DOCSLIB.ORG

The State of Ict in South Africa

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The State of Ict in South Africa THE STATE OF ICT IN SOUTH AFRICA ALISON GILLWALD, ONKOKAME MOTHOBI AND BROC RADEMAN ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report was made possible by the support received from Canada’s International Development Research Centre and the South African Domain Name Authority (ZADNA). The nationally representative ICT access and use survey referenced in this report forms part of a survey of 16 countries in the Global South (seven in Africa) that canvasses barriers to access from those not connected, as well as the challenges to optimal Internet usage even where there is coverage or the individual has connectivity (see After Access 2017). The authors thank Charley Lewis for peer reviewing, but errors and omissions remain those of the authors. Policy Paper no. 5, Series 5: After Access State of ICT in South Africa https://researchictafrica.net/after-access-south-africa-state-of-ict-2017-south-africa-report_04/ July 2018 SERIES EDITOR: ALISON GILLWALD Assistant-to-editor: Broc Rademan Peer-review: Charley Lewis Alison Gillwald | [email protected] Research ICT Africa 409 The Studios, Old Castle Brewery, 6 Beach Road, Woodstock, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa Tel: +27 21 447 6332 | Fax: +27 21 447 9529 International Development Research Centre Centre de reserches pour le développement international 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY There is extensive evidence now that, as technology • stimulating demand through the provision of evolves from basic voice services to that of broad- affordable access, but requiring further devel- band, the value of networks increases exponentially opment of relevant local content, applications, with significant multiplier effects impacting positively education and e-skills that would enable the on economic growth and individual well-being under inclusion of people not only as consumers, but as the right conditions. It is the evolution of such technol- producers; and ogy that has produced innovation such as the Internet • creating an enabling environment for platforms, of Things, Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence. These e-services and applications to proliferate by have the potential to reduce labour and transactional creating a safe, secure and trusted environment for costs, increase productivity and information flows digital participation through the development of in the economy and, in the resource-constrained an integrated cyberpolicy and legal framework that environments of developing countries, overcome safeguards citizens’ rights. logistical bottlenecks and corruption in supply-chain This will require shifting digital policy from the management and administrative processes. silos in which it currently resides into a national inte- For countries to harness these technologies for grated policy, requiring high levels of co-ordination the development of their economies and societies, between the state, private sector and civil society. they will need to address the new array of new policy issues affecting the creation of a ‘trust’ environment HIGH OPPORTUNITY COSTS OF for the use of these Internet-based services and POLICY AND REGULATORY DELAYS applications and new competition issues in the plat- On paper, South Africa has long recognised commu- form or ‘gig’ economy while attending to the many nications networks as the backbone of the modern unresolved, legacy policy issues. These include: economy and society. The National Development • creating environments for investing in constant- Plan (2011: 2) provides a framework in which to ly-evolving technologies that are needed to realise South Africa’s vision that by 2030 “…a provide high-speed and good quality infrastructure widespread broadband communication system and services on which these innovations and will underpin a dynamic and connected vibrant global competitiveness depend; information society and a knowledge economy that • ensuring that markets are effectively regulated is more inclusive, equitable and prosperous.“ Yet, to provide services competitively, but flexibly, to national commitments to ICTs that followed the enable innovations in services and products that NDP in the Presidential Infrastructure Coordinating might reduce costs, enable access or improve Commission via the national broadband policy intensity of use; and plan, SA Connect, have failed to meet their set • ensuring that deployment of services and applica- targets or make significant progress to meet speci- tions are inclusively developmental; fied objectives. • implementing strategies identified in SA Connect This is attributable to multiple factors, not least to incentivise investment in under-serviced areas of all to the discontinuity in policy formulation and through the aggregation of public-sector demand; sectoral leadership with the appointment of no fewer • enabling complementary access strategies, such than six ministers to oversee the then Department of as free public Wi-Fi, extension of licence exempt Communications between 2009 and 2014, along with spectrum, enabling community access and small- four directors-general. This resulted in the failure cell networks; to conclude enabling strategies such as the digital EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3 migration process and meeting the International to deal with fast-changing global developments, Telecommunication Union’s (ITU) 2015 cut-off — or to harness them for developmental outcomes. despite being the continental leader when it started Longstanding conflicts of interest within the insti- the process in 2000 — that should have unleashed tutional arrangements have been compounded the digital dividend spectrum for 4G and delivered by political appointments, sometimes without the digital broadcasting to the country. This protracted technical or governance expertise required for ICASA process has now been overtaken by developments and the Universal Service and Access Agency of including the growth of the Internet; the reduced South Africa (USAASA) to fulfil their vital roles in the cost of satellite that could affordably offer direct-to- implementation of policy. home, free-to-air services; and the rise of multiple The promulgation of the long-outstanding issue low-cost online content carriers. Arguably, this of enabling the rapid deployment of broadband has rendered the expensive pilots and networks infrastructure, such as spectrum trading and the for national digital transmission redundant, and ‘use-it-or-lose-it’ principle that would enable more the costly legal suits by broadcasters exploiting, or efficient use of spectrum, were welcomed in submis- perhaps inducing, several policy flip-flops pointless. sions made to the DTPS. The proposal of an, at one The opportunity costs to the country of not point exclusive, wireless open access network as the addressing the raft of critical unattended policy recipient of all high-demand spectrum in the 2.6GHz issues, including the rapid deployment guidelines, and digital dividend bands, has received far more of identified as key to the extension of broadband a mixed response. This is largely due to the lack of and the release of high-demand spectrum neces- clarity about how this might feasibly operate, and sary for 4G deployment, which the Independent the negative impacts this could have on the massive Communications Authority of South Africa (ICASA) investments being made by operators to grow South sought to auction but was thwarted by operators and Africa’s mobile broadband market. Intentions in the Ministry of Communications more than six years the Bill to abolish all the existing statutory bodies, ago, have been high. Subsequent to the estab- and replace them with a new ‘Economic Regulator’ lishment of a Policy Review Panel to conduct the have also been challenged largely on the ground of complex policy review exercise, the rapid succession its accountability to DTPS, which would exacerbate of six ministers and four directors-general from 2009 existing conflicts of interest in the current institu- to 2014 warped the exercise. The intermittent arrest tional arrangements. The clawing back some of the of the process was compounded by the splitting of spectrum regulatory aspects of spectrum assignment the Communications Ministry and Department in has also being challenged in this context. 2014, which had both it and the new Department of Telecommunications and Postal Services (DTPS) MARKET DEVELOPMENTS inwardly-focussed instead of externally, at a critical Relatively well-integrated into the global economy, time in the development of the sector. As a result, and powerfully driven by rapidly-changing the arising green paper was only turned into the technological and economic developments, the official and controversial government White Paper private sector has not waited for the protracted in 2016, which now provides the basis for a raft policy processes being formulated to deal with of legal amendments including the Electronic this dynamic sector, which increasingly cuts Communications Amendment Bill that was the across all other sectors. Network operators have subject of public consultation earlier in 2018. found innovative ways of overcoming policy and Likewise, the failure to develop the integrated regulatory bottlenecks and exploited opportuni- e-strategy required by the 2005 Electronic ties to deploy technologies to meet South Africa Communications Act, in anticipation of the emerging diverse needs. Competition in the international broadband ecosystem for over the past decade, left transmission market has proliferated with the the country without a co-ordinated plan of action landing of multiple
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Mobile Internet Access and Political Outcomes: Evidence from South Africa
    Mobile Internet access and political outcomes: Evidence from South Africa Dante Donatiy Universitat Pompeu Fabra This version: March 2018 Most recent version available here Abstract Does mobile Internet arrival affect individuals’ voting behavior in developing countries? I provide an empirical answer to this question looking at the South African municipal elections results between 2000 and 2016. I exploit the temporal and geographical variation in 3G Internet coverage to estimate its impact on (1) the vote shares of the major parties, (2) voter turnout, (3) electoral competition and (4) protests. Using a high-resolution newly constructed dataset along with a Diff-in-Diff and 2SLS estimation, I show that in 2016 Internet availability caused a reduction in the vote share of the ruling party by almost 7 pp. The main opponents have gained from the Internet arrival. Political competition and number of protests increased. Results are robust to different model specifications, and alternative estimators. Then, I develop an extensive analysis of the potential mechanisms. A triple difference estimator is used to assess the role of the Internet in providing information on corruption and administrative scandals. I find that in localities more exposed to the scandals the impact of 3G arrival is larger. Finally, I conduct a spatial analysis to study how the surrounding environment influences the impact digital information has on opinions towards the incumbent. I show that Internet penetration fosters convergence of preferences over space. Keywords: Corruption, Media, Mobile Internet, Municipal elections, Political outcomes. yI thank seminar attendants at Universitat Pompeu Fabra and Toulouse School of Economics. I am grateful to Ruben Durante, Ruben Enikolopov, Frederico Finan, José García-Montalvo, Nicola Gennaioli, Fabrizio Germano, Saumitra Jha, Eliana La Ferrara, David Nagy, Maria Petrova, Giacomo Ponzetto, Nandan Rao, Marta Reynal-Querol, Alessandro Tarozzi and Carlos Velasco Rivera for their comments and useful insights.
    [Show full text]
  • Vodacom Contract Packages South Africa
    Vodacom Contract Packages South Africa abhorrently.Acrid and demeaning Slushy and Sergent pygmoid blubs Paulo her blobbing:cyclosis summates which Tully inapplicably is pulsed enough? or dehisce recreantly, is Paddy maltreated? Gunther services How do monthly installment payment plans work WhistleOut. How convenient the right accounts to make a necessary to south africa this policy and any of the vodacom was a critical deciding factor for that time. Vodacom Deals & Specials Back public School Tiendeo. Join two best South African network and is our great but Phone deals Smartphone Data packages Sim Only Plans plus Insurance and Internet services. How To vary Free charge On Vodacom. Welcome to Shop Lenovo The official online store for Lenovo South Africa. Related What are probably most popular tours in South Africa. Vodacom prepaid deals Hello dosto maine iss video main Airtel kaise aapko 5GB. Rain SA's mobile data-only and Fast affordable internet. Vodacom special advantage this week Catalogue January 2021. Vodacom unveils first 5G deals 00GB for R1 499 By Duncan. Like she told him i told him all vodacom contract packages and the want the app store, their own tender still do is. Vodacom to launch 5G services in South Africa in 2020 Reuters. Vodacom-100GB-LTE-100-100 Best Internet. Vodacom Cell Phone Deals. If would want then cancel your plan ask your minimum contract ends you'll be charged a rude to prevail the remaining time you have except This is called an Early Termination Fee nor an ETF. Vodacom free data codes 2020 alexandrawburtononline. Mobile Network Information Vodacom South Africa Help.
    [Show full text]
  • Go to ... Go ICT in Africa a Timeline
    ICT Timeline http://web.archive.org/web/20030420214824/www.piac.org/rowi... Go to ... Snapshots of Pioneers of the Information Age in Africa Go ICT in Africa A Timeline To look at the map below that depicts Internet capability in Africa in 2000, it seems almost unimaginable that Internet use in Africa is little more than a decade old—that e-mail utilization on a measurable scale began only in the late 1980s. In essence, the story of ICT in Africa is the story of how profound need coupled with intense creativity has driven the rapid spread of life-changing technology. Internet in Africa in 2000 Internet in Africa in 1996 1 of 4 5/7/04 13:01 ICT Timeline http://web.archive.org/web/20030420214824/www.piac.org/rowi... (Maps extrapolated with permission from Mike Jensen and edited by Nicholas Menzies.) Before the advent of CD-ROM in sub-Saharan Africa's university libraries, for example, scholars could not possibly hope to keep current with new developments in their fields. The first CD-ROM drive north of the Limpopo was installed in the Chitedze Research Station in Malawi in early 1987, followed in 1988 by the implementation of CD-ROM in the University of Zimbabwe Medical School Library. When the American Association for the Advancement of Science surveyed some 100 academic and research libraries in 1990, only 48 of them had computers 1 and 16 of them had CD-ROM capacity. Yet soon enough, the changes in communications enabled by CD-ROM and the Internet came to be considered necessities.
    [Show full text]
  • Mtn's Preliminary Submission
    NON-CONFIDENTIAL VERSION COMPETITION COMMISSION DATA SERVICES MARKET INQUIRY MTN'S PRELIMINARY SUBMISSION 27 November 2017 Page 1 of 53 2 Table of Contents Page No 1. Introduction and executive summary.......... .......... ..................................................... 3 2. Data services value chain .. .......... ............................................................................. 6 3. Competition in mobile data services.......... ........ ......... ................. .......................... 21 4. MTN's new strategic initiative .................................................................................. 39 5. Regulatory context .................................................................................................. 42 6. Constraints on the further development of data services.................... .................... 46 7. Next steps............ ............................................................................ ............. .......... 53 Page 2 of 53 3 1. Introduction and executive summary Introduction 1.1 On 18 August 2017, the Competition Commission (the "Commission") initiated a market inquiry into Data Services in South Africa in terms of Chapter 4A of the Competition Act No. 89 of 1998 (as amended) (the "Competition Act"). On 20 September 2017, the Commission invited stakeholders to make formal submissions. Mobile Telephone Networks Proprietary Limited ("MTN") would like to thank the Commission for the opportunity to make this submission. 1.2 MTN is mindful of the context within which the
    [Show full text]
  • University of Pretoria
    MINI-DISSERTATION TOPIC: “THE INDIRECT LIABILITY OF MOBILE SERVICE PROVIDERS IN SOUTH AFRICA: A COMPARATIVE STUDY” Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree MASTER OF LAWS (with specialization in Intellectual Property) in the FACULTY OF LAW at the UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA by OLAYEMI AGANGA STUDENT NUMBER: 23335999 Supervisor: PROFESSOR SJ CORNELIUS Date of submission FEBRUARY 2013 i © University of Pretoria DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to: My late brother Dapo Aganga. My parents for their love and support. My older brother Tubosun and my sister Olaolu for their faith and trust in me. ii © University of Pretoria DEPARTMENT OF LAW Declaration Regarding Plagiarism The Department of Law emphasises integrity and ethical behaviour with regard to the preparation of all written assignments. Although the lecturer will provide you with information regarding reference techniques, as well as ways to avoid plagiarism, you also have a responsibility to fulfil in this regard. Should you at any time feel unsure about the requirements, you must consult the lecturer concerned before submitting an assignment. You are guilty of plagiarism when you extract information from a book, article, web page or any other information source without acknowledging the source and pretend that it is your own work. This doesn’t only apply to cases where you quote verbatim, but also when you present someone else’s work in a somewhat amended (paraphrased) format or when you use someone else’s arguments or ideas without the necessary acknowledgement. You are also guilty of plagiarism if you copy and paste information directly from an electronic source (e.g., a web site, e-mail message, electronic journal article, or CD ROM), even if you acknowledge the source.
    [Show full text]
  • Alternatives Privatisation Telecoms
    ALTERNATIVES TO PRIVATISED TELECOMMUNICATION: Right2Know’s Campaign for a More Democratic Information System in South Africa by John Haffner TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 1 A Brief History of the Right2Know Campaign’s Communication Reform Efforts 1 Alternative Pathways Towards Basic Service Delivery: The Case for Looking Outside the Market 3 Why Alternatives to Privatisation? 3 Operational Alternatives in Basic Service Provision 4 The Argument for ICTs as a Basic Service 5 Broadband and the City: Municipalising Telecommunications Services 7 A Departure from the Norm: Sweden’s Opposition to Liberalisation 7 Optimising Infrastructure: Electric/Telephone Utilities and Existing Knowledge of Service Delivery in the U.S. 8 Discussion: Locating the Municipal Opportunities in South Africa 9 Universalising High Speed Internet at the National Level 11 Venezuela’s CANTV: Negotiating Internet Rights in a Nationalised System 11 Uruguay’s ANTEL Transitions a Nation from Copper to Fibre 12 Discussion: South Africa’s History of Nationalised Telecommunications and Recommitting to Citizenry 13 Locating Digital Self-Determination: An Indigenous Approach to Telecommunications 14 K-Net’s Critical Role in Advocating Indigenous Networks in Canada 14 Broadband in the Arctic: Building Local Authority Against Colonial Extraction 15 Discussion: Digital Self-Determination in South Africa: The Case for Indigenous Principles in Telecommunications 16 Negotiating Private Sector Involvement: Public-Private Partnerships in Telecommunications 17 Co-Funding of Large Scale Fibre to the Home Projects in New Zealand 17 Discussion: Enter the Social Enterprise: A New Kind of Public-Private Partnership in South Africa 18 Discussing Alternatives for South Africa Using R2K’s Principles Framework 19 Table 1: Review of Case Studies in Relation to Preconditions 20 Conclusion 23 References 24 1 Introduction The purpose of this research paper is to illuminate examples of international alternatives to privatised telecommunications systems and to locate the ways in which South Africa could follow those models.
    [Show full text]
  • E-Conomy Africa 2020 Report
    e-Conomy Africa 2020 Africa’s $180 billion Internet economy future Table of Contents Foreword ............................................................................................................................................ 2 Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................ 3 Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................ 4 Section 1: The State of the Continent, Macro Trends, and Drivers of Change ............. 5 Section 2: Africa’s Growing Internet Economy, Trends, and Projections ...................... 11 Development Opportunities within the Informal Sector .............................. 26 Section 3: Overview of Africa’s Growing Developer and Digital Talent ....................... 28 Section 4: A Review of Africa’s Venture Capital and Funding Landscape .................. 45 Section 5: The Role of Africa’s Hubs and Accelerators ................................................... 52 The Impact of Global Tech Initiatives on Africa’s Internet Economy ................................................................................ 58 Section 6: Infrastructure is Key: Increasing Connectivity on the Continent ............. 60 Section 7: Regulatory Hurdles and Opportunities for Africa’s Internet Economy ..... 69 Appendix: Abbreviations and Acronyms .................................................................................. 81 References .....................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Investigating Broadband Performance in South Africa 2013
    Investigating Broadband Performance in South Africa 2013 Marshini Chetty, Srikanth Sundaresan, Sachit Muckaden, Nick Feamster, and Enrico Calandro Towards Evidence-based ICT Policy and Regulation Volume TWO Research ICT Africa Research ICT Africa fills a strategic gap in the development of a sustainable information society and network knowledge economy by building the ICT policy and regulatory research capacity needed to inform effective ICT governance in Africa. The network was launched with seed funding from the IDRC and seeks to extend its activities through national, regional and continental partnerships. The establishment of the Research ICT Africa (RIA) network emanates from the growing demand for data and analysis necessary for the appropriate and visionary policy required to catapult the continent into the information age. Through network development RIA seeks to build an African knowledge base in support of ICT policy and regulatory design processes, and to monitor and review policy and regulatory developments on the continent. The research arising from a public interest agenda is made available in the public domain, and individuals and entities from the public and private sector and civil society are encouraged to use it for teaching, further research or to enable them to participate more effectively in national, regional and global ICT policy formulation and governance. This research is made possible by the significant funding received from the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Ottawa, Canada. The network members express their gratitude to the IDRC for its support. The network is based in Cape Town under the directorship of Dr. Alison Gillwald. RIA members are Dr. Augustin Chabossou (Benin), Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Public Access, Private Mobile
    Public access, private mobile The interplay of shared access and the mobile Internet for teenagers in Cape Town Marion Walton, University of Cape Town Jonathan Donner, Microsoft Research India GLOBAL IMPACT STUDY RESEARCH REPORT SERIES October 2012 THE GLOBAL IMPACT STUDY ABOUT THE AUTHORS ABSTRACT This research was conducted as part of Marion Walton is a senior lecturer in the The study assesses and describes the interplay the Global Impact Study of Public Access Centre for Film and Media Studies at the between public PC-based Internet access and to Information & Communication University of Cape Town, South Africa. private mobile-based access for urban teenaged Technologies, a five-year (2007-2012) public access venue (PAV) users in Cape project to generate evidence about the Jonathan Donner is a researcher in the Town. South Africa is a particularly fruitful scale, character, and impacts of public Technology for Emerging Markets and “leading edge” environment to do this work access to information and communication Mobile, Networks, and Systems areas at since not only mobile use, but specifically technologies. Looking at libraries, Microsoft Research India. Jonathan is also a mobile Internet use, is increasingly common telecenters, and cybercafés, the study visiting academic at the Hasso Plattner even among resource-constrained young investigates impact in a number of areas, Institute for ICT4D Research at the people. We combine quantitative surveys with including communication and leisure, University of Cape Town. open-ended interviews of users and PAV culture and language, education, ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS operators. Discussion is structured around five employment and income, governance, claims: 1) Public access and private mobiles and health.
    [Show full text]
  • Economic Impactsof Submarine Fiber Optic Cables and Broadband
    Economic Impacts of Submarine Fiber Optic Cables and Broadband Connectivity in South Africa Working Paper 0214363.202.5 November 2020 Prepared by Alan C. O’Connor Benjamin Anderson Charley Lewis Alice Olive Brower Sara E. Lawrence Sponsored by RTI International 3040 E. Cornwallis Road EconomicResearch Impacts Triangle of Submarine Park, NC, Fiber USA Optic Cables and Broadband Connectivity in South Africa | Page 1 Economic Impacts of Submarine Fiber Optic Cables and Broadband Connectivity in South Africa HOW DO SUBSEA CABLES GENERATE ECONOMIC IMPACT? Subsea cables are the global backbone of the Internet, connecting people, businesses, and economies around the world. They connect us to the cloud, deliver streaming video, and increase efficiency and productivity for business. Subsea cables’ importance is all the more apparent during the Covid19 pandemic when many of us have switched to working from home, remote learning, and online gaming and entertainment. We studied the economic impacts from subsea cables that arrived in South Africa in 2009 to understand how they changed the economy. The results show that the economic impact overall was large, and there were more jobs in fiber-connected areas. However, the economic gains were not broad-based, in part because many South Africans cannot afford service. Subsea Consumers Economic Impacts cables arrive Internet speed increases • Jobs • GDP Existing consumers enjoy better speeds, increasing 6.1% their consumption of $ increase in GDP per Price per data digital content, products, † unit decreases
    [Show full text]
  • TELECOMMUNICATIONS LAW in South Africa
    The regulation of telecommunications really only began in TELECOMMUNICATIONS South Africa after the historic first democratic election in 1994. Many developments in the policy, law and regulation inSouthAfrica LAW TELECOMMUNICATIONS have taken place since then. LAW This book, Telecommunications Law in South Africa, has been written to provide an overview of the policy, law in South Africa and regulation of telecommunications in South Africa. It includes chapters on the important regulatory topics, including Licensing, Interconnection and Facilities Leasing, Pricing and Universal Service. It also includes chapters on The Regulators and Convergence, as well as an Overview and chapters on Economics and Technologies, authored by recognised experts in those areas. Separate chapters on the Electronic Communications and Transactions Act and The Regulation of the Interception of Communications and Provision of Communication Related Information Act are also included. This book will prove invaluable to legal practitioners in the field, as well as policy makers, legislators, regulators, journalists, academics, researchers, consultants, students, and telecommunications companies. Edited by Lisa Thornton, Yasmin Carrim, Patric Mtshaulana and Pippa Reburn 00 Contents!! 5/10/06 12:06 PM Page 1 TELECOMMUNICATIONS LAW in South Africa Edited by Lisa Thornton, Yasmin Carrim, Patric Mtshaulana and Pippa Reyburn A Lisa Thornton Inc empowerment initiative Funded in part by the ACACIA Programme of the International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Canada 00 Contents!! 5/10/06 12:06 PM Page 2 2 First published in 2006 by STE Publishers 4th Floor Sunnyside Ridge, Sunnyside Office Park, 32 Princess of Wales Terrace, Parktown 2143 Johannesburg, South Africa © April 2006 © Lisa Thornton Inc ISBN 1-919855-76-9 Design: Mad Cow Studio Index: Mirie Van Rooyen Illustrations: Courtesy APC (Association for Progressive Communicators) Printed and bound in South Africa by Interpak Books All rights reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • Africa Internet History: Highlights
    AFRICA INTERNET HISTORY: HIGHLIGHTS Internet Society Galerie Jean-Malbuisson, 15 Tel: +41 22 807 1444 1775 Wiehle Ave. Tel: +1 703 439 2120 InternetSociety.org CH-1204 Geneva Fax: +41 22 807 1445 Suite 201 Fax: +1 703 326 9881 [email protected] Switzerland Reston, VA 20190, USA Contents Section 1: Organizations Section 2: Technologies Section 3: Impact Section 4: African institutions and Internet governance Section 5: Some pioneers Internet Society Galerie Jean-Malbuisson, 15 Tel: +41 22 807 1444 1775 Wiehle Ave. Tel: +1 703 439 2120 InternetSociety.org CH-1204 Geneva Fax: +41 22 807 1445 Suite 201 Fax: +1 703 326 9881 [email protected] Switzerland Reston, VA 20190, USA Introduction This document on the Africa Internet history’s highlights is a collection of information from various sources. It is not a historical document per country but rather a set of global information on the Internet mainly from 1990 to 2001 in Africa Internet Society Galerie Jean-Malbuisson, 15 Tel: +41 22 807 1444 1775 Wiehle Ave. Tel: +1 703 439 2120 InternetSociety.org CH-1204 Geneva Fax: +41 22 807 1445 Suite 201 Fax: +1 703 326 9881 [email protected] Switzerland Reston, VA 20190, USA I Organizations/Initiatives Many international organizations have played an important role in Africa Internet history. Their actions were significant in the area of infrastructure, policy, capacity building and more. This section is trying to summarize some of these actions by international organizations and research centers. Internet Society Galerie Jean-Malbuisson, 15 Tel: +41 22 807 1444 1775 Wiehle Ave. Tel: +1 703 439 2120 InternetSociety.org CH-1204 Geneva Fax: +41 22 807 1445 Suite 201 Fax: +1 703 326 9881 [email protected] Switzerland Reston, VA 20190, USA − Africa Union The New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) is a programme of the African Union (AU) adopted in Lusaka, Zambia in 2001.
    [Show full text]