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Summary of Results from POSEJDON Plasma-Focus

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Summary of Results from POSEJDON Plasma-Focus 2168-4 Joint ICTP-IAEA Workshop on Dense Magnetized Plasma and Plasma Diagnostics 15 - 26 November 2010 Summary of results from POSEJDON Plasma-Focus H. Schmidt Herrenberg Germany Diagnostics and Scaling of Fusion- Produced Neutrons in PF Experiments Hellmut Schmidt International Centre for Dense Magnetized Plasmas, Warsaw and University of Stuttgart, Germany Trieste Neutrons in PF 1 November 2010 Experiments Outline • Introduction • Neutron Detection – Activation – Scintillation – TLDs and Bubble detectors • Neutron Diagnostics – Fusion Reaction Models – Gyrating Particle Model • Scaling of Neutron Yield – Beam Target and Thermal Production of Neutrons Trieste Neutrons in PF 2 November 2010 POSEIDON Introduction Trieste Neutrons in PF 3 November 2010 POSEIDON Radial Compression (Pinch) Phase of the Plasma Focus Trieste Neutrons in PF 4 November 2010 POSEIDON Density sheath of POSEIDON PF Before maximal compression Trieste Neutrons in PF 5 November 2010 POSEIDON Current and Density Sheaths In a Mather type Plasma Focus t2 t3 t1 cathode anode Trieste Neutrons in PF 6 November 2010 POSEIDON Radial Streak Picture, shot 5055 of PF1000 4 cm 0 100 200 t [ns] Trieste Neutrons in PF 7 November 2010 POSEIDON Radial Streak Picture of PF1000 (shot 5055) 0 100 200 ns m c 4 first pinch „second“ pinch implosion of the current sheath development explosion of instabilities Typical Behaviour Trieste Neutrons in PF 8 November 2010 POSEIDON Radial Streak Pictures of POSEIDON (280 kJ) Bad Behaviour Typical Behaviour Trieste Neutrons in PF 9 November 2010 POSEIDON Plasma Focus Phases Trieste Neutrons in PF 10 November 2010 POSEIDON 5 Schlieren pictures First neutron pulse Trieste Neutrons in PF 11 November 2010 POSEIDON 5 Schlieren pictures Second neutron pulse Trieste Neutrons in PF 12 November 2010 POSEIDON Trieste Neutrons in PF 13 November 2010 POSEIDON Neutron Detection Trieste Neutrons in PF 14 November 2010 POSEIDON Neutron Activation Trieste Neutrons in PF 15 November 2010 POSEIDON Be-detector Trieste Neutrons in PF 16 November 2010 POSEIDON Front When with used fast neutrons, the counter is normal November 2010 2010 November Trieste between 32 plates NE 110 plasticbetween 110 32scintillator plates NE 31silver foils(101.6 203.2 0.245x x mm), 1-mm-thickaluminium entrance window Example a specific of design Silver activation counter counts (102.0204.0mm) 3.2 x x 10 10 10 _ 450 activity 24-s _ _ 2.4-minactivity 500 550 600 _ _ Neutrons in PF PF Neutronsin _ _ POSEIDON seconds _ _ ly placed within polyethylenea moderator _ 650 700 750 800 _ _ _ _ background _ _ _ _ _ _ _ clearsilicon rubberpad _ _ lightpipe __ _ _ _ _ _ Lucite __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ aluminium Back Photomultiplier housing 17 Activity after insertion in a constant neutron flux Trieste Neutrons in PF 18 November 2010 POSEIDON Bonner spheres with TLDs and silver activation detectors PF1000 in Warsaw Trieste Neutrons in PF 19 November 2010 POSEIDON Scintillation Detectors • Scintillators connected to PM- Tubes • Time resolution in the ns range Trieste Neutrons in PF 20 November 2010 POSEIDON Bubble detectors They integrate the neutron yield Bubbles have to be counted Calibration necessary Trieste Neutrons in PF 21 November 2010 POSEIDON Neutron Diagnostics Trieste Neutrons in PF 22 November 2010 POSEIDON Beam Target Processes and their verification Trieste Neutrons in PF 23 November 2010 POSEIDON Ion Trajectories in the Azimuthal Magnetic Field of the Pinch Current Trieste Neutrons in PF 24 November 2010 POSEIDON Trieste Neutrons in PF 25 November 2010 POSEIDON Two Neutron emitting Phases Correlated to Plasma Dynamics Trieste Neutrons in PF 26 November 2010 POSEIDON Trieste Neutrons in PF 27 November 2010 POSEIDON 8 mbar Trieste Neutrons in PF 28 November 2010 POSEIDON Trieste Neutrons in PF 29 November 2010 POSEIDON Neutron pinhole measurements Trieste Neutrons in PF 30 November 2010 POSEIDON Pinhole Measurements Setup for Neutrons Trieste Neutrons in PF 31 November 2010 POSEIDON Pinhole for Neutrons Trieste Neutrons in PF 32 November 2010 POSEIDON Array of Scintillators Connected via Light Fibres To Photomultipliers Trieste Neutrons in PF 33 November 2010 POSEIDON Trieste Neutrons in PF 34 November 2010 POSEIDON Trieste Neutrons in PF 35 November 2010 POSEIDON Neutron Time of Flight Measurements Trieste Neutrons in PF 36 November 2010 POSEIDON Trieste Neutrons in PF 37 November 2010 POSEIDON Trieste Neutrons in PF 38 November 2010 POSEIDON Trieste Neutrons in PF 39 November 2010 POSEIDON Trieste Neutrons in PF 40 November 2010 POSEIDON Large gap (36 mm) Small gap (28.5 mm) Trieste Neutrons in PF 41 November 2010 POSEIDON Neutron Yield and -> relaxation of deuterons Trieste Neutrons in PF 42 November 2010 POSEIDON Why Reaction Proton Diagnostics? Trieste Neutrons in PF 43 November 2010 POSEIDON Trieste Neutrons in PF 44 November 2010 POSEIDON Proton Diagnostics Solid state nuclear track detectors are used for the registration of protons Individual particles can be registered using an etching process. Small craters are visible under the Microscope Spectral information can be obtained using absorbing metal foils Trieste Neutrons in PF 45 November 2010 POSEIDON Trieste Neutrons in PF 46 November 2010 POSEIDON Trieste Neutrons in PF 47 November 2010 POSEIDON Trieste Neutrons in PF 48 November 2010 POSEIDON Pinhole picture of P i n h o l e p i c t u r Trieste Neutrons in PF 49 November 2010 POSEIDON Proton spectra Trieste Neutrons in PF 50 November 2010 POSEIDON Calculated SpectraC a Trieste Neutrons in PF 51 November 2010 POSEIDON Neutron diagnostics deliver valuable information on various processes which occur in the plasma, such as: Pinch dynamics fast ion beams interacting with a target fast ion energy distributions Fusion neutron measurements should be complemented by Fusion proton measurements . Trieste Neutrons in PF 52 November 2010 POSEIDON Trieste Neutrons in PF 53 November 2010 POSEIDON Gyrating Particle Model Trieste Neutrons in PF 54 November 2010 POSEIDON Trieste Neutrons in PF 55 November 2010 POSEIDON Trieste Neutrons in PF 56 November 2010 POSEIDON Trieste Neutrons in PF 57 November 2010 POSEIDON Trieste Neutrons in PF 58 November 2010 POSEIDON Trieste Neutrons in PF 59 November 2010 POSEIDON Trieste Neutrons in PF 60 November 2010 POSEIDON Trieste Neutrons in PF 61 November 2010 POSEIDON Trieste Neutrons in PF 62 November 2010 POSEIDON Trieste Neutrons in PF 63 November 2010 POSEIDON Trieste Neutrons in PF 64 November 2010 POSEIDON Scaling Trieste Neutrons in PF 65 November 2010 POSEIDON Michel, Darmstadt, 1974 Trieste Neutrons in PF 66 November 2010 POSEIDON Bernard, Limeil, 1977 Trieste Neutrons in PF 67 November 2010 POSEIDON Krompholz / Herold 1981 /1991 Trieste Neutrons in PF 68 November 2010 POSEIDON Herold 1989 Influence of insulator material! Trieste Neutrons in PF 69 November 2010 POSEIDON Scholz 2010 Ic - Current on collector probe, at the max current on ACMP Ip - Max current on ACMP, measured at 40/12 mm Trieste Neutrons in PF 70 November 2010 POSEIDON Scholz 2010 Results for probe position at r = 40 mm Ic - Current on collector probe, at the max current on ACMP Ip - Max current on ACMP, measured at 40/12 mm Trieste Neutrons in PF 71 November 2010 POSEIDON Lee 2009 Figure 4. Assembly of experimental data to obtain Yn scaling with current; loosely termed as the current or pinch current in the literature. This is the experimental curve from which a calibration point is obtained, at 0.5 MA, to calibrate the neutron yield equation (3) for the Lee model code. Trieste Neutrons in PF 72 November 2010 POSEIDON L Lee, 2009 e e Trieste Neutrons in PF 73 November 2010 POSEIDON Geometry for Lee-Model Trieste Neutrons in PF 74 November 2010 POSEIDON Spherical Geometry – Different results for scaling expected Trieste Neutrons in PF 75 November 2010 POSEIDON Trieste Neutrons in PF 76 November 2010 POSEIDON Trieste Neutrons in PF 77 November 2010 POSEIDON Conclusions • Neutrons from a plasma focus, measured as a function of time, location and direction of emission reveal quite a number of important parameters on fusion reactions occurring in the dense high current phase of the experiment. In addition determination of the energy spectra of the emitted neutrons are important for understanding of the mechanisms taking place for the neutron production. The two main reasons for neutron diagnostics are 1) to determine the fusion yield, i.e. the efficiency of a device and its scaling; and 2) to learn the characteristics of the fusion reactions. • Correlations of the neutron emission to other properties of a plasma focus such as pinch current, plasma density and temperature as well as electron beam and ion beam emission are of importance as well. • Methods and results of neutron diagnostics for large experiments such as the former experiment Poseidon in Stuttgart and PF 1000 in Warsaw were presented and discussed. • Neutron diagnostics presented include nuclear track detectors, plastic scintillators coupled to photomultipliers, activation measurements, time-of-flight methods as well as pinholes for spatial resolution of the neutron source. • The well known scaling law according to which neutron yield scales roughly with the square of the energy input and the fourth power of the current was commented. Reasons for strong deviations from this law for high energy – know as saturation – are still a subject of debate. Trieste Neutrons in PF 78 November 2010 POSEIDON References: Liberman, A.M., De Groot, J.S., Toor, A., Spielman, R. Physics of High-Density Z-Pinch Plasmas Springer, 1998 Schmidt, H. Plasma focus and z-pinch Proceedings of the II Latin-American Workshop on Plasma Physics and Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion, CIF Series, Vol. 12, pp. 1-30 Medellin, Colombia, 16-28 Feb. 1987 Editor: R. Krikorian Schmidt, H. Neutron Yield Optimization of Plasma Focus Devices J.
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