The Ocean Life Below Water and Why It Matters Norma Patricia Muñoz Sevilla, Marisa Lopez, Ana Hanhausen-Doménech

Climate Ambition and Sustainability Action May 2020 Analytical Brief The Ocean Life Below Water and Why it Matters Norma Patricia Muñoz Sevilla, Marisa Lopez, Ana Hanhausen-Doménech Key questions >>> ● Why does the ocean matter? How is the ocean important for sustainable development? ● What does the sustainable blue economy offer us? ● What are the ocean knowledge gaps? ● How do we need to develop a multidisciplinary ocean science? Background The ocean covers around three-quarters of the earth's sustainability of coastal ocean ecosystems surface and contains more than 90% of living species on (Vanderweerd in Sherman and McGovern, 2011). our planet. The ocean is also the single largest Ocean acidification is also a growing threat that may be ecosystem in the world, and it provides food for billions more important than warming, pollution and of people worldwide, as well as maritime transport, overfishing (Roberts, 2011). renewable energies, and other goods and services like Why Does the Ocean Matter? regulating, cultural and supporting services. Oceans mean different things for different people: life, Nevertheless, the ocean is not indestructible, and our passion or wonderment; vastly important; a very footprint is very large. Overfishing, toxic pollution, important source of life and energy; an incredible invasive species, nutrient over-enrichment, habitat source of food and amazing source of biodiversity; it's degradation and destruction, biodiversity loss, wild, exciting, terrifying and exhilarating; means a lot dependence of a growing global population on its goods to me, if something happens I will not have the fun I’m and services, and coastal development, all threaten the used to; it's a livelihood, it's been there for generations and hopefully will be there for generations to come.’ The expansion of protected areas for marine (Adapted from video excerpt, Plymouth Marine biodiversity and existing policies and treaties that Laboratory, 2011, in Muñoz-Sevilla and Le Bail 2017). encourage responsible use of ocean resources are still insufficient to combat the adverse effects of According to the World Wildlife Fund, the ocean is overfishing, growing ocean acidification and worsening currently valued at $24 trillion dollars. The goods and coastal eutrophication. As billions of people depend on services from marine environments add up to an oceans for their livelihood and food source, increased additional $2.5 trillion yearly. This means the ocean efforts and interventions are needed to conserve and would have the seventh-largest GDP in the world. sustainably use ocean resources at all levels. However, the value of the ocean relies on its current output, which in turn depends on its conditions. Climate ● Ocean acidification is caused by the uptake of change, ocean acidification, habitat destruction, atmospheric CO2 by the ocean, which changes pollution and overfishing are endangering the ocean and the chemical composition of the seawater. threatening its value and the security and livelihood of Long-term observations over the past 30 years the three billion people who depend on it. Most of these have shown an average increase of acidity of 26 people live in Small Island Developing States, they are percent since pre-industrial times. At this rate, among the ones who contribute least to these issues, but an increase of 100 to 150 percent is predicted they are the ones at most risk, as they’re already by the end of the century, with serious vulnerable. (Hoegh-Guldberg 2015) consequences for marine life. Agenda 2030: SDG 13 and SDG 14 ● To achieve sustainable development of A historical change has been taking place for the past fisheries, fish stocks must be maintained at a 23 years, from Agenda 21 to Agenda 2030. At the Rio biologically sustainable level. Analysis reveals de Janeiro Earth Summit in 1992, more than 178 that the fraction of world marine fish stocks that countries adopted Agenda 21. The Millennium are within biologically sustainable levels declaration was adopted after the 2000 Millennium declined from 90 percent in 1974 to 66.9 Summit in New York. 10 years after the Rio Earth percent in 2015. 2 Summit, in the Millennium Development Goals ● As of December 2018, over 24 million km (MDGs) that were adopted during the Earth Summit in (17.2 per cent) of waters under national Johannesburg, ocean issues were included in the jurisdiction (0–200 nautical miles from a conversation for the first time. national border) were covered by protected areas, a significant increase from 12 percent in In 2012, at the United Nations Conference on 2015 and more than double the extent covered Sustainable Development (also popularly known as in 2010. The protected areas increased from Rio+20), member states adopted the document titled 31.2 per cent in 2000 to 44.7 per cent in 2015 “The Future We Want”, which set the process of and to 45.7 per cent in 2018. developing the sustainable development goals (SDGs) ● Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing building on the MDGs. Finally, during the UN remains one of the greatest threats to Sustainable Development Summit in 2015, seventeen sustainable fisheries, the livelihoods of those SDGs were adopted which are an integral part of the who depend upon them and marine ecosystems. 2030 Agenda. Most countries have taken measures to combat Progress of SDG 14 in 2019 such fishing and have adopted an increasing number of fisheries management instruments in ● From Florida to Thailand, the number of sea the past decade. turtles nests has increased on the now-empty ● Small-scale fisheries are present in almost all beaches. The rapid recovery of marine countries, accounting for more than half of total wildlife in coastal areas shows how extensive production on average, in terms of both our impacts are and highlights the importance quantity and value. To promote small-scale of protected areas. fishers’ access to productive resources, services ● Fishers around the world are struggling with and markets, most countries have developed decreased demand, lack of sanitary conditions targeted regulatory and institutional and logistical challenges. In some countries, frameworks. However, more than 20 per cent of like India, food security of the communities countries have a low to medium level of may be affected by this disruption of supply implementation of such frameworks, chains. particularly in Oceania and Central and South ● PADI and Rash’R are producing (non- Asia. profit) reusable face masks made from Ocean plastic, with designs based on sea animals! The Ocean Decade Final Remarks To recognize that more needs to be done to mitigate the global decline in ocean health, in December 2017, the We can all take small steps towards protecting our UN declared 2021 to 2030 as the decade of ‘Ocean ocean. Reduction of single-use plastic, responsible fish Science and Sustainable Development’. consumption, avoiding ocean harming products, and making your voice heard can all directly contribute The Ocean Decade will strengthen international towards a healthier ocean. However, more indirect cooperation in all levels by strengthening dialogues, approaches can be taken by reducing the amount of developing partnerships, developing capacity-building greenhouse gases produced by our daily activities and, and leveraging investment, while supporting the entire therefore, reducing our carbon footprint. Reducing red 2030 Agenda for sustainable development. Other meat consumption, consuming locally sourced products critical goals include improving ocean literacy and and using personal vehicles less are all examples of education to modify social norms and behaviors, and small steps we can take towards reducing our impact. creating new models for ocean action. The sum of individual actions can truly make a The Ocean Decade aims to include science-informed difference in the fate of our ocean. mitigation and adaptation policies around the world and Collectively, we need to form a global ocean share knowledge with coastal communities who are community, acknowledging that all of our actions have most vulnerable to the changes of the ocean. (Claudet et an impact on the ocean (Claudet et al. 2019). And, al. 2019) although it is incumbent on each of us to take steps to The COVID-19 Pandemic and the Ocean protect the ocean, collective action is also required. From Little Blue Letter, Glen Wright New models for ocean action, which are collaborative, intergenerational, cross-cultural, and multi-sectoral, are Marine creatures are enjoying some quiet time ● needed in the coming decade, in order to protect our as underwater noise levels drop. Scientists are beloved ocean. studying these effects on marine mammals. The ocean is our life support system, it connects every difference, even if the difference might be small, after one of us, you can think of the ocean as the blue heart all individual small drops of sea water can make up the vast ocean. (Adapted from video excerpt, Plymouth of this planet, but then we look after that heart and we Marine Laboratory 2011, in Muñoz-Sevilla and Le Bail know how we are damaging it and it needs intensive 2017). care. We know that scientists, politicians and stakeholders are talking to each other, but it isn’t just up to them, each and every one of us can make the Bibliography Cheung, W. et al (2013), “Signature of Ocean Warming in Global Fisheries Catch”, Nature, 497(2013): 365–368. Claudet, J. et al (2019), “A Roadmap for Using the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development in Support of Science, Policy, and Action”, One Earth, 2(1): 34-42. Halpern, B. et al (2012), “An Index to Assess the Health and Benefits of the Global Ocean, Nature, 488(2012): 615–620. UNESCO and UNEP (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization and United Nations Environment Programme) (2016), Large Marine Ecosystems: Status and Trends, Summary for Policy Makers, Nairobi: UNEP. Muñoz-Sevilla N. and M.

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