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Street View: the Expressive Face of the Public in James Ensor's 1888 Christ's Entry Into Brussels
© COPYRIGHT by Patricia L. Bray 2011 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED STREET VIEW: THE EXPRESSIVE FACE OF THE PUBLIC IN JAMES ENSOR’S 1888 CHRIST’S ENTRY INTO BRUSSELS IN 1889 AND ERNST LUDWIG KIRCHNER’S 1913-15 STRASSENBILDER SERIES BY Patricia L. Bray ABSTRACT This thesis analyzes in tandem James Ensor’s 1888 Christ’s Entry into Brussels in 1889 and Ernst Ludwig Kirchner’s 1913-15 Strassenbilder series. Current interpretations of these paintings often emphasize a narrative reading of the artists’ personal expressions of the struggle of the individual against the angst and dysfunction of society. I explore the artists’ visualizations of the modern urban street and the individual in a crowd. In addition, I contextualize the environment of rapid modernization and fin-de-siècle anxiety, and the anti-institutionalism of Les XX and the Brücke. This thesis challenges the assumptions upon which current art-historical interpretations are constructed by examining the artists’ work within contemporary cultural discourse, crowd theory, and sociological scholarship, and through close visual readings of the artists’ formal strategies. I argue that Ensor and Kirchner deployed conscious aesthetic strategies in compositional distortion, antithesis and masquerade to explore the conflicting impulses, contumacy, and ambiguity of the modern moment. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express sincere gratitude to my thesis advisor, Professor Emerita Norma Broude, for her support, guidance, insight and inspiration. I would also like to express sincere appreciation to Professor Juliet Bellow for participating on my thesis committee and for her support of my academic endeavors. In addition, special thanks are due to the faculty in the Art History Department: Professor Helen Langa for her generous guidance in the production of this thesis, and Professor Kim Butler for her advice and intellectual inspiration. -
Working Process
CHAPTER TWO KIRCHNER’S Kirchner’s artistic vision was consistently centered on representation, even though his WORKING career ran concurrent with the birth of modern abstraction.1 His aim, formulated during the PROCESS Brücke years, involved grasping the forces he THE STREET SCENES found in the world around him and interpreting them with authentic feeling. This commitment is summed up in the statement: “All art needs this visible world and will always need it, quite simply because, being accessible to all, it is the key to all other worlds.”2 Kirchner realized, however, that the inspiration of the world was only the starting point. He said: “Every day I studied the nude, and movement in the streets and in the shops. Out of the naturalistic surface with all its variations I wanted to derive the pic- torially determined surface.”3 This involved examining and clarifying his initial impulses in order to better understand their potential for formal innovation and iconographical meaning. The many studies related to the Street Scene series serve as an unusually focused demonstration of this investigatory process. By examining these works, we can begin to sense how Kirchner, “gives shape to what he has experienced.”4 The sheer number of Street Scene studies indicates the level of ambition Kirchner brought to this theme. They include countless notebook sketches, some thirty large drawings in pen and ink and wash, as well as in pastel and charcoal, and over twenty prints. While it was relatively common for him to base paintings on earlier sketches, he never made use of detailed pre- paratory drawings. -
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SEVEN MAJOR PAINTINGS IN ERNST LUDWIG KIRCHNER’S STREET SCENE SERIES SHOWN TOGETHER FOR FIRST TIME IN NEW MoMA EXHIBITION The Glamour, Decadence, and Loneliness of Modern City Life Evoked in the Series, A High Point of 20th-century German Expressionism Kirchner and the Berlin Street Special Exhibitions Gallery, third floor August 3–November 10, 2008 Press Preview: July 29, 2008, 10:00 a.m.-12:00 p.m. New York, July 29, 2008—Kirchner and the Berlin Street is a focused investigation of Ernst Ludwig Kirchner’s (German, 1880-1938) renowned Berlin Street Scenes of 1913-1915, bringing together seven major paintings of the series, the first time these paintings have ever been shown together. With the unusual motif of the prostitute, and a visual language of jagged forms, agitated brushwork, acute perspectives, and strident color, the Street Scene paintings evoke the striking contradictions of modern city life, from nighttime glamour and excitement to loneliness, decadence, and danger. In addition, 60 works on paper examine the artist’s subject matter in the Street Scene series, as well as his working process as it evolved. The exhibition draws from public and private collections in Germany, Switzerland, Italy, and the United States, providing the most comprehensive examination of the series to date. On view in the Special Exhibitions Gallery on the third floor from August 3 to November 10, 2008, the exhibition is organized by Deborah Wye, The Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Chief Curator of Prints and Illustrated Books, The Museum of Modern Art. MoMA is the only venue for the exhibition. -
German Expressionism | University of Bristol
10/01/21 HART30035: German Expressionism | University of Bristol HART30035: German Expressionism View Online Adam, Peter. 1992a. ‘The Nordic Myth: National Socialist Ideology.’ In The Arts of the Third Reich, 23–27. London: Thames and Hudson. ———. 1992b. ‘The Visualization of National Socialist Ideology.’ In The Arts of the Third Reich, 129–73. London: Thames and Hudson. Ades, Dawn, Hayward Gallery, Centre de Cultura Contempora ̀ nia de Barcelona, Deutsches Historisches Museum, and Council of Europe. Exhibition. n.d. Art and Power: Europe under the Dictators 1930-45. London: Thames and Hudson in association with Hayward Gallery. Anne Higonnet. 2009. ‘Making Babies, Painting Bodies: Women, Art, and Paula Modersohn-Becker’s Productivity.’ Woman’s Art Journal 30 (2). https://www.jstor.org/stable/40605294?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents. Antliff, Mark. 2002. ‘Fascism, Modernism, and Modernity.’ The Art Bulletin 84 (1). https://doi.org/10.2307/3177257. Bachert, Hildegard. 1992. ‘Collecting the Art of Käthe Kollwitz.’ In Kathe Kollwitz, 117–36. New Haven: Yale University Press. Bahr, Hermann. 1984. ‘Expressionism (1916).’ In ‘Primitivism’ in 20th Century Art: Affinity of the Tribal and the Modern, edited by William Rubin. New York: Museum of Modern Art. Behr, Shulamith. n.d. ‘Künstlergruppe Brücke and the Public Sphere: Bridging the Gender Divide.’ In New Perspectives on Bru ̈ cke Expressionism: Bridging History, 99–123. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate. ———. 1988. Women Expressionists. Oxford: Phaidon. ———. 2006. ‘Kandinsky, Münter and Creative Partnership.’ In Kandinsky: The Path to Abstraction, 76–100. London: Tate. Betterton, Rosemary. 1996. ‘Mother Figures: The Maternal Nude in the Work of Käthe Kollwitz and Paula Modersohn-Becker.’ In An Intimate Distance: Women, Artists, and the Body, 20–45. -
Ernst Ludwig Kirchner (1880-1938): Early Female Nudes in Landscapes
Virginia Commonwealth University VCU Scholars Compass Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 2010 Ernst Ludwig Kirchner (1880-1938): Early Female Nudes in Landscapes Kathryn Rogge Virginia Commonwealth University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd Part of the Arts and Humanities Commons © The Author Downloaded from https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/158 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at VCU Scholars Compass. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of VCU Scholars Compass. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Ernst Ludwig Kirchner (1880-1938): Early Female Nudes in Landscapes A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts at Virginia Commonwealth University. b y Kathryn Suzanne Rogge Bachelor of Arts, Virginia Commonwealth University, 2006 Director: Eric Garberson, Associate Professor Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, Virginia December, 2010 Table of Contents Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………….……i Acknowledgements………..............................................................................................................ii List of Illustrations…………………………..................................................................................iii Introduction…………………………………..................................................................................1 Chapter 1: Kirchner, Feminism, and the Female Nude...................................................................4