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Tractor Design and Testing Tractor Design and Testing Dr. Manjit Singh Dr. L. N. Shukla Tractor Design and Testing -: Course Content Developed By :- Dr. Manjit Singh Research Engineer Department of Farm Machinery and Power Engg., PAU, Ludhiana Content Reviewed by :- Dr. L. N. Shukla Retd. ADR (Engg.) PAU, Ludhiana INDEX Lesson Name Page No. Module 1. Introduction about design and development of Agril. Tractor Lesson 1. Hierarchical Development in Tractor Design 5-9 Lesson 2. Different Type of Tractors Available in India/abroad & 10-16 it’sImportance in Agriculture Lesson 3. Recent Trends in Tractor Design 17-23 Module 2. Study of special design features of tractor engines and their selection Lesson 4. Selection of engines available in the market and their 24-29 performance Lesson 5. Design requirements for tractor engine components and 30-36 systems. Lesson 6. Engine design changes for emission reduction 37-42 Module 3. Study of basic design parameters for traction,mechanics of chassis 39 and stability of tractors Lesson 7. Soil machine systems for off-road vehicles 43-50 Lesson 8. Traction mechanics and its prediction 51-62 Lesson 9. Mechanics of tractor chassis and stability analysis 63-74 Module 4. Selection of different mechanical power transmission units of 71 Agril. Tractor Lesson 10. Tractor clutches and brakes 75-87 Lesson 11. Different types of gear and power transmission systems 88-107 in tractors. Module 5. Study of tractor steering and suspension systems Lesson 12. Introduction and selection of different components for 108-114 steering systems. Lesson 13. Study of tractor suspension system 115-120 Module 6. Design and analysis of tractor hitch system geometry Lesson 14. Design of various components of three point hitch 121-129 systems. Lesson 15. Kinematic and force Analysis of hitch system geometry 130-132 Module 7. Design of a tractor hydraulic system Lesson 16. Study of tractor hydraulic systems and controls 133-139 Lesson 17. Hydraulic system design considerations 140-143 Lesson 18. Design of main components of a hydraulic System 144-150 Module 8. Study of electrical, electronics and guidance system of a tractor Lesson 19. Electrical System of tractor 151-162 Lesson 20. Electronics and guidance system of tractor 163-166 Module 9. Ergonomics, controls and safety features of an agricultural tractors158 Lesson 21. Importance of ergonomics in tractor and agricultural 167-171 machinery design. Lesson 22. Human engineering in tractor design 172-187 Lesson 23. Tractor noise, vibration and other environmental factors 188-196 Lesson 24. Safety features including ROPS in tractor 197-199 Module 10. Tractor testing Lesson 25. Standardization and importance of testing for tractors 200-203 Lesson 26. Procedure of testing and standard code for testing of 204-209 tractor performance Module 11. General revision Lesson 27. Indian Tractor Industry 210-214 Lesson 28. Cost estimation and selection of tractor 215-225 Lesson 29. Optimization of Tractor Field Efficiency to Save 226-227 Energy/Fuel Lesson 30. Alternative Fuels for IC Engines 228-234 Tractor Design and Testing Module 1. Introduction about design and development of Agril. Tractor Lesson 1. Hierarchical Development in Tractor Design 1. Introduction: In 1917, Henry Ford introduced the Fordson tractor weighing one ton. The Fordson soon ruled the tractor industry, accounting for 75 percent of the U.S. market share and 50 percent of the worldwide share. Nevertheless, the tractor business remained a competitive field, at least for a few decades, and competition helped foster innovations. Tractors themselves got smaller and more lightweight and were designed with a higher ground clearance, making them capable of cultivation through the standing crop. I. Engines: Experiments with engines were conducted date back many centuries, but James Watt is credited with patenting the first practical steam engine in 1769 (Gray 1954b). A steam engine for agricultural work was in use by 1849 (Norbeck, 1976). It was pulled from place to place using draft animals. Development of power trains and crude steering systems transformed the steam engines into tractors that could be used for heavy drawbar work. By 1858, J. W. Fawkes had produced a steam tractor that can pull eight plows at 4.8 km/h in virgin sod (Gray, 1954b). By 1907, tractors with internal combustion (IC) engines were beginning to appear. Competition between the two types of tractors was fierce and climaxed in the tractor trials that were held in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada in 1908-1911 (Goering et. al. 2003), where the limitations of the steam tractors became apparent. Steam tractors required an operating crew, including two men to run the tractor and two to haul coal and water. The firebox of steam tractors was usually fired with coal, and the open-cycle engine required periodic replenishment of the boiler water. A tractor with an IC engine required only one person to operate. After the Winnipeg trials, steam tractors rapidly gave way to tractors with IC engines. The transition helped transform agriculture. Steam tractors were large and clumsy, lacking the versatility that tractors with IC engines provided. Steam tractors could not be used until the fire was started in the fire box and the water was brought to a boil. When the job was finished, the energy stored' in the heated water was wasted. Conversely, IC engines could be started and stopped quickly and, not having a firebox or boiler, could be made much - smaller. 5 www.AgriMoon.Com Tractor Design and Testing II. Pneumatic Tires/Traction: Rubber tires designed for agricultural use came along in 1933, making it much easier for tractors to function even on the roughest, muddiest ground. An Allis-Chalmers Model U tractor belonging to Albert Schroeder of Waukesha, Wisconsin, was outfitted with a pair of Firestone 48X12 airplane tires in place of lugged steel wheels. Tests by the University of Nebraska Tractor Test Laboratory found that rubber wheels resulted in a 25 percent improvement in fuel economy. Rubber wheels also mean smoother, faster driving with less wear and tear on tractor parts and the driver. Minneapolis Marine Power Implement Company even markets a "Comfort Tractor" with road speeds up to 40 mph, making it usable on public roads or hauling grain or transporting equipment and ever mindful of the power plant. As manufacturers seek better productivity through improvements in transmissions, tires, and engine power, some tractors have become heavy again. To avoid soil compaction problems, modern tractors are sometimes '4 wheel driven' (4WD), with the weight evenly distributed over the four wheels. Dual or twin wheels are sometimes fitted to further reduce ground pressure. Four-wheel drive tractors began to appear in the 1960s. Some four-wheel drive tractors have the standard "two large, two small" configuration typical of smaller tractors, while some have four large, powered wheels. The larger tractors are typically an articulated, center-hinged design steered by hydraulic cylinders that move the forward power unit while the trailing unit is not steered separately. III. Power Take Off (PTO): Experimental power take-offs (PTOs) were tried as early as 1878, but in 1918, IRC was first to install a PTO on a production tractor (Goering, 2004). This option was on their Mode115-30 tractor in 1920, when it was the first tractor with a PTO to undergo a Nebraska tractor test. However, that PTO was not tested; rather, belt pulley power was measured in those days. Another early innovation, introduced by International Harvester in 1922, was the so-called power takeoff. This device consisted of a metal shaft that transmitted the engine power directly to a towed implement such as a reaper through a universal joint or similar mechanism; in other words, the implement "took off" power from the tractor engine. An early question was whether the PTO speed should be keyed to ground speed or engine speed. In 1925, experience in rice-producing states demonstrated the wisdom of linking PTO speed, to engine speed. The rice crop was heavy and traction was poor, but the grain binders could run at full speed while travel speed was reduced to accommodate the heavy crop. In 1926, ASAE adopted the first PTO standard that specified the direction, speed, size, shape and location of the PTO shaft. The first standard speed was 536 rpm, which got rounded-off to 540 rpm. Later, when power demands rose, the 1000 rpm PTO was developed. The John Deere Company followed in 1927 with a power lift that raised and lowered hitched implements at the end of each row—a time- and labor-saving breakthrough. Engineers in the 1930s came up with diesel engines, which provided more power at a lower cost. 6 www.AgriMoon.Com Tractor Design and Testing IV. Hydraulic System: Irish mechanic Harry Ferguson developed a tractor that incorporated an innovative hydraulic draft control system, which raised and lowered attached implements—such as tillers, mowers, post-hole diggers, and plows are automatically adjust their needed depth.In 1917, Henry Ford had formed a company (Ford and Son) separate from his automobile business to manufacture farm tractors (Wendell, 1979). Their Fordson tractor was manufactured and sold until 1928, at which point Ford & Son was merged back into the Ford Motor Company. The David Brown Company in England was the first to build the tractor, but Ferguson also claim it to Henry Ford in the United States. With a handshake agreement, Ford manufactures Ferguson‘s tractor and implements from 1939 to 1948. The three point hitch was developed by Harry Ferguson by 1935, after 17 years of experimentation. In 1936; he began selling a light tractor equipped with the hitch in the British Isles and Norway. The Ferguson system included an automatic draft control system that was very effective. In 1938, Ferguson demonstrated his tractor to Henry Ford in the U.S.
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