Ideologia Da Lingvisturi Ideebi IDEOLOGY and LINGUISTIC IDEAS
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Proposal for the Georgian Script Root Zone LGR
Proposal for the Georgian Script Root Zone LGR LGR Version 2 Date: 2016-11-24 Document version: 1.1 Authors: GEORGIAN SCRIPT GENERATION PANEL 1 General Information/ Overview/ Abstract The purpose of this document is to give an overview of the proposed Georgian LGR in the XML format and the rationale behind the design decisions taken. It includes a discussion of relevant features of the script, the communities or languages using it, the process and methodology used and information on the contributors. The formal specification of the LGR can be found in the accompanying XML document: • Proposed-LGR-Georgian-20160915.xml Labels for testing can be found in the accompanying text document: • Labels-GeorgianScript-20160915.txt 2 Script for which the LGR is proposed ISO 15924 Code: Geor ISO 15924 Key N°: 240 ISO 15924 English Name: Georgian Mkhedruli Latin transliteration of native script name: Mkhedruli Native name of the script: მხედრული Maximal Starting Repertoire (MSR) version: MSR-2 Proposal for a Georgian Script Root Zone LGR Georgian Script GP 3 Background on Script and Principal Languages Using It The Georgian scripts are the three writing systems used to write the Georgian language: Asomtavruli, Nuskhuri and Mkhedruli. Mkhedruli (Georgian: მხედრული) is the current Georgian script and is therefore the standard script for modern Georgian and its related Kartvelian languages, whereas Asomtavruli and Nuskhuri are used only in ceremonial religious texts and iconography. In the following, the term Georgian script is used synonymously with Mkhedruli. Like the two other scripts, Mkhedruli is purely unicameral. Mkhedruli first appears in the 10th century - the oldest Mkhedruli inscription found is dated back to 982 AD. -
Georgian a Learner's Grammar
Georgian A Learner’s Grammar Second Edition This new edition of Georgian: A Learner’s Grammar is a completely revised and updated guide to the fascinating and most widely spoken language of the Caucasus. This Grammar presents the language in the form of grammatical descriptions supplemented with dialogues and reading passages. Full attention is given to script reproduction and recognition, pronunciation, lexis and individual points of grammar. There is also a varied and extensive range of exercise work. Features of this new edition include: • Highlighting of verbal roots throughout the grammatical sections and vocabularies • Some extra exercises for practice of verb forms • Use of the new Georgian currency • Examples of Georgian literature, both poetry and prose, each with its own self-contained vocabulary. This new edition provides a key to the exercises, Georgian–English vocabu- lary lists and a glossary of grammatical terms. George Hewitt is Professor of Caucasian languages at SOAS, London University, and has been a Fellow of the British Academy since 1997. 1111 2 3 4 5 6 7111 Georgian 8 9 1011 1 2 A Learner’s Grammar 3111 4 5 6 7 Second Edition 8 9 20111 1 2 3 4 5 George Hewitt 6 7 8 9 30111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40111 1 2 3 44111 First published 1996 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016 Second edition published 2005 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group © 1996, 2005 George Hewitt This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2006. -
The Consonant Phonotactics of Georgian The
63 Marika Butskhrikidze Marika Butskhrikidze Marika Butskhrikidze The Consonant Phonotactics The Consonant Phonotactics of Georgian of Georgian The central topic of this thesis is the study of Georgian consonant sequences, e.g. forms of the CCC type. It demonstrates that the complexity of the Georgian consonant clusters is related to morphological complexity and to processes of vowel reduction and complex segment formation. Thus, the Georgian ‘complex’ CCC sequences are derived from structures of the CVCVCV type. The Consonant Phonotactics of Georgian For the representation of the consonant phonotactics of Georgian, a phono- logical hierarchy is introduced in which the stem domain is intermediate between the segment and the word domain. It is proposed that a number of phonological principles, the Obligatory Contour Principle, the Sonority Sequencing Principle, the Syllable Contact Law and the Principle of Resolvability are instantiations of a single principle, the Balancing Principle. They govern the consonant co-occurrence restrictions and function at the stem or the word domain, depending on the language type. The hypothesis that a language which has CiCj clusters will also have CiVCj stems is proposed and verified on the basis of Georgian data. This relates to the claim that Georgian clusters are maximally biconsonantal. The Gradual Consonant Analysis, based on different types of evidence - (i) paradigmatic and syntagmatic, (ii) historical, (iii) phonetic and (iv) compar- ative - provides a direct and clear link between empirical structures and theo- retical constructs, and explains why consonants form complex structures in Georgian. This book is of interest to linguists studying phonotactics, phonetics, the phonology-morphology interface and Georgian. -
Iso/Iec Jtc1/Sc2/Wg2 N4707 L2/16-034
ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 N4707 L2/16-034 2016-01-24 Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set International Organization for Standardization Organisation Internationale de Normalisation Международная организация по стандартизации Doc Type: Working Group Document Title: Proposal for the addition of Georgian characters to the UCS Source: Michael Everson, Nika Gujejiani, and Akaki Razmadze Status: Individual Contribution Date: 2016-01-24 1. Introduction. This document requests a change of the encoding model for Georgian from unicameral to bicameral. If accepted, 46 new characters will be added to the standard. 1.1. Background. As far back as 1999 (N1962 “Optimizing Georgian representation in the BMP of the UCS”, Michael Everson) aspects of the encoding of Georgian encoding had been identified as problematic, in particular because the UCS considered Nuskhuri and Mkhedruli to be “font variants” of an underlying “lower-case” Georgian. By 2003 a successful proposal (N2608R2, L2/03-230R2 “Proposal to add Georgian and other characters to the BMP of the UCS”, NSAI and GSDIT) was made to disunify Nuskhuri from Mkhedruli. In that document, the following statement was made: Mkhedruli… is caseless, and no casing behaviour is expected or permitted by Georgian users. The mtavruli titling style of Mkhedruli… is not case; it is a style analogous to small caps or bold or italic. In this style, the distinction between letters with ascenders and descenders is not maintained, but all letters appear with an equal height standing on the baseline (example: ქართული ენა vs. ქართული ენა). Mtavruli-style letters are never used as “capitals”; a word is always entirely presented in mtavruli or not.