanks (budget action 3.3.3,3.3.7, 3.3.10, 6.3.5. and 4.2.1), at least 100-200 kgs of BSF larvae produced per month and containers for packaging feed, The team collecting the feed ingredients shall be composed of at least one research scientist, two technicians and one support staff. In each of the 4 AEZs, two (2) trips of 5 days shall be made to each of the 6 AEZs. 5) Formulate and produce experimental diets with minimal of total replacement of fish meal in the diets. The experimental fish feeds will be formulated based on the nutritional requirements of Nile tilapia and African catfish of different developmental stages (juveniles and out- growers) using feed formulation software following the least-cost fish formulation approach that takes in to consideration that the feed is of a good nutritional quality and of the least cost. For instance; crude protein content of 35% and 40% for juvenile Nile tilapia and African catfish respectively and 30% and 35% for grow-out production of Nile tilapia and African catfish respectively. For each fish species, each developmental stage (juveniles and out- growers) will have 5 test diets formulated with reducing levels of inclusion of fish meal in the diets (e.g. 100%, 75%, 50%, 25% and 0%) corresponding with increasing proportions of improved crop varieties and BSF in the diets. The experimental feeds will be produced at KARDC by 3 research scientists, 2 technical staff and two support staff 6) Procurement of a lap top installed with fish feed formulation software; this is key in the feed formulation process (budget action 3.2.1.& 6.1.2). The ingredients will be put at different

PESCA Applied Research ‐ Inception Report‐January 2020

proportions in thenovel diets guided by their nutritional content and cost. The developed novel feed will be analyzed and profiled for crude protein , lipid, fiber, ash, dry matter, gross energy, mineral,, vitamin, and carbohydrate composition, amino acids and fatty acids (budget action 6.1.2, 6.1.3, 6.1.4, 6.1.8., 6.2.3. and 6.2.4.) Wk 3.3. Training, capacity building and collaborations i) Conduct training of at least 25 commercial-oriented fish feed manufacturers, 500 farmers and 50 aquaculture extension workers on aspects of feed production, handling and management. Trainees will be selected from all the different AEZs of Uganda with special consideration for SMEs owned by or employing women, youth and people with disability. ii) Conduct exposure visit for 3 selected local fish feed producers and 2 KARDC aquaculture nutrition scientists to Yaleo fish feed manufacturing plant in Zambia for lesson learning and benchmarking.

WK 3.4 Communication and visibility i) Develop and publish at least 300 manuals for guiding feed producers and fish farmers on production, handling, use and management of fish feed. The manuals will be in 3 languages (English, Luganda, Luo) commonly used in Uganda in order to cater for individuals with different literacy level.

Deliverables: One lap top installed with fish feed formulation software for use in generating fish feed formulations 04 feed formulations, one regional mission organised; 25 fish feed producers trained; 500 fish farmers and 50 aquaculture extension workers trained; 10 feeding experiments conducted on-station and on-farm in different AEZs; and manual of fish feed production, utilisation, handling and management produced.

Expected outputs: i) Database on the nutritional composition of 18 different crop varieties commonly produced by farmers ii) Four fish feed formulations iii) Four Feeding charts/tables for growing juvenile and out grower Nile tilapia and African catfish in central and eastern Uganda iv) , v) 25 feed producers trained with skills on fish feed development, production and proper handling vi) 500 fish farmers and 50 aquaculture extension workers trained on selection of fish feed ingredients, fish feed formulation,production, proper use and handling practices vii) At least 500 manuals on fish feed production, handling and management produced and distributed.

2.1.9.4 Work package 4 ‐ Upgrading the Fish seed output This workpackage involves the following activities: i) Carrying out a study to establishing the current state of local fish seed producers in the country including assessing their capacity and capacity gaps to inform development. This will involve three scientists, 02 technicians and 01 support staff. ii) Organising a study tour internationally for experience sharing and exposure to Nile tilapia and African catfish breeding technologies. Two scientists and one hatchery operator will conduct a 06 day visit to a successful fish breeding centre in Hungary dealing in the targeted species and using ease to adopt low cost technologies. iii) Design broodstock management and seed production manuals and conduct training a. 60 Local seed producers and 60 selected fish farmers will be trained in BMPs of fish broodstock management and fish (Nile tilapia and African catfish) seed production. Farmers will be selected from all regions of the country and will undergo a one week hands-on training at KARDC established training hub and the training will be conducted

PESCA Applied Research ‐ Inception Report‐January 2020

by NARO staff. The action will require repairing of the trainee hostel facilities of KARDC, maintenance of compound, installation of security lights and maintenance of laboratories. b. Identification, selection and training a segment of fish farmers ( seed fattener) – 10 from each of the 6 regions – Central, Eastern, Northern, Western, South-western, North- western and Southern for raising fry to fingerlings of ≥5.0g before distribution to fish farmers for out-growing. The selected farmers will be trained in Nile tilapia and African catfish fry (0.1g and 1.0g respectively) selection of disease free, handling, required water environment maintenance, feeding, required hygiene, regulations and policies, marketing and after sale service (backstopping the smallholder fish farmers their clients). ii) Establishing a broodstock distribution system throughout the country – through the action KARDC will procure a specialised fish seed and broodstock transportation automobile system for moving fish seed and broodstock to various outreach centres (fry centres and seed multiplication centres/hatcheries). In order to reduce reported fish mortalities during transportation, NARO-KARDC will; a. Select seed multiplication centres and regional fry centres that will be used as focal points for seed distribution to hatcheries/farmers b. NARO-KARDC will work with the selected 60 fish seed producers, 18 extension staff, and 60 smallholder fish farmers who will include youth and women to develop more effective and efficient fish seed distribution channels to increase access, acquisition and utilisation of improved fish seed by the smallholder fish farmers. c. NARO-KARDC led by a procured expert will develop a business plan to run the institute/station as a research business enterprise for the sustainability of the action

Deliverables: 01 seed transportation automobile; Institute business plan; effective fish seed distribution channels; broodstock management and fish seed production manual; Technical report on the status of fish seed production in the country

Expected outputs: i) Status of local seed producers established ii) Selective breeding programme for Nile tilapia and African catfish at KARDC enhanced iii) Standing stocks of referenced improved broodstock of Nile tilapia and the African catfish established and maintained at KARDC iv) Fish seed distribution system developed and established throughout the country v) 60 copies of training materials produced and used for training fish farmers, local seed producers and extension staff in aquaculture BMPs

2.1.9.5 Work package 5: Establishment of a training hub for fish farmers WK 5.1: Renovation and equipping of training hub – KARDC was selected and accepted to become a training hub centre of excellence. Some facilities of the station to be used for training require renovation including the hostel, hatcheries and labs whereas others require a facelift including the training hall and station’s security lighting system. The following activities will be undertaken to put the training hub in good order: i) Refurbishing of the 2 trainees’ hostels at NARO – KARDC including floor repairs, replacement of faulty electrical fittings, plumbing works and painting. ii) Upgrading and equipping training facilities for different aspects across the aquaculture value chain – remodelling of value-addition demonstration room; facelift and equipping training hall with a projector, public address system and air conditioner; procurement and installing solar security lights at KARDC; upgrading the feed mill; acquisition of lawn mower for maintaining the pond dykes and compound; and renovation of hatchery. iii) Procurement and installation of training equipment - acquisition of water test kits (36) with reagents for demonstration of water environment management at NARO – KARDC during fish farmer trainings; an easy to use fish smoking kiln (01) for farmed fish value addition and extending shelf-life; acquisition and installation of fish product development system (01); acquisition and installation of a farmed fish mini-processing system (01).

PESCA Applied Research ‐ Inception Report‐January 2020

iv) Refurbishment and repair of 16 ponds and 32 tanks concrete tanks for use during demonstrations to farmers during training of the farmers, seed producers and students from collaborating institutions.

WK 5.2: Training materials and module development: i) In collaboration with other academic institutions NARO-KARDC will develop at least three training modules on seed, feed and production systems ii) NARO-KARDC will conduct customised training sessions at the station in aquaculture BMPs. This will involve at least 48 ToTs in BMPs for quality seed production and multiplication, 48 in feed formulations and feeds management; 48 in production site selection and production systems management. The ToTs will then work with NARO to train other smallholder fish farmers, local feed producers and other aquaculture stakeholders in aquaculture BMPs from the established training hub. iii) NARO-KARDC will then develop and popularise a training schedule through uploading on the available websites (NaFIRRI, NARO and MAAIF websites), collaboration with other local, regional and international institutions. This will popularise KARDC as an aquaculture research and training hub in the region. In addition, findings from the Action will be shared through presentations at conferences, workshops, peer reviewed publications and trainings.

Deliverables: Refurbished trainee hostels (02), refurbished and equipped training conference hall (02), solar security lighting system (01), repaired ponds (16) and tanks (32), developed training modules (03), renovated hatchery (02), upgrade feed mill (01), equipped laboratory (02), and a remodelled and equipped value addition room (01). Renovated 15 broodstock holding ponds, 10 larval/fry nursing ponds and 20 larval fry nursing concrete tanks; renovated trainee 02 hostel facilities; solar security lighting system installed at KARDC; and KARDC business plan.

Particular value added elements of the NARO–KARDC PESCA project: The key value added elements resulting from the project will include: i) Training of target local seed producers, local feed producers as well as small holder fish farmers with appropriate knowledge and skills in aquaculture production ii) Feeds developed under this project will be different from currently locally produced feeds formulations that mostly rely on only proximate analyses values without giving considerations to quality and availability of essential elements that define the actual value of the feed ingredients iii) Since all products or outputs of this project – improved broodstock, high quality seed, use of fattened fingerlings, grow-out fish, cost effective high quality fish feed, improved designs of production systems suitable for different AEZs, training modules and schedules – make the sustainability of the Action after end of project highly assured regardless of the stakeholders involvement (research, small holder farmers, fingerling fatteners, ingredients suppliers, feeds producers) all have something to hold on to. iv) Small holder farmers including youth and women will be trained to make fish feed on-farm based locally available ingredients using the developed technologies v) Establishing a segment of farmers nursing/raising fish larvae and fry to big sized fingerlings for distribution to grow-out small holder farmers vi) Live fish transportation systems for broodstock, fish seed (fry and big sized fingerlings) developed vii) Highly efficient and environmentally friendly aquaculture production systems designs customised to the different AEZs.

PESCA Applied Research ‐ Inception Report‐January 2020

2.2 Implementation approach 2.2.1. Project Inception A Project Inception meeting will be held before the implementation of project activities. The project objectives, implementation plan and different roles of each partner will be reviewed and discussed. A project monitoring plan will be drawn for each of the project objectives with indicators of progress and reporting timelines. The project will be monitored throughout the project cycle with the involvement of all the team members and stakeholders including the PMU, EUD, NAO among others and the necessary actions will be taken to ensure that the project outputs are realized. In addition, a social and environmental management plan will be developed to assess and mitigate potential environmental and social risks associated with the project activities.

Given that women, men and youth play specific roles (fish husbandry, fish processing and marketing) in fish farming, enhancing the capacity of each gender group to be more efficient actors in aquaculture production is crucial. Therefore, a gender analysis will be carried to identify gender- specific concerns, challenges, opportunities and experiences of women, men, and youth in aquaculture. The issues raised will be integrated in the project implementation framework.

2.2.2. Improvement of the quality of fish seed, output and supply NARO - KARDC has been running a Nile tilapia selective breeding programme using fish selected based on their morphometrics not genetic characteristics that provide a higher and better resolution. However, this was done at a small scale due to limited funding and facilities. Under this programme NARO developed a faster growing fish breed at F2 generation growing at a rate of 2.47g/day compared to when the ATAAS project started in 2011 when the then farmed Nile tilapia was growing at an average of 0.52g/day. Under the ATAAS project that ended in 2017, NARO could only produce and distributed 200,000 improved Nile tilapia broodstock every month, which is not sufficient to supply ample broodstock to all local seed producers. Under the PESCA project, NARO will build on these efforts by expanding the selective breeding programme of Nile tilapia using fish of known genetic make-up, pedigree and growth performance to have a capacity of production and distribution of at least one million (1,000,000) improved Nile tilapia broodstock every month to the local seed producers. In addition, NARO will also establish a selective breeding programme for the second most farmed species in the country, the African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) with a target of production and distribution of improved (faster growing with increased fillet to bone ratio) 500,000 broodstock every month. NARO – KARDC will identify, assess potential of capacity of local fish seed producers (at least 5 from each of the 6 regions of the Uganda) and train these selected local fish seed producers in appropriate modern gender responsive and environmentally smart Nile tilapia and African catfish seed production technologies with emphasis on youth and women. The intervention on applied research on improvement of the quality of fish seed shall draw experience from the above studies and form a continuation with the early breeding studies. Wild broodstock of Nile tilapia and African catfish will be genetically characterised and the different strains of the 2 species identified. This will be accomplished by taking genetic samples from the four major lakes in the country including lakes Albert, Edward-George, Kyoga and Victoria for both species. The genetic samples will be immediately preserved and later analysed to determine the genetic characteristics and attributes of the fish. The collected genetics samples will be brought to the laboratory for DNA extraction, polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) products generation, sequencing and genotyping. The genetic laboratory services will be contracted out to Makerere University Genetics Laboratory who have a long-time experience in carrying out similar activities and have a memorandum of understanding with NARO. Genetic characterisation of the wild resources of the 2 species will require materials and supplies including - genetics sample bottles (2400), gloves (25 boxes), ethanol analar (10l), dissection kits (04), tissue paper (10 rolls) and cool boxes (02). The genetics laboratory will provide genetics raw data (sequences and genotyping data) to the NARO – KARDC staff for analyses and interpretation to determine population structures, genetic diversity, rate and amount of gene flow between different populations, stocks, lakes and fish farms. This information will be used to select

PESCA Applied Research ‐ Inception Report‐January 2020

most appropriate parental stock for use in selective breeding of the 2 species. The information/maps will also serve as benchmark for aquaculture activities monitoring and sources of information for future acquisition more broodstock if required to boost the genetic integrity of those that will be in use.

After strain identification, selective breeding of the 2 species will be carried out to produce F1, F2, F3, ... generations. Live fish of both Nile tilapia and African catfish will be procured and brought to the station for acclimation for two to three months before use in the breeding programme. A total of 2,500 fish of each species from each lake will be collected and used. The selective breeding program will follow a cross breeding and a mass breeding programme whereby individuals with the best growth performance will be selected and used in the next round of breeding and also multiplied to build the standing stock of broodfish for distribution to local seed producers/hatcheries. Since breeding programmes are continuous, to have hatcheries or local seed producers working with the right brood stock, at every successive round part of the best performing individuals will be multiplied to contribute to the referenced stock of improved brood fish or brood stock. The studies will require acquisition of materials and facilities including brood stock holding ponds (15); broodstock conditioning concrete tanks (15); fish breeding ponds (10); larval/fry nursing concrete tanks (10); fish tags or labels (23,500); happas (1mx1mxmx2m) (100); happas (6mx6mx1m) (20), dead men (metallic poles) (480) for anchoring the happas in ponds and plastic containers/baskets for moving fish between facilities, organic manure for fertilisation of ponds and concrete tanks (300 bags of 100kg @).

For production systems research, suitability studies of selected areas in HPAZs to confirm the suitability for aquaculture production will be carried out. The suitability studies for land-based production systems – the ponds will include determining soil type, soil nutrient content, topography, accessibility, socio-amenities available or nearby, water availability, bio-physical-chemical analyses of available waters or water source, including laboratory analyses and determining the carrying capacity of selected area. For the water-based aquaculture production systems, suitability studies of selected bays on Lake Victoria will be carryout. These studies will involve determination of water flow current, bio-physical-chemical analysis of the water, general environmental characteristics description, determination of water depth, laboratory analyses, other users of selected bay/area and determination of the carrying capacity. After the suitability studies, the appropriate production for land-based and water-based aquaculture production systems will be designed, fabricated or constructed and then profiled for use by both smallholder and commercial fish farmers. The studies will require acquisition of materials, equipment and facilities including an STD multi-probe for water quality parameters determination and measurements, water flow current meter, water laboratory analysis consumables, chest waders and reusable water sample bottles. The rationale here is the HPAZs fall in different Agro-Ecological Zones (AEZs) with different soil types, topographies, waters of different qualities, and different weather patterns. Also, different water bodies or even bays have different characteristics such as depth, dissolved oxygen profiles, nutrient content (phosphorous and nitrates), different users and extent of use, different flora and fauna characteristics and different carry capacities. Therefore, each area or bay may require different designs of aquaculture production systems that give the best performance or yields and therefore highest returns on investment for the fish farmers. After establishment of the most appropriate production systems, fish production trails shall be conducted using the different proposed production designs to examine the contribution of these proposed designs to aquaculture production and productivity.

2.2.3. Improvement of the quality and cost effectiveness of fish feed, supply use and management i) The applied research in feeds development will involve selection of locally produced improved crop varieties and animal feed sources like insect larvae that have potential to be used in Nile tilapia and African catfish fish feeds to partially/totally replace fish meal. Three (03) varieties of each crop (soya, sunflower, cotton, simsim, maize, oil seeds and sorghum) and animal protein source (insect larvae) will be profiled in laboratories for their nutrient content based on the level of protein, lipid, fibre, ash, energy and dry matter; amino acid and fatty acids profiles; lipid classes; anti-nutritional factors (ANFs); vitamins and minerals. The crop varieties and

PESCA Applied Research ‐ Inception Report‐January 2020

insect larvae found to contain at least 35% protein content for pulses and insect larvae and 11% protein content for cereals; will be used to formulate experimental fish feeds for Nile tilapia and the African catfish juveniles and out-growers. ii) Before formulating the feeds, cost effective techniques for deactivating any existing ANF in the different selected crop varieties will be determined and applied to the respective crops. Winpas fish feed formulation software will be used to generate the feed formulae. The insect larvae will be produced at KARDC in a green house and fed on organic wastes. Five experimental diets will be developed for each developmental stage (juvenile and grow-out) of Nile tilapia and African catfish with each selected crop variety and the insect larvae incorporated at graded levels (increasing proportions) in the diet with partial/total replacement of fish meal. The crude protein content for juveniles will be 35% and 40% for Nile tilapia and catfish respectively and 30% and 35% for grow out production of Nile tilapia and catfish respectively. The developed experimental fish feeds will be analysed to determine their nutritional content (protein, lipid, fibre, ash, dry matter, energy, amino- and fatty acid profiles) and evaluated for their effect on fish performance and water quality in the fish rearing units. iii) The performance of the fish will be evaluated by conducting 3 months feeding experiments for each developmental stage (juvenile, growers) of Nile tilapia and catfish both on-station (4) and on-farm (4) by following the stocked fish` growth and survival rates, feed intake/palatability, feed utilisation efficiency (FCR) and physiology. The on-farm trials will be conducted in partnership with the private sector (fish farmers, feed producers, youth and women) to further optimise the results obtained on-station and demonstrate the technology to farmers. The improved fish seed produced under objective 1 of this project will be used in the feeding experiments. On-station experiments will be conducted in aquaria tanks with the water aerated using air stones and air pumps while on-farm experiments will be carried out in either concrete tanks or ponds with at least 2 different farmers in each AEZs (eastern, central). For each experiment, the performance of the test fish feed will be compared with that of commonly used local fish feeds on the market. iv) All experimental fish will be graded before the start of each experiment using weighing scales to ensure that they are of similar weight at the start of each experiment. In each experiment, the fish will be fed twice daily (morning and evening) to satiation by hand and the amount of feed eaten recorded. The growth rates of the fish will be assessed monthly by randomly taking a sample of at least 40 fish from each experimental unit and measuring individual lengths and weights of the fish using wooden meter rulers and digital weighing scales respectively. During this exercise, the fish will be anaesthetised and kept in aerated water. The feed utilisation efficiency expressed as the amount of feed required by the fish to attain a kilogram weight gain will be determined to project the economic viability/cost effectiveness of the diets. At the end of each on-station experiment, liver, brain and intestine samples will be dissected from 3 fish per experimental unit, preserved in RNAlater solution, stored at -15oC and later analysed to ascertain the physiological condition of the fish. v) Fish physiology referred to as the normal functions and mechanisms operating in a fish, will be determined by analysing the effect of the diet on the expression of genes that regulate the pathways for fish growth, feed intake, nutrient digestion and absorption, and immune defence system/health given these pathways complement each other to enhance fish growth and development. The gene expression results will therefore identify a diet that can be utilised by the strain of Nile tilapia selectively bred by KARDC without the diet affecting the proper functioning of different metabolic pathways in the fish. The gene expression data will be supplemented with studies on the histopathology of the fish to determine effects of the diet on the anatomy (cell structure), morphology and health of the gut given that the gut is an important site for nutrient digestion, transportation and absorption/assimilation. Any damage or changes in the morphology of the gut compromise its ability to perform it function efficiency, thereby affecting fish growth. In addition, the body composition (percentage of proteins, fats, ash, fibre and energy) of the fish will be assessed before and at the end of each experiment to determine the effect of the diet on the body composition of the fish. This will enable optimisation of the diet to meet the consumer preference for lean fish. vi) During the experiments, the water quality at both the water supply and fish rearing units will be monitored and regulated within optimal ranges for fish growth and development. Dissolved oxygen, pH and temperature will be measured twice a week using a multi-parameter probe. Ammonia nitrogen, nitrite and nitrate will be measured once a week using test kits.

PESCA Applied Research ‐ Inception Report‐January 2020

vii) After evaluating the performance of the developed experimental feeds, we will work together with the private sector to up-scale production and marketing of the best performing feed in terms of nutritional quality, cost-effectiveness and growth enhancing effects. viii) Six months feeding experiments will be conducted on-farm in ponds in central and eastern AEZ to develop feeding charts/guidelines for the different fish species appropriate for use in the two AEZs. The experiments will be conducted using the optimised designs for cages and ponds developed under objective 3 of this Project. All the data collected will be analysed using statistical analysis software.

ix) The studies under applied research for feeds development will require acquisition of materials, equipment and facilities including water heaters, multi-parameter water quality testing meter, precision weighing scale, laboratory fume hood, laboratory feed grinder, aquarium air pumps, waters quality test kits reagents, 60 litre aquarium tanks, complete greenhouse kit, laboratory uninterruptible power supply system (UPS), water pump, sample storage containers, sample basins, adjustable graduated pipettes and reagents for sample handling. x) For fish feed development research, NARO - KARDC under the ATAAS project, developed a feed formula that is used by staff at KARDC in their feed mill to produce commercial fish feeds for use at our NARO – KARDC fish farm and sell to mostly smallholder fish farmers. This NARO fish feed gives an average FCR of 1.4 compared to when the project started with the local commercial used then giving an average FCR of 2.0. The major grain used in this NARO feed is wheat (wheat polad/bran) not locally grown to a large scale but majorly imported. This current NARO fish feed also has a very high percentage of inclusion of fishmeal (20%). These two factors make the good feed a little expensive for most fish farmers especially the smallholder farmers eating into the returns on investment. Under the PESCA project, as NARO - KARDC we intend to explore use of locally produced grains (09 types and 03 varieties of each type of grain) in producing a cost-effective feed with even lower FCR targeting an average 1.2. We also intend to either eliminate or greatly reduce the inclusion of fishmeal in production of fish feeds by exploring use of either plant proteins or insect meal. Under applied research in seed, NARO will continuously produce a standing referenced stock of improved broodstock of Nile tilapia and African catfish, the two most farmed fish species in Uganda and under seed development local seed producers will be identified, their seed production capacities assessed and developed and also trained in appropriate modern technologies of broodstock management and seed production. The trained seed producers will then be linked to KARDC of NARO to access the improved broodstock for use in their hatcheries for fish seed multiplication and distribution to fish farmers. NARO, apart from supplying improved broodstock to local seed producers, will supply the improved broodstock to the hatcheries of the proposed aquaparks of Mwena and Apac under PESCA Uganda project.

For production systems applied research, NARO intends to develop appropriate designs of production systems and test them for their performance in the different HPAZs. Under PESCA Uganda project two (02) aquaparks – Mwena in Kalangala District and Apac in Apac District. The applied research will be linked to the aquaparks by way of monitoring the effects of aquaculture production in the aquaparks on the environment. Under applied research on production systems, NARO will also determine the appropriate stocking densities and carrying capacities of aquaculture sites both water- and land-based identified under PESCA East Africa (True fish project) funded by the EU.

Establishing a centre of excellence for training smallholder fish farmers and provision of quality aquaculture extension services will begin with refurbishing and preparation of the existing training and demonstration facilities (training hall, trainee’s hostel, ponds, tanks, procurement of chest waders, print of training materials and establishing a cafeteria) at NARO – KARDC. This will be followed by training module development and accreditation with the GoU ministry and agency responsible for vocational training in the country, that is, Ministry of Education and Sports (MoES) and Business, Technical, Vocational Education and Training (BTVET) organisation as a legal requirement. Thereafter, NARO – KARDC will develop a training schedule and advertise the trainings in all possible mass media (both print and electronic) that can get to the smallholder fish farmer. Farmers will be

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selected based on simple criteria of being an active fish farmer and on first-come first-served basis. Women, youth, HIV-affected households and persons with disabilities will be selected based on just expression of interest and having aquaculture in their future plans. All trainings will be held at the NARO – KARDC centre and will all be hands-on trainings.

The applied research in aquaculture sector related issues of seed, feed and production under NARO will be handled by NARO’s Aquaculture Research Station called the Kajjansi Aquaculture Research and Development Centre (KARDC) led by a Head of the Centre and Programme Leader for the Aquaculture and Fish bioscience programme of NARO. The implementation team for the applied research under PESCA project will comprise of the KARDC staff and private sector including - Matugga Fish Farm, AquaFarm and Ssenya Fish Farm for seed; and S&S fish feeds and Jodas animal feeds for fish feeds. The Head KARDC will be the Project Coordinator and other staff at KARDC will carry out the scientific studies/research, the fish farms will support broodstock holding, maintenance and distribution and the commercial feed producers will be empowered to up-scale and market the development novel fish feeds. The private sector fish farms together with KARDC will carry out the on-farm performance evaluation of the improved broodstock and the developed novel quality and cost-effective fish feeds. The team for applied research will have 12 scientists – 02 fish geneticists, 04 fish breeders, 04 fish nutritionists, 04 limnologist, 01 Aquaculture Engineer, 12 technicians, 03 drivers and 10 casual workers for pond maintenance, feeding the fish, on and off loading in the feed mill and any other manual work of the project. The team will be made of both permanent staff and volunteer staff.

NARO - KARDC will lead the study, carry out the scientific investigations, dissemination of findings and be responsible for research management. These roles have been given to NARO staff at KARDC because they have the requisite knowledge, skills and experience in the respective research areas required for this consultancy/study and management of research in their respective disciplines.

The private sector – the commercial fish farms will be responsible for providing facilities for broodstock holding and on-farm performance evaluation of the improved fish broodstock and the newly developed novel feeds. These commercial fish farms have been allotted these roles because of their long experience in fish farming, ability to understand and collect data, ability to appreciate the role of scientific investigations in developing technologies for improved aquaculture production and ability to provide facilities for research and broodstock holding and maintenance.

The private sector – the commercial feed manufacturers or processors working with KARDC will be responsible for up-scaling and marketing of the developed and tested novel feeds. These roles have been assigned to the commercial fish feeds processors because they have the facilities to produce and store fish feeds on a commercial scale, they have existing fish feeds marketing structures and linkages that will be used in marketing the novel feeds and have long experience in procuring ingredients for fish feeds that will be relied on in bringing in good quality new ingredients (grains) for large scale production of the novel feeds.

At commencement of the work the all team including NARO - KARDC, the selected commercial fish farms and selected fish feed manufacturers will hold an inception meeting to understand and conceptualise the project/study; understand the role and expected contribution of each actor; to understand the timelines and key indicators for different activities/outputs; and understand the EU regulations/policies on procurements, financial management, timesheets, reports writing and visibility activities.

For the NARO on-station work, the assigned scientists and technicians will have log books/laboratory books to record the daily activities, observations and remarks in addition to the official data record sheets. Every week the different KARDC research teams – seed, feed and production systems will organise meetings to evaluate their performance and review planned activities for coming weeks. The

PESCA Applied Research ‐ Inception Report‐January 2020

all team applied research in sector related issues of seed, feed and production systems will meet once every month to review overall progress and review planned activities for coming months.

The commercial fish farms and commercial feed manufacturers will be sensitised and taken through data collection and recording. They be given activity log books for daily activity recording and will be visited by the NARO (KARDC) team every week to inspect the on-farm investigations, discuss the progress and challenges and reviewed planned activities for following weeks

NARO immediately after signature we will upload a brief description of the project on our website. We will also upload all achieved milestones and outcomes of major meetings – inception, mid-term and final meetings of the project on our website. All project sites will have signpost with EU and NARO logos describing the activities being handled at these different sites. All movable and static equipment, vehicles, buildings will be embalmed with EU and NARO logos and brief description of the project. During workshops and meetings under this project, poster describing the project and having both EU and NARO logos will be put up in/at the venue. At talk shows, interviews, documentaries and articles about the project for all media both print and electronic media will mention EU as the sponsor and where possible include the logos of EU and NARO and the project description or title. All publications including – peer journal articles, brochures, flyers, manuals will have an acknowledgement of the EU as the funders and where possible an inscription of logos of both NARO and the EU with the title of the project.

A team from EU and PMU/MAAIF will be involved in monitoring implementation of project activities and giving guidance when and where necessary.

2.2.4. Performance monitoring and evaluation NARO-KARDC will establish an internal, technical and financial monitoring system for the action and elaborate quarterly, semi-annual and annual progress reports and also submit final reports. Every report shall provide an accurate account of implementation of the action, difficulties encountered, changes introduced, as well as the degree of achievement of its results (outputs and direct outcomes) as measured by corresponding indicators, using as reference the log frame matrix (for project modality) or the list of result indicators (for budget support). The report shall be laid out in such a way as to allow monitoring of the means envisaged and employed and of the budget details for the action. The final report, narrative and financial, will cover the entire period of the action implementation. PMU and EU may undertake additional project monitoring visits both through its own staff and through independent consultants recruited directly by PMU/EU for independent monitoring reviews (or recruited by the responsible agent contracted by the PMU/EU for implementing such reviews). An indicative log frame and annual work plans are included and these will be updated to include more “smart” indicators and targets during the inception meeting. Subsequent changes to the log frame in the course of implementation will be made with the approval of the Committee. The approved log frame will be the framework for project monitoring and evaluation.

The established M&E teams will carry out monitoring and evaluation of the project activities every six month. The team will report will report to Principal Investigator who will cause meetings to address issues raised in the reports. Baseline data for comparing the situation at the start of the project and at the time of evaluation will be collected as part of the technical activities of the project inception in the first six months of project year 1. Where not possible NARO-KARDC will seek to access the information from the other PESCA projects under Lots 1, 2 and 3. In addition to the bi-annual M&E, mid-term review and final evaluation, some specific activities will also be assessed for the purpose of developing best-practices for knowledge generation. NARO-KARDC will collaborate with the evaluation experts of PMU/EU, by providing them with information and documentation, as well as access to the project premises and activities whenever necessary and appropriate. Both the mid-term and final evaluation reports shall be shared with the project partners and other key stakeholders.

2.2.5. Communication and visibility strategy

PESCA Applied Research ‐ Inception Report‐January 2020

In line with the 2018, EU communication and visibility requirements strategy, NARO-KARDC will develop a communication and visibility strategy at the beginning of the project. Communication and visibility Action Plan will employ the corporate communication mix to raise the profiles of EU and NARO-KARDC. NARO-KARDC has planned and budgeted for communication and visibility activities using posters development and printing, print and electronic media-space hire, radio airtime, field days, agriculture shows, manuals production, T-shirts for trainees, workshops, website and mobile applications updates. All printed materials shall bear the EU and NARO logos, the description of the Action and funding acknowledgement. The activities of the communication and visibility strategy will be designed to raise awareness of specific or general audiences the reasons for the Action, the support of EU and expected outputs and impact of this support.

2.3. Sustainability of the action 2.3.1 Financial sustainability This project will be implemented with a strong public-private sector partnership in a business mode to ensure continuity of the project even when the PESCA project funding is over. NARO – KARDC will produce and sell improved brood stock to hatchery operators, seed and fingerling producers. The local seed producers will access at least four million (4,000,000) improved broodstock of Nile tilapia and two million (2,000,000) African catfish broodstock annually that will be available all year round. The smallholder and commercial fish farmers, considering a conservative figure of average fecundity of each broodstock of 1000 seed up to fingerling stage and that all broodstock are used for seed multiplication, they have access to four billion and 2 billion fish seed of Nile tilapia and African catfish respectively. This fish seed numbers are in excess of what is required to meet government target of producing one million (1,000,000) tonnes of fish annually by 2025, which is about 2.5 billion fish seed. Sales of brood stock, improved seed and improved fingerlings by NARO – KARDC, local seed producers and the novel segment of fingerlings raisers respectively to the different players in the aquaculture value chain will ensure continuity and sustainability of the breeding programmes and continued accessibility and utilisation of improved seed by the fish farmers and especially the smallholder fish farmers. The KARDC also receives some financial support from government to facilitate research and training for farmers. The institution will also continue to source funds through proposal development to continuously fund selective breeding programmes. Private fish seed producers will be empowered through trainings to use the quality brood stock to produce quality fish fry, fingerlings and table-size fish with high survival rates. This will trigger increased adoption of profit-oriented aquaculture, which will in turn increase their returns on investment and enable them to sustainably invest in fish seed production and distribution. The intervention on feed will ensure a sustainable supply of quality and affordable fish feeds which will boost fish productivity, and profits of small holder farmers. This will enable small holder fish farmers to purchase quality fish seed and feed thereby providing a sustainable market for fish seed and feed. In addition, the private sector (input suppliers) will be involved in designing and fabricating cages and ponds to ensure continued supply for the fish farmers. The training hub will continuously be used for retooling aquaculture both public and private extension staff at affordable fees for maintenance of the center and enhance growth through knowledge provision. A sustainable commercial aquaculture industry will create stable jobs especially for youth and women along the aquaculture value chain. Since the project will work with private sector entrepreneurs, these individuals who have some facilities and running capital will be able to provide complementary funding to the project and sustain their businesses (seed, feed and table fish production) after the end of the project.

2.3.2. Institutional sustainability To ensure long-term institutional sustainability, the action will engage and work with a number of institutions including the district and local community actors so as to create ownership and offer continued technical support to seed multipliers and feed producers. The roles of different partners will be mutually agreed upon and binding agreements will be signed with each collaborator to nurture

PESCA Applied Research ‐ Inception Report‐January 2020

good working relationships and long-term collaborations. Working with PESCA lot 1, this action will facilitate formation of seed producing associations (organisation) with better leadership structures which will encourage and oversee self-monitoring and sustained production of quality fish seed and also facilitate equal participation by all especially women and youth in seed production industry. The team will ensure that each seed producers association has a constitution and structural plans for management and guidelines for good governance. MAAIF as part of its mandate will continue to work with the seed and feed producers as well as districts local government to monitor certification quality standards for seed and feed to ensure that the seed supplied to the farmers comes from permitted sources. MAAIF and Local district production department will be encouraged to include action activities into their planning programs to ensure integration of seed and feed support activities such as provision of technical and financial support in the district and sub-county budgeting beyond the project funding period. Unregistered seed and feed businesses will be encouraged to register with Uganda bureau of registration to be able to take up any available supply business opportunities with Operation wealth creation programme (OWC) and NAADS program. In addition, the project will respect any socio-cultural heritage, beliefs and norms and will take them into account when planning and implementing the project in order to ensure that the project is accepted, supported and any potential changes produced by the project have been accepted by the beneficiaries and other stakeholders and they will not negatively impact on the communities and their livelihoods. The facilities/equipment bought under this project and used by NARO-KARDC will remain property of NARO and a maintenance plan will be drawn to ensure proper use and sustainability. For items on the project used by partner institutions, MOUs will be signed for their proper use and maintenance. The project will use social media to publicize its research findings and to help attract new collaborators and/or funders to the project.

2.3.3 Policy level sustainability The project will be implemented within a policy environment/framework that is relevant to the project goals and/or supportive of the project objectives that is acceptable to the funding agency the EDF come up with BMPs for proper management of brood stock and fish seed; guidelines/standards for proper fish feed development, handling and use; production system design, management and mitigation measures towards potential negative effects of aquaculture on the environment. These will inform policy development/codes of practice for increased and sustainable commercial aquaculture production in Uganda. NARO – KARDC working together with other stakeholders – fish farmers, academia, DAMD staff, and policy formulators/makers of MAAIF will develop certification standards for local seed producers in the country to ensure quality, increased accessibility and utilization of improved quality/quality assured fish seed by the fish farmers especially the smallholder fish farmers.

2.3.4 Environmental and technological sustainability For environmental sustainability, during and after the project NARO-KARDC will ensure there are no fish escapees of the improved broodstock into the wild that may have undesirable effects on the genetics of the wild fisheries resources of Nile tilapia and the African catfish. This will be done screening of both water outlets and inlets of the ponds that will be used in the selective breeding programmes of the two species. During training of local seed multipliers, extension staff and farmers the same (BMPS) will be emphasised to avoid escapees getting into the wild. Establishing of a training hub and extension provision centre will help smallholder farmers currently using rudimentary technologies acquire knowledge and skills in using modern appropriate and environmentally smart aquaculture technologies. The smallholder fish farmers will be given hands-on training in use of BMPs in different aspects across the whole aquaculture value chain. The smallholder fish farmers will also be given real time quality extension services when they visit the established centre of excellence in aquaculture training and extension provision. In addition, through farmers training sessions, NARO- KARDC will empower the farmers will knowledge and skills on environmental standards to follow and

PESCA Applied Research ‐ Inception Report‐January 2020

how to monitor and mitigate potential negative effects of aquaculture on the environment in order to ensure increased and sustainable commercial aquaculture. Manuals and protocols for feed production and management, broodstock management and seed multiplication for the two farmed fish species – Nile tilapia and the African catfish will be shared with the resource managers and policy makers, specifically the Directorate of Fisheries Resources (DiFR) in MAAIF for use in the planned certification, licensing, monitoring and enforcement of regulations for the local seed producers to ensure sustainable commercial fish production. The technologies and knowledge generated and disseminated are appropriate for use by farmers with different gender, traditional backgrounds, financial status and socio-cultural dimensions to ensure that the beneficiaries are able to maintain use of the technology acquired even without further external assistance.

2.3.5 Dissemination plan and the possibilities for replication, extension of the action outcomes (multiplier effects), capitalisation on experience and knowledge sharing: Our first pathway for uptake and use of developed technologies will be during the on-farm trials. If the technologies show good performance then we will recommend them to the technology uptake pathways (DiFR and NAADS) for use by the participating farmers and other stakeholders. During trainings of farmers, local seed and feed producers and extension staff, all technologies under this project that have proved to perform well will be promoted for uptake and use. In addition, the trained individuals will be contact farmers, for other farmers in their localities, through sharing of their knowledge. In this way, the knowledge and skill gained from the project will continue to reach an additional estimate of 1000 fish farmers after the project activities are completed.

For every technology developed it will be accompanied by developing appropriate user-friendly brochures, flyers, manuals, guidelines or protocols that will be distributed extensively in all the agro- ecological zones in areas practicing aquaculture or having potential for fish farming, to enable farmers, extension staff and other stakeholders to access and use the technologies. The information will be provided in 3 commonly used languages (English, Luganda, Luo) in Uganda to also benefit farmers with limited knowledge in English language.

At every stage of this project all milestones reached will be posted on our website and socio-media other platforms like apps for use by smallholder and commercial farmers.

Where possible this work will be presented at both national and international fora to have our peers and general scientific community input or appreciate. As for the routine all developed technologies under this Action will be shared with the government extension arm in MAAIF through the DAMD, extension staff trained in developed technologies and they will be expected to take the technologies to the end users – smallholder farmers, local seed producers and the local feed producers.

At least 6 Manuscripts will be developed out of the work on this project and sent to peer-reviewed journals for publications to be available to a wider scientific community and other stakeholders.

As a way of dissemination, the fish farmers (60) and local seed producers (30) will be trained in appropriate modern technologies in broodstock management and seed production. The trainees will be handled as trainers of trainers so that after they get back to their different regions, they can train others in broodstock management and seed production technologies. The local commercial fish feed manufacturers currently rely on the largely imported wheat grain for production of fish feeds, with this project locally produced and readily available grains and cereals will greatly improve their situation. Most locally produced grains and cereals are cheaper than the imported wheat grain, by accessing the grains and cereals they will have cut out the importation costs and these ingredients will be accessible all year around from produce dealers.

The final beneficiaries of the project are: 1) fish farmers (including women and youth) consuming the fish at household level or selling it to generate income assured of high production and good returns on investment. Under this project NARO-KARDC’s target to improve broodstock and fish seed by 10% at

PESCA Applied Research ‐ Inception Report‐January 2020

every generation of selective breeding and improving production of the fish farmers by 20% by end of second year of this project. 20% increase in production by only using improved seed will raise total annual production from 120,000 tonnes to 144,000 tonnes, greatly improving on the incomes of the smallholder and commercial fish farmers. 2) fish consumers buying and eating farmed fish thereby improving household nutrition will be assured of quality and affordable readily available animal protein in form of fish through the increased production 3) Fish traders doing business of fish sales to generate income will have an extra 24,000 tonnes stock to trade 4) Farm managers and employees, mostly youth and women, will have increased job opportunities and most probably increased pay 5) local grain producers, with the novel feeds based on local grains and cereals, they will have a bigger market and higher bargaining power for increased prices. Local grain producers may also become contract farmer with assured market supplying the local commercial fish feeds manufacturers 6) scientific community will benefit from improved knowledge base on approaches for enhancing commercial aquaculture production and use of local ingredients in fish feeds production) MAAIF/DiFR will benefit from information for strengthening aquaculture legislation for increased and sustainable commercial production. The target groups and final beneficiaries will be involved in product development, on-farm trials, up-scaling the developed technologies/approaches and marketing the products developed.

Establishing of a training hub and extension provision centre will help smallholder farmers currently using rudimentary technologies acquire knowledge and skills in using modern appropriate and environmentally smart aquaculture technologies. The smallholder fish farmers will be given hands-on training in use of BMPs in different aspects across the whole aquaculture value chain. The smallholder fish farmers will also be given real time quality extension services when they visit the established centre of excellence in aquaculture training and extension provision.

2.3.6 Risk analysis and contingency plan

S/No. Action Risk Mitigation measure 1 To improve the fish seed output, High mortality use of well designed live quality and reliability rates during fish transportation system, transportation from avoid stress to the fish and wild to station and preparation of the brood in captivity during stock holding ponds way acclimation ahead of the collection of the parental stock from the wild. 2 To develop high quality, Delayed of lab Selection of ISO certified environmentally friendly and cost- results by external laboratory with an effective formulated and natural laboratory services experience of over 10- feeds for different fish species and years in provision of development stages external laboratory services 3 To determine appropriate designs, Outbreak of fish Apply good husbandry optimal fish stocking densities diseases practices to prevent and carrying capacities for disease out break different production systems in different agro-ecological zones 4 To establish an aquaculture Poor adoption of Have follow up with the training hub for out-grower the technologies farmers and refresher trainings 5 Seed, feed & Training Non Tax Revenue Continue to lobby for

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S/No. Action Risk Mitigation measure (NTR) collection exemption of NARO- might be a KARDC to operation in a challenge NARO- business model KARDC being a public institution

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3. Time table TIMETABLE Inception Implementation 2019 2020 2021 Implem D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N enting 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Body 1.0 INCEPTION PHASE 1.1 Logistics 1.2 Drafting Inception

Report 1.3 Inception Report KARDC workshop with stakeholders 1.4 Writing a final inception report 1.5 Submisson of an

Inception Report to NOA

2.0 Work package I: Selective breeding of Nile tilapia and the African catfish 2.1Characterisation, genetic diversity determination and strain identification (I)procurement/collection of broodsctocks a) collection of samples from wild for analysis b) collection of Broodstocks from wild and farms c) preparation of breeding facilites (II)Genetics Laboratory analyses (III) Genetic data analysis and Mapping a) genetic data analysis

PESCA Applied Research ‐ Inception Report‐January 2020

b) Mapping of wild resources 2.2 selective breeding of Tilapia & catfich (i) Brreding of pure lines & evaluating performance (ii) multiplication & Improvement of

Broodstock (III) training of local seed producers Year II (I) Broodstock mantainance and crossbreeding and performance evaluation (II) Second round of selective breeding and performance evaluation of the progeny (III) Training selected fish farmers and local seed producers in broodstock management and seed production technologies

3.0 Work package II: Improved Production systems design, use and management (I)designing and testing novel aquaculture production systems a) Identification of Identification, water quality sampling, assessment and selection of sites in HPAZs b) Mapping of selected sites (II) Laboratory analyses of water quality samples a) Laboratory analyses b) Water analysis

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(III) Pilot trials to determine optimum stocking densities a) Identification of farmers b) trials c) designing systems (IV) performance evaluation a) performance evaluation of designs c) mornitoring water quality YEAR II (I) Analysis of production systems performance data (II) Field sample collection and laboratory analyses of the effects of aquaculture (III) Develop disigns and management guidelines for different production systems

4.0 Work package III: Development of quality and cost‐effective Fish feed and fish feeding strategies (I) collection & analysis of samples a) Collection of 21 selected improved crops varieties b) Preparation of lab samples for analysis c) Laboratory analysis (III)Development of cost‐effective technologies for de‐activating ANF in crop varieties (IV) Feed formulation & Testing a) analysis of nutritional contents for ingridients b) generation of 4feed formulas

PESCA Applied Research ‐ Inception Report‐January 2020

c) testing feeds for growth performance YEAR II (I) Conduct feeding experiments on‐ station (4) and on‐farm (4) to evaluate the effect of the experimental diets on performance of juvenile and grow‐outs of Nile tilapia and African catfish (II) Conduct training of at least 25 feed manufacturers, 500 farmers and 50 (III) Develop and publish at least 500 manuals for guiding feed producers and fish farmers on production, handling, use and management of fish feeds

5.0 Work package IV: Improving seed output, supply and reliability (I) conduct a baseline survey (a) Developing a data survey tool (b) Pretesting and fine tuning the tool (c) Data collection

(d) Data Analysis (e) Report writing (II) multiply and raise improved seed a)identify private partners for seed multiplication b) multiply the seed c) maintain the seed (III) Develop effective and efficient fish seed distribution channels a) develop effective seed transport system

PESCA Applied Research ‐ Inception Report‐January 2020

b) Workshop to develop effective seeddistribution channels channels with stakeholders (IV) Training seed producers a) identify the trainees b) train in seed rearing V) Technical exposure visits for scientists YEAR II (I) Identify, mobilise, train and equip seed fingerling producers (II) conduct tours with selected seed producers

5.0 Work package v: Establishment of a training hub for out growers (I) Refurbish, equip & upgrade training facilities for different aspects across the aquaculture value chain‐ (II) Training farmers and extension staff a) develop manuals b) Identify small holder farmers for training c) train smallholder farmers d) Train extension staff (III) popularisation of training shedules IV) Follow up visits for technical backstoping

6.0 Develop institute business plan 7.0 Project evaluation and closure a) Mid term Review

PESCA Applied Research ‐ Inception Report‐January 2020

(b) Field visists and interviews with selected beneficiaries (c) Regular meetings for

Teams/activites (d) Final project meeting/conference with stakeholders (e) Preparation and submision of the final report

PESCA Applied Research ‐ Inception Report‐January 2020

3. Log frame Results chain Indicator Baseline Target Current value* Source and Assumptions (value & reference (value & reference (reference year) mean of year) year) (* to be included in verification interim and final reports)

Improved Increased national National National aquaculture National aquaculture FAO, 2018; Increased aquaculture fish Nile tilapia and aquaculture production aquaculture production 144,000 production 120,000 MAAIF 2018; production is translated into African catfish to 144,000 tonnes production 120,000 tonnes annually by tonnes annually in and means of increased incomes and job productivity and annually, improved annually in 2018 2021 2018 verification – opportunities for the fish production, a grow-out fish annual reports farmers and other competitive, job- productivity by at least National fish Increased fish Fish productivity of of MAAIF and stakeholders intensive, 20% improvement of productivity of productivity by at 0.01-0.05 per m2 in FAO environmentally incomes of fish farmers 0.01-0.05 kg per m2 least 20% amongst 2000 and 2007 High technology adoption sustainable and and feed producers by (ponds) amongst small holder farmer levels climate-resilient 20% by end of year small holder by 2021 in the project National aquaculture sector 2021 and increased (%) farmers implementing areas Aquaculture in Uganda number of people Survey by employed in the Baseline for income MAAIF/KARD aquaculture sector of fish seed & feed C and KARDC Impact (Overall objective) Impact (Overall producers and ARTPII number of people technical report, employed in 2008 aquaculture sector will be got from PESCA Lot 3 and 4

PESCA Applied Research ‐ Inception Report‐January 2020

1.Improved 1.1) growth rate per 1.1.1) 0.01-0.05 kg 1.1.1.1 At least 2.5 kg 1). i). 0.01-0.05 kg 1). i). KARDC 1). Emerging fish diseases quality of fish day of fish fry (0.1g- per m2 per per m2 per production per m2 per production ARTPII do not become a menace seed used by small 0.5g) to fingerling production cycle of cycle of 6-8 months cycle for grow-outs Technical report holder and stage (up to 5g) and 6-8 months for for grow outs by in 2007 2007-2008 commercial fish fish survival rate grow-outs amongst 2021 farmers through 1.2 increased small holder improved productivity farmers broodstock 1,3 increased survival 1.1.2) Up to 90% 1.1 2.1 At least 70% rates mortalities of survival rates for fish ii). About 10% catfish fry in fish larvae and fry by catfish fry survival ii). Mwanja et hatcheries and up to 2021 rates and 50% for al., 2015. 50% for Nile tilapia Nile tilapia in 2016 Current hatchery 2). i). About 48% 2). i). At least 70% practices in 2). i). Number of fish hatcheries hatcheries using Uganda. 2). Improved use hatchery operators using improved improved broodstock 2). i). 48% fish 2). Enough capital/access to of improved using improved broodstock by 2021 hatcheries using credit by especially the broodstock and broodstock ii). About 300,000 ii). 100 million quality broodstock in smallholder farmers to high-quality seed ii). Number of quality quality seed quality seed annually 2015 2). i). Mwnaja procure ample quantities of by smallholder seed produced iii). About 40% of by 2021 ii). 300,000 fish seed et al 2015. improved fish seed and commercial iii). Number of fish fish farmers iii). 80% farmers annually in 2017 Current fish farmers farmers accessing and accessing and using accessing and using iii). 40% of fish hatchery using quality fish seed quality seed quality seed by 2021 farmers accessing and practices in using quality seed in Uganda. 2015 1) 48% of fish ii). KARDC farmers and hatchery projections 2018 operators using

outcome (s) (Specific objective(s) objective(s) (Specific (s) outcome improved fish seed iii). Namatovu and broodstock et al., AJAEES, respectively 22(4): 1-11, 3) about 30% of fish 2018; Article farmers and hatchery no. operators using AJAEES.37721 commercial feeds. iv) UBOS report

PESCA Applied Research ‐ Inception Report‐January 2020

Where relevant (same as above) (same as above) (same as above) (same as above) (same as above) Factors outside project other short-term management's control that effect(s) of the may impact on the SO/other intervention outcomes linkage. focusing on behavioural and institutional changes resulting from the intervention (e.g. intermediate outcomes can be accommodated here) *Other Outcomes (*where relevant) relevant) Outcomes (*where *Other 3). Improved 3). Improved FCR of 3). FCR of 2 3). FCR of 1.5 by 3). FCR of 2 in 2017 KARDC, 3). Fish farmers and feed quality, cost- local feeds 2021 MAAIF reports producers will quickly adopt effectiveness and 3.2.1.1 30% farmers the novel technologies management of 3.2 Number of farmers 3.2.1About 30% of 3.2.1.1 70% farmers using locally formulated feeds using cost-effective fish farmers using using locally produced quality developed from high quality locally locally produced produced quality feeds in 2015

locally produced produced fish feeds and quality fish feeds feeds in 2021 improved crop applying appropriate consistently with varieties and non- handling and feeding proper feeding and conventional regimes handling animal protein techniques. sources

PESCA Applied Research ‐ Inception Report‐January 2020

4) At least 5 High 4.1) Number of HPAZs 4.1.1) one land- 4). At least 10 HPAZ 4). 2 HPAZs (1 land- 4). KARDC 4). Different users of the Potential mapped out for pond- based and one mapped out for pond based and 1 water- ATAAS water resources will co-exist Aquaculture based (ponds and water-based HPAZ and cage farming based) identified for technical report without occurrence of Zones (HPAZs) in tanks) and water-based identified for to guide investment aquaparks conflicts that can affect the the different (cages) aquaculture in aquaparks in in fish farming by development in MAAIF report aquaculture enterprise Agro-Ecological each AEZ eastern and central 2021 Uganda in 2014 Zones (AEZs) Uganda At least 10 cages identified& respectively suitable for cage fish mapped-out farming mapped out 4.1.2 At least 10 at the northern part of sites for cage fish Lake Victoria by farming mapped- 2018 and they are 0ut in Lake Victoria being utilised by

farmers

5.1) Number of 5.1.1) None 5.1.1.1) At least 50% production systems (this project will be of fish farmers using 5). Nil 5). Different users of the 5) Production optimised for Nile the pioneer in production systems NARO- water resources will co-exist systems optimised tilapia and African optimising optimised for use in KARDC, without occurrence of

for transformation catfish production in production systems each AEZs by 2023, MAAIF reports conflicts that can affect the of smallholder the different AEZs for use in different aquaculture enterprise farmers to AEZs) commercial farmers in the different AEZs of 6.1.1.1) 03 training Uganda 6.1) Number of rooms refurbished & training facilities and 6.1.1) One equipped with modules in BMPs conference room, training items One conference Farmers attendance in the 6)A functioning and one training 6.2.1.1) At least 150 room, and one trainings will be satisfactory aquaculture 6.2 Number of farmers manual farmers from each of training manual in KARDC training hub and extension staff the four AEZs trained 2010 Farmers established for out trained by the project 6.2.1 About 100 Training growers and farmers trained the About 100 farmers Reports extension staff Chinese Project trained under the Uganda-China Friendship agricultural technology demonstration Project

PESCA Applied Research ‐ Inception Report‐January 2020

PESCA Applied Research ‐ Inception Report‐January 2020

1) Improved 1.1) Percentage of 1.1.1 50% viable 1.1.1.1 90% viable 50% viable eggs per NARO-KARDC Native wild resources of quality of viable eggs or off eggs per female eggs per female female brood fish reports Nile tilapia and African broodstock for springs per female brood fish brood fish in 2016 catfish have high genetic seed broodfish diversity to support multiplication and aquaculture development distribution. 1.2) Number of quality 1.2.1) 18,114 Nile 1.2.1.1 Breeding The selective broodstock of Nile tilapia and 1247 programmes breeding programme NARO-KARDC Timely laboratory analyses tilapia and African African catfish base enhanced to 54000 at KARDC had reports by hired external laboratory catfish maintained and population tilapia and 5,000 18,114 Nile tilapia services used in the selective catfish by 2021 and 1,247 African breeding programmes catfish base population by 2017 NARO-KARDC Emerging endemic fish reports diseases can be controlled/prevented 1.3 Number of basic Nil broodstocks distributed 10000 improved Nil NARO-KARDC to seed multipliers Tilapia; 5000 African reports catfish

2.1 Percentage survival 2.1.1) 40% and 2.1.1.1.60 for Tilapia 10% and 40% NARO-KARDC of fish fry in hatcheries 10% survival of & 30% catfish survival of fish fry reports 2.2 Number of quality tilapia and catfish survival rates by per female tilapia and fish seed multiplication fry respectively 2022 catfish respectively 2) Improved centres, fish seed 2.2.1) one quality 2.2.1.1 At least 2 by 2016 output, access, producer seed multiplication seed multiplication supply and use of groups/association and centre (KARDC), centres, seed 2.2.1 one quality seed quality fish seed seed distribution no seed producer producer groups and multiplication centre amongst networks established groups and seed seed distribution (KARDC), no seed Outputs Outputs smallholder and established/revived as distribution networks producer commercial fish well as their seed networks by 2022 groups/association farmers output and national and seed by 2019 coverage

3) Number of locally 3) The improved 3.) Nutrient content 3). Nil The improved crop varieties produced improved varieties of crops of insect larvae and do not become expensive on varieties of grains and used in fish feeds least 7 locally the market cereals identified for production have not produced improved use in fish feed been determined crops and at least one development identified for producing novel feeds by 2021 PESCA Applied Research ‐ Inc eption Report‐January 2020

3) At least one

4) At least two 4.1) Number of ANFs 4.1.1 Four major 4.1.1.1) Identify No individual method NARO-KARDC Deactivation ofanti- (02) technologies identified in each NFs known ANFs in @ crop is successful in total reports nutritional factors reducing for reduction of improved crop variety (trypsin, gossypol, variety removal of ANFs the nutritive value of crop anti-nutritional tannin,) without loss of types used in the novel fish factors (ANFs) in 4.2) Number of cost- nutritive value as of feeds development is improved crop effective technologies 4.2.1) Three 4.2.1.1) 2013 effective varieties used in for reduction of ANFs techniques Develop at least two the novel fish in the improved crop (Enzymes, heat cost effective feeds developed varieties used in the treatment and pre- technologies for novel fish feeds soaking) have been reduction of ANFs in used improved crops used in the novel fish feeds

PESCA Applied Research ‐ Inception Report‐January 2020

5) At least 5.1) Number of 5.1.1) None (there 5.1.1.1) At least two 5) None (there is no 5. 5). Some local crop varieties twoformula for formulae for the novel is no specific feed formula for cost- specific formulation NARO-KARDC have the required nutritional quality, feeds for Nile tilapia formulation effective feed for feed using specific reports content environmentally and African catfish targeting specific tilapia & catfish crop varieties) friendly and cost- produced from locally improved crop developed by 2021 effective dry feed produced improved varieties) for Nile tilapia varieties of grains and and African cereals developed catfish developed.

6). At least three 6). Number of GIS 6). One GIS map of 6). At least 3 GIS 6). One GIS map of NARO-KARDC 6). Local communities are (3) GIS Maps of maps showing HPAZs showing sites Map of HPAZs in the sites suitable for cage reports willing to to have their areas HPAZs in the suitable for cage different AEZs by aquaculture on Lake used for demonstrations different AEZs fishing on Lake 2021 Victoria in 2017 developed Victoria

7) At least 2 7). i). Number of 7). i). There are no 7). ii). At least one 7). i). There are no NARO-KARDC 7). i) Fish farmers surrender production appropriate designs for designs of design for pond/cage documented designs reports suitable land/water bays for systems tested and different aquaculture aquaculture aquaculture of aquaculture construction/installation of optimized for use production systems production systems optimised for one production systems the novel systems in commercial tested and optimised customised to AEZ by 2021. customised to HPAZs production of Nile for fish production in HPAZs in Uganda in Uganda by 2017 tilapia and each AEZ by 2017 African catfish by small holder ii). Number of ii). It is the first ii). stocking densities, ii). It is the first NARO-KARDC ii). Fish farmers and /or farmers technologies (Optimum production systems carrying capacities & production systems reports fisher folk or potential fish stocking densities, are customised to BMPs established by are customised – farmers who surrender carrying capacities and AEZs 021 2018 to AEZs suitable land/water bays for management measures) novel systems for the novel production systems in @ AEZ

PESCA Applied Research ‐ Inception Report‐January 2020

8) At least one 8.1) Number of pond 8.1.1) There is one 8.1.1.1) At least one one cage aquaculture NARO-KARDC pond and cage and cage demonstration cage aquaculture pond and cage site in Jinja reports aquaculture sites established in the site in Jinja aquaculture established in 2010 demonstration in identified HPAZs established under demonstration in the under the Uganda- the identified the Uganda-China identified HPAZs China Technology HPAZs Technology established by 2021 Demonstration established Demonstration Project Project

9)Improved 9) i). percentage of 9) i). Less than 9). i). At least 80% of 9). Less than 50% NARO-KARDC 9). Smallholder fish farmers knowledge and trained fish farmers 50% farmers trained farmers farmers applying reports and members of vulnerable skills of fish applying BMPs on applying BMPs applying BMPs by BMPs by 2017 gender are willing to be farmers and their farms 2021 trained extension staff on ii) Percentage of 9) ii) At least 60% At least 60% of aquaculture best extension staff of extension staff 9) ii) At least 80% of extension staff management knowledgeable able guiding farmers on trained extension guiding farmers on practices. BMPs for guiding appropriate BMPs staff ably guiding appropriate BMPs by farmers farmers 2017

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4. Conclusions and way forward

PESCA Applied Research ‐ Inception Report‐January 2020