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EZRA and NEHEMIAH 1Lonbott: C ~bt C:antbrtbgc 1Stblt for i:cboolu anb <tollcgtu. THE BOOKS OF EZRA AND NEHEMIAH 1Lonbott: c. J. CLAY AND SONS, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS WAREHOUSE, AVE MARIA LANE. Ol:antbtl1:ig1: DEIGHTON, BELL, AND CO. ~1iJJ,ig: F. A. BROCKHAUS. ffetb:J '!!!orlt: MACMILLAN AND CO, 32° 36° 480 - .. - ' .., (J , • • l frt, '·- t' .......... --. ' l' " ... , , ' • ' ' • I '\ ~ ui ' I - ·-- \ -~ ~- I - -- - - .... ' ' ---,: • r,q , I NE.DI I 'l'ERR.ANE.AN S E .A I • 8 • E ,,,. 0 '' ~ • " • ~ < r~---· 0 I 1f )..z . A \ . ""'- • ~ 0 A A B I A ,• .' V""..., .,. ~ • - ,,. • WESTERN ASIA I to .ill,atrate THE CAPTIVITY OF J UDAH 28 u B:.f"~• lM •••• p p :r • ''BED SE.A _, ... 32° 36° 48• Sw.nlord ~bt ctambrtbgt titbit fur §,ci)oolu anb €.olltgtu. GENERAL EDITOR :-J. J. s. PEROWNE, D.D. J3ISHOP OF WORCESTER, THE BOOKS OF EZRA AND NEHEMIAH WITH INTRODUCTION, NOTES AND MAPS BY HERBERT EDWARD RYLE, B.D. HULSEAN PROFESSOR OF DIVINITY, PROFESSORIAL FELLOW OF KING'S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE; AND EXAMINING CHAPLAIN TO THE LORD BISHOP OF RIPON, EDITED FOR THE SYNDICS OF THE UNIVERSITY PRESS. CAMBRIDGE: AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS. 1893 [All Rights reserved,] (!t:ambtibge PRINTED MV C. J. CLAY M,A. ANU S.ONS AT THE UNIVERSITY PRE~S PREFACE DY THE GENERAL EDITOR. THE General Editor of Tlte Cambridge Bible for Schools thinks it right to say that he does not hold himself responsible either for the interpretation of particular passages which the Editors of the several Books have adopted, or for any opinion on points of doctrine that they may have expressed. In the New Testament more especially questions arise of the deepest theological import, on which the ablest and most conscientious interpreters have differed anci always will differ. His aim has been in all such cases to leave each Contributor to the unfettered exercise of his own judgment, only taking care that mere controversy should as far as possible be avoided. He has contented himself chiefly with a careful revision of the notes, with pointing out omissions, with 6 PREFACE. suggesting occasionally a reconsideration of some question, or a fuller treatment of difficult passages, and the like. Beyond this he has not attempted to interfere, feeling it better that each Commentary should have its own individual character, and being convinced that freshness and variety of treatment are more than a compensation for any lack of uniformity ir.. the ·series. CONTENTS. PAGES J. INTRODUCTION. Ezra and Nehemiah: originally one work .... .. ix-xiii Name .................................................. xiii-xv Contents xv-xvii Structure xvii-xxiii Date and Authorship: Relation to the Books of Chronicles ...................................... xxiii-xxix § 6. Outline of History ................................... xxix-xlv § 7· Antiquities ............................................ xlv-lix § s. Aramaic Dialect and Hebrew Characters ..•... lix-lxiv § 9· Place in the Canon ................................ lxv, lxvi § ro. Relation to other literature ....................... lxvi-lxix § u. Importance of Ezra and Nehemiah ............ lxix-lxxi § r,. Bibliography .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. lxxi-lxxii II. TEXT AND NOTES ......................................... INDEX ...................................\........................ 3zr-328 MAPS Western Asia ............................................. To face Title Jerusalem ............................................. at end efvolume Environs of Jerusalem . .... .. • .. .. at end ef volume * * The Text adopted in this Edition is that of Dr Scrivener's * Cambridge Paragraph Bible. A few variations from the ordi­ nary Text, chiefly in the spelling of certain words, and in the use of italics, will be noticed. For the principles adopted by Dr Scrivener as regards the printing of the Text see his In­ troduction to the Paragraph Bible, published by the Cambridge University Press. INTRODUCTION. § 1. Ezra and Nehemiah: originally one work. EZRA and Nehemiah are not, as the English reader is apt to suppose, two distinct books, but the two portions into which a single work has been divided. It has been due to what might almost be called a literary accident that the two portions are not even now known as the First and Second Books of Ezra. If the use of that ancient appellation had been retained in the English Bible, the relation betw~n the two portions of the work would more generally have been seen to be the sanie as that which subsists between the two Books of Samuel, be­ tween the two Books of Kings, and between the two Books of Chronicles. The original unity of the two books appears indeed from a close examination of their contents and structure ; and to this it will be necessary to refer later on. But, apart from the in­ ternal evidence, the testimony of antiquity is practically con­ clusive upon the subject. For it leaves us in no sort of doubt that, in the Hebrew Canon of Scripture, our books of .Ezra and Nehemiah ranked from the first as one book bearing the title of Ezra. (a) When Josephus speaks of the Jewish Scriptures as twenty-two books in all, and as containing the Pentateuch, thirteen historical books, and- four books of poetry and moral EZRA b X INTRODUCTION. maxims, it is generally admitted that he reckons Ezra-Nehemiah as one of the historical works 1. (b) When, again, Melito, Bishop of Sardis, writing about 180 A.D., enumerates the twenty-two books of the Hebrew Scriptures according to a list which he has obtained from Jewish sources in Syria, he mentions "Ezra" alone (ap. Euseb. Hist. Eccl., iv. 26). (c) The ancient Jewish tradition preserved in the Talmud (Baba bathra fol. r4 c. 2), respecting the order and authorship of the Hebrew Scriptures, mentions "Ezra" alone, and makes no re(erence to Nehemiah. (d) The Massoretes, the renowned but nameless Jewish Scholars of the Middle Ages, who appended to each book in the Hebrew Bible notes relating to the number of words, letters, sections &c. in the book, treated Ezra and Nehemiah as a single continuous work. No Massoretic notes are found after Ezra x. 44 till we come to the end of Nehemiah, and then they relate to the contents of our two books reckoned together. For instance, they state N eh. iii. 22 to be the middle verse of the book. (e) In the great Jewish Commentaries, e.g. of Rashi, Aben Ezra, the exposition passes directly from Ezra x. 44 to N eh. i. r. The transition is, not that from one book to another, but, as it were, from one paragraph or chapter, in the same author, to another. (/) In the Hebrew MSS., the earliest of which dates from about the tenth cent. A.D., Ezra and Nehemiah are found as one book. In some instances, slight marks of the division have been intro­ duced, generally by a later hand; they indicate the departure from the customary Hebrew tradition, and have been inserted, by way of concession to the influence of the Christian Bible, and for the sake of facilitating reference. It is not until the 16th cent. A.D. that the practice of dividing 1 In all probability Josephus included in his numeration of thirteen, (r) Joshua, (2) Judges and Ruth, (3) Samuel, (4) Kings, (5) Isaiah, (6) Jeremiah and Lamentations, (7) Ezekiel, (8) Minor Prophets, (9) Job, (10) Daniel, (11) Esther, {12) Ezra-Nehemiah, (13) Chronicles. ( Contra Apionem, c. 8.) INTRODUCTION. xi the one book into two is found introduced in Jewish copies of the Hebrew Scriptures. The division appears in the printed Hebrew Bible of Daniel Bomberg (Venice, 1525); and is now generally adopted. In the Christian Church, the evidence tends to show that the division into two books was not the earliest form in which they were known. In the oldest of the MSS. of the LXX. Version (the Vatican, Sinaitic, Alexandrine) Ezra and Nehe­ miah are one book: in the Vatican, Neh. i. 1 begins in the same line with Ezra x. 44. The Syriac and the Old Latin Versions made no division; and the Fathers, in enu­ merating the contents of the Old Testament, reckon "Ezra" as a single book, although they accepted its division into two portions. Origen (ob. 253) is the first who speaks of two books, which he calls the First and Second Ezra. But as he is careful to state that, in the Hebrew, they were one book, his evidence enables us to infer with confidence, (1) that the division into two books did not, in Origen's opinion, represent the original Hebrew usage, (2) that the division into two books very possibly had its rise in Alexandria, and either originated among the Christians, or was borrowed by them from the Jews, of that city. The separation into two books came into general use in the Church. The Fathers, however, were careful to reckon them, not as two books, but as two portions of the same book, like the books of Samuel and Kings. It was recognised that the Chris­ tian usage differed from that of the Jewish Church (cf. Jerome, Prol. Gal., Esdras qui et ipse apud Graecos et Latinos in duos libros divisus est). Some scholars, indeed, have made the suggestion that the divided form of the books is the original one. They have pointed out that, according to the tradition, the Twelve Minor Prophets were collected by the Jews into a single volume lest writings . of so small a size should be lost sight of, and that they then ranked as one book among the Hebrew Scriptures. On that analogy, it has been asked, may not Ezra and Nehemiah have been similarly treated by the Jews as one b2 xii INTRODUCTION. work, and by the scribes have been united although originally separate treatises? May not the tradition of the Alexandrian, and, if so, of the Christian usage, be more strictly true to literary history than the tradition of Hebrew usage? This plea has generally been put forward on the assumption, now generally rejected, that the two books were written, the one by Ezra, and the other by Nehemiah.
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