Star Gazer News

Astronomy News for Bluewater Stargazers Vol 15 No.3 May/Jun 2021 May/Jun 2021 SGN Contents p 1: A BAS “Thank You” and Flight 4 for Ingenuity p 2: Messages from New BAS President and Vice-President p 3: Ingenuity’s Second Flight with image from aloft p 4: Zooming to the Moon p 5: Part 2: Moon Zoom “Clair Obscur” p 6: RIP Michael Collins (Oct 1930 - Apr 2021) p 7: Quetican FoV: Universe in 21 Stars and 3 Imposters Thank you BAS members for stepping up! p 8: Quetican FoV: Book Review (cont’d) April was a crucial time for the organizational aspect of BAS and p 9: : thanks to our members, we are back on track with a full-staffed p 10: Detailed Map executive. John Lyons is our happy new president and Devin Glew is our new vice-president who also has duties as our happy p 11: Ojibwe Sky Lore: Sweat Lodge & Exhausted Bather webmeister. Lorraine, Cheryl, Zoe and the other John continue to p 12: Sky Sights: May and June be happy in their former positions as secretary, treasurer, p 13: Eclipses for May and June member-at-large and public outreach coordinator, respectively. All happy! No disintegrations forthcoming! p 14: Image of the Month: Markarian’s Chain p 15: Miscellaneous Page: Stuff for Sale

Ingenuity takes four flights on Mars NASA’s Ingenuity Mars Helicopter takes off and lands in this video captured on April 25, 2021, by Mastcam-Z, an imager aboard NASA’s Perseverance Mars rover. Link here: https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=kNx9hcrUpww&list=PLTiv_XWHnOZpzQKY C6nLf6M9AuBbng_O8&t=71s

In this second flight, the helicopter flew out of the camera field of vision while completing a flight plan that took it 50 meters downrange of the landing spot. Keep watching, the helicopter will return to stick the landing. Top speed in this flight was about 2 meters per second, or about 7 km/hour.

The Ingenuity Mars Helicopter was built by JPL, which also manages this technology demonstration project for NASA Headquarters. [Check the BAS website Blog page here: http://www.bluewaterastronomy.com/ blog-2021.html for more details about the Canadian contribution by Farah Alibay.

The second flight with an image shot by Ingenuity while it was hovering is described in more detail on page 3.

S G N BAS Club News May/Jun 2021 pg 2

Disclaimer: SGN reports on the activities of the Bluewater Astronomical BAS Executive 2021&2022 Society (formerly Bruce County Astronomical Society) but any opinions President: John Lynes presented herein are not necessarily endorsed by BAS. For up-to-date details V-President: Devin Glew relating to BAS events see the BAS website at www.bluewaterastronomy.com. Secretary: Lorraine Rodgers SGN is produced and edited by John Hlynialuk and I am solely responsible for Treasurer: Cheryl Dawson its content. I maintain a web presence at www.johns-astronomy.com. Your Member-at-Large: Zoë Kessler original articles, images, opinions, comments, observing reports, etc., are Membership: Marian Ratcliffe welcome at SGN. I reserve the right to edit for brevity or clarity. Errors or Public Outreach: John Hlynialuk

omissions are entirely mine. I will not publish your emails or other materials without your specific permission. No part of this publication shall be reproduced in any form whatsoever without the editor’s consent. However, the Sky Events and Constellation pages are free to copy for non-commercial use. Feel free to forward this issue in its entirety to friends. You are welcome to email comments and/or submissions to my regular email.

A Message From the President: …and the Vice-President:

As the weather in Woodstock has been unfavourable I have been a BAS member since 2017. Eventually I the last several weeks, I have had plenty of time to was looking for a way to make a more tangible catch up on my reading and to reorganize my contribution to the BAS, and in 2020 I took on the role astronomy travel cart. I have come to the conclusion of webmaster, creating our new website which I now that I am an Astronomy Hoarder. It appears that I can’t try to fill with content I hope members will find part with anything. It is no wonder that I have a hard interesting. Most recently, at the suggestion of a time lifting the cart into my van! member, I implemented a picture of the week feature on the home page; we have had some incredible Therefore, if [when -ed] we get together in the future at submissions from members. I am also being more the observatory and you find yourself in need of active with the blog portion of site. It is a work in something, I am willing to bet I have it. Please feel free progress, and member contributions are always to borrow any thing I have. welcome. Over the last couple of months we have been treated My first impression of the BAS way back in 2017 was to live moon documentaries by John Hlynialuk. Rowan how welcoming and helpful everyone was. Since then, my grandson and I have enjoyed these presentations the quality of the membership is what has kept me as John’s natural banter delivers an evening packed participating in the club. I have developed several with information and laughter. I have also been very fantastic friendships which I value immensely, both for impressed with the quality of the live moon views. their astronomical amount of knowledge (haha) as well Rowan and I are going to give it a try next time we are as them being kind, genuine, considerate people. allowed to visit each other.

It is my hope that we will continue with these I believe an engaged membership is incredibly presentations picking a different phase of Moon each important to the long term success of the BAS; this month. With John’s help and with the help of other goes from the Executive down. With that in mind, club members (please volunteer) who are able to do thank you to everyone who participated in our most live presentations we should be able to follow the recent election which resulted in me being elected VP. I terminator as it steadily slides across the moon … a take this role very seriously and will do my best to sort of armchair travel documentary that will take a guide our club in a direction that will attract new year or more. members, retain current ones, and hopefully be the positive experience for others that it has been for me. Devin and John have been developing step-by-step procedures for making use of the Fox Observatory I value and welcome all of your input. You can contact grounds after the stay-at-home order has ended. me anytime. [See note below -ed] These procedures should be in your hands by the end Devin Glew of May. Zoey has embarked on a long term project. Her goal is to develop plans for the BAS’s future development and recruitment of youth and women. A note about emails and phone numbers: Don’t be surprised if she taps you on the shoulder for Due to privacy regulations, this and future issues of some assistance and advice. SGN will no longer publish any email addresses or phone numbers or other private information of BAS Finally if you have anything that might be of interest to executive, columnists, or regular members. BAS the group please feel free to contact me. members will receive an email shortly from the President explaining the process of communication John Lynes with exec as the need arises.

S G N Ingenuity Flies Again,Takes Images! May/Jun 2021 pg 3

This is the first color image of the Martian surface taken by an The Ingenuity Mars Helicopter was built by JPL, which also aerial vehicle while it was aloft. The Ingenuity Mars Helicopter manages this technology demonstration project for NASA captured it with its color camera during its second successful Headquarters. It is supported by NASA’s Science Mission flight test on April 22, 2021. At the time this image, Ingenuity was Directorate, Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate, and Space 17 feet (5.2 meters) above the surface and pitching (moving the Technology Mission Directorate. NASA’s Ames Research Center camera’s field of view upward) so the helicopter could begin its 7- and Langley Research Center provided significant flight foot (2-meter) translation to the west – away from the rover. The performance analysis and technical assistance during Ingenuity’s image, as well as the inset showing a closeup of a portion of the development. AeroVironment Inc., Qualcomm, Snapdragon, and tracks the Perseverance Mars rover and Mars surface features, SolAero also provided design assistance and major vehicle demonstrates the utility of scouting Martian terrain from an aerial components. The Mars Helicopter Delivery System was designed perspective. NASA’s video is here: https://youtu.be/kNx9hcrUpww and manufactured by Lockheed Space Systems, Denver.

Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech The winding parallel discolourations in the surface reveal the tread of the six-wheeled rover. Perseverance itself is located top center, just out frame. “Wright Brothers Field” is in the vicinity of the During flight No. 4, the Perseverance Rover captured audio of the helicopter’s shadow, bottom center, with the actual point of takeoff winds and helicopter blades spinning as Ingenuity powered up and of the helicopter just below the image. A portion of the landing flew it path. Have a listen here: pads on two of the helicopter’s four landing legs can be seen in on https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y5niGi4k9vQ the left and right sides of the image, and a small portion of the horizon can be seen at the upper right corner. From the Editor: A Canadian engineer Farah Alibay works at JPL and is currently Mounted in the helicopter’s fuselage and pointed approximately 22 involved in these test flights. See the Blog on the BAS website here: degree below the horizon, Ingenuity’s high-resolution color camera http://www.bluewaterastronomy.com/blog-2021.html for more contains a 4208-by-3120-pixel sensor. details about her contribution.

S G N Zooming to the Moon May/Jun 2021 pg 4 Zoom to the Moon Recently, the FQ Moon has been drawing my attention. In the space of about a month, BAS members have zoomed to the Moon three times via t e l e s c o p e f ro m m y b a c k y a rd observatory in Owen Sound. A fourth occasion in mid-April was with a group of my high school friends from 5 decades ago. See the Blog at www.johns-astronomy.com for that story.

The Moon is an interesting object to Tycho observe in its partial phases when stark shadows along the terminator delineate its craters and mountains. The prime Moon viewing time is during crescent phase as it waxes up to FM. Around FQ, the Moon is high in the sky from dark to past midnight and the views along the terminator are excellent. When the terminator, the Clavius line between the sunlit part of the Moon and the part in darkness is visible on the Moon, the shadows cast by mountains and elevated crater rims are the longest and stand out most starkly. Even relatively shallow depressions can be easily picked out by the contrast between sunlit and shadowed edges. The shadows are not softened by clouds or atmosphere as they are on Earth. The totally airless environment on our only natural satellite does not soften the boundary between dark and light features -you could correctly describe it as outer space reaching right to ground level.

With such a sharp contrast even the smallest depressions and elevations stand out and can be seen with only modest optical aid. Binoculars can show some of the larger crater rims, and mountain ranges will stand out because they are rather large, but a telescope even at low power reveals the finer features like the darkened inner rims of craters and shadows cast by “wrinkle ridges” produced by ancient lunar lava flows.

The image at upper right is an Apr 21 telescopic view (C9.25 EdgeHD) of the rugged southern highlands of the Moon with the crater Tycho at centre. Note its central mountain -the LRO closeup of that feature is shown at right. Clavius is also in the upper image, with many craters visible inside of it ranging down to about 10 km Tycho’s central mountain peak complex (about 6 km wide) is shown here in a Lunar across with this magnification. Canon 6D, 1/25 Reconnaissance Orbiter image from 2011. Tycho is 82 km wide and the central peak s, ISO 100, foc. len. 2350 mm at f/10. Photo by is 2 km above the crater floor. The Moon phase to generate such pronounced John H. shadows would be first quarter with sunlight just clearing the crater rim. NASA photo

S G N “Clair-Obscur” May/Jun 2021 pg 5 Imagine yourself standing at the terminator on a small hill on the Moon. Looking down-sun, you see a black shadow of not just the terrain, but also your silhouette stretched out for tens of kilometres. Looking up-sun you would be blinded by the light of the Sun and even a tiny sliver of the Sun above the Moon would require solar glasses like those used on Earth during solar eclipses. In addition, the appearance of the Moon would not change much even after several hours -not like a sunrise on Earth where the Sun climbs its own width in the sky in 4 minutes. Even in ten minutes, earthly scenes change dramatically, -just think about the last time you watched the Sun set -it is gone 4 min from horizon touchdown!

On the Moon, it takes 14 Earth days or so for the Sun to cross the entire lunar sky -compare that to the 12 hours (more or less depending on the season) it takes on Earth. Sunrises and sunsets on the Moon are excruciatingly slow since it takes the Sun a whole hour to move its own width across the lunar sky -a factor of 15 times slower.

The presence of shadows was used to advantage during all of the Moon landings. The landings were scheduled for lunar mornings and at the last stage the Lunar Modules descended with viewing windows turned away from the Sun. As the LM pitched down to see the surface, the long shadows of objects made uneven ground, boulder fields and other obstacles stand out sharply. Landing during high lunar noon when shadows are flat is a lot more dangerous.

Lunar “Chiaroscuro” aka “Clair Obscur” Renaissance paintings sometimes used a technique of creating strong light-dark contrast to make features of a painting stand out from the flat surface, a technique called “chiaroscuro”, in Italian. The French equivalent is “clair obscur” which translates literally into “light-dark”.

On the Moon, the terminator shadows can create temporary features that resemble letters of the alphabet, -other than the “O’s” and “Q’s” produced by crater rims that one would expect. One of the most popular is the letter X (and there is more than one) and V produced during the FQ phase by intersecting crater rims in the first case and by a V-shaped ridge in the second. Images at right show the X and V but later I discovered that there was a letter “L” also visible shortly after our session ended and that a second X, dubbed “X2” was due to come into view as well. The two images above are screen Clair Obscur features currently number into the hundreds and include most of the English letters, snaps taken of the camera/telescope numbers and even some Greek letters. Additionally, imaginations of viewers have “discovered” view of the lunar terminator on Mar 20, features like “Zeno’s Steps”, the "Moon Maiden”, “O’Neill’s Bridge”, “Aries’ Hoofprint” and my 2021. Upper image shows the Lunar X favourite, the “Long straight dark line crossing a curious curved oval-shaped ring”. Needless to say, formed by the rims of three craters and none of these are officially recognized but they are listed in detail here: https://the-moon.us/wiki/ lower image is the Lunar V with Aries Clair-obscur for your observing pleasure. Note that these features require observing at specific Hoofprint, below it, a U-shaped times, i.e., phase of Moon. Those are provided at the mentioned website. mountainous area in the centre of the image. Between the V and the Hoofprint On nights when the air is steady and transparency good, features (other than the lunar alphabet is the Hyginus Rille with Hyginus Crater soup) can easily be seen down to 10 km across, and shadows cast by mountains, for example, can (10.6 km diam.) at the slight bend in the alert you to even smaller structures. There are some in Mare Imbrium to try for. See if you can spot feature. The rille is 220 km long and Mt Piton, Mt Pico, the Teneriffe Mtns and the Straight Range in the upper part of the Imbrium Basin. only a km or so wide and is partly And thanks to one of our BAS members -our new president, no less, I am now able to point out two formed by a chain of craters too small to lunar landing sites -Apollo 11 and Apollo 17 on the surface. Three small craters at the Apollo 11 site be seen here. John H images , Canon named after the three astronauts are 4.6 km and less in diameter so even the larger Armstrong’s 6D, ISO 100, foc. len. 2350 mm C9.25 crater is a challenge. Still, routinely picking out features between 5 and 10 km in size on the Moon EdgeHD at f/10. is not bad, especially from 380 000 km away.

S G N Michael Collins Oct 31, 1930 - Apr 28, 2021 May/Jun 2021 pg 6

American astronaut Michael Collins was born in Rome, Italy, on Collins, who as pilot of the Apollo October 31, 1930 – the same year as 11 command module stayed both Armstrong, who died in 2012, behind on July 20, 1969, while Neil and Aldrin, who is now 91. He was Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin the son of a US Army major general travelled to the lunar surface to and, like his father, attended the US become the first humans to walk Military Academy at West Point, New on the moon, died on Wednesday York, graduating in 1952. at age 90, his family said. Like many of the first generation of A statement released by his family American astronauts, Collins started said Collins died of cancer. out as an Air Force test pilot.

Often described as the “forgotten” Collins’ first voyage into space came third astronaut on the historic in July 1966 as pilot on Gemini X, his mission, Collins remained alone in second, and final, spaceflight was the the command module for more historic Apollo 11. than 21 hours until his two fellow astronauts returned in the lunar Collins avoided much of the media module. He lost contact with fanfare that greeted the astronauts on mission control in Houston, Texas their return to Earth, and was later each time the spacecraft circled often critical of the cult of celebrity. the dark side of the moon. “Not since Adam has any human known His strongest memory from Apollo such solitude as Mike Collins,” the 11, he said, was looking back at the mission log said, referring to the Earth, which he said seemed biblical figure. “fragile”. “I really believe that if the political leaders of the world could Collins wrote an account of his see their planet from a distance of e x p e r i e n c e s i n h i s 1 9 7 4 100,000 miles. their outlook could autobiography, Carrying the Fire, be fundamentally changed. That but largely shunned publicity. “I know that I would be a liar or a fool all-important border would be invisible, that noisy argument if I said that I have the best of the three Apollo 11 seats, but I can silenced,” he said. say with truth and equanimity that I am perfectly satisfied with the one I have,” Collins said in comments released by NASA in 2009. His family’s statement said it knew “how lucky Mike felt to live the life he did. Please join us in fondly and joyfully remembering his President Joe Biden said his prayers were with the Collins family. sharp wit, his quiet sense of purpose, and his wise perspective, “From his vantage point, high above the Earth, he reminded us of gained […] from looking back at Earth from the vantage of the fragility of our own planet, and called on us to care for it like the space…” treasure it is,” Biden said in a statement. “Godspeed, Mike.”

The following is a statement from acting NASA Administrator Steve “NASA mourns the loss of this accomplished pilot and astronaut, a Jurczyk on the passing of Michael Collins: friend of all who seek to push the envelope of human potential. Whether his work was behind the scenes or on full view, his legacy “Today the nation lost a true pioneer and lifelong advocate for will always be as one of the leaders who took America's first steps exploration in astronaut Michael Collins. As pilot of the Apollo 11 into the cosmos. And his spirit will go with us as we venture toward command module – some called him ‘the loneliest man in history’ – farther horizons.” while his colleagues walked on the Moon for the first time, he helped our nation achieve a defining milestone. He also The following is a statement from the Collins family: distinguished himself in the Gemini Program and as an Air Force pilot. “We regret to share that our beloved father and grandfather passed away today, after a valiant battle with cancer. He spent his final “Michael remained a tireless promoter of space. ‘Exploration is not days peacefully, with his family by his side. Mike always faced the a choice, really, it’s an imperative,’ he said. Intensely thoughtful challenges of life with grace and humility, and faced this, his final about his experience in orbit, he added, ‘What would be worth challenge, in the same way. We will miss him terribly. Yet we also recording is what kind of civilization we Earthlings created and know how lucky Mike felt to have lived the life he did. We will honor whether or not we ventured out into other parts of the .’ his wish for us to celebrate, not mourn, that life. Please join us in fondly and joyfully remembering his sharp wit, his quiet sense of “His own signature accomplishments, his writings about his purpose, and his wise perspective, gained both from looking back experiences, and his leadership of the National Air and Space at Earth from the vantage of space and gazing across calm waters Museum helped gain wide exposure for the work of all the men and from the deck of his fishing boat.” women who have helped our nation push itself to greatness in aviation and space. There is no doubt he inspired a new generation For more information about Collins and his NASA career, visit: of scientists, engineers, test pilots, and astronauts. https://www.nasa.gov/michael-collins/

!Quetican Field of View by Doug Cunningham May/Jun 2021 pg 7 “History of the Universe in 21 Stars and 3 Imposters”

“Astronomy is both the oldest of the sciences, and the most engaging for one very good reason: its accessibility. This is a book about STARS. If you find yourself well away from light pollution … you can see as many as 4500 of them. The night sky is full of the things. Pick up a half-decent pair of binoculars and the number of stars in your sky will instantly leap to more than 100,000. A small telescope will raise that number to 2.5 million … enough to keep the most obsessive stargazer busy f o r several lifetimes. I’ve tried to ensure that as many of these stars as possible are within easy reach. Author: Giles Sparrow- “History of To see most of them you n e e d the Universe in 21 Stars and 3 nothing more than a clear, dark, Imposters” (2020) Welbeck sky. A handful of others can be Publishing Co. London spotted with binoculars and a small telescope.” Author: Giles

Paula and I drove into Owen Sound on April 7th, to do some last minute shopping before the “COVID-19 Stay At Home Order” took effect later at midnight. We both were experiencing COVID-19 fatigue. What has bothered us the most was our separation from our family and friends! It has been more than a year since we hugged the family. Our daughter is an emergency doctor in London and she has seen and treated more than her fair share of cases of COID-19. As she said during a Zoom visit: “This is a disease you really want to avoid!”

Because COVID-19 is one tenacious, mutating, and deadly virus, we expect another “Circuit Breaker Lockdown”. Hopefully, will break the COVID-19 cycle of infections, hospitalizations, and deaths. to the lights in the night sky and gauging the scale of the cosmos is Paula and I put on our masks, and went into Coles Books, located critical to understanding the structure of universe, dark matter, and in Owen Sound’s Heritage Mall, to purchase a few books to read dark energy, and the root of our beginnings. I bought the book and it during the coming lockdown. I came across this wonderful is a gem! astronomy book, entitled “History of the Universe in 21 Stars and 3 Imposters”. I thought, “WOW!, that’s an ambitious title“. There was So, what did the study of 61-Cygni, teach astronomers about stars? only one copy left. The book is a small, hardcover book, the size of To appreciate the story of 61-Cygni you might first like to locate it. an average paperback, and 327 pages long. It is written by Giles The star map from Sparrow’s book is included above. The first step Sparrow, who studied Astronomy at University College in London, is to find the Northern Cross pattern of Cygnus. The top of the cross and Science Communication at Imperial College, London. This is his is marked by the bright star Deneb, the foot of the cross is marked most recent of 40 astronomy books which include stargazer’s by Albireo, and the middle of the cross is marked by Sadr. The handbooks, books on the HST and Mars. simplest way to proceed is to move from Sadr, left towards equally bright epsilon. Make a right angled turn at epsilon and move up I opened the book and quickly came to Chapter 2, on 61-Cygni , along that line about the same distance that epsilon is from Sadr. In aka “Piazzi’s Flying Star of the Swan”. I knew this star and have that area is a small right-angled triangle grouping of visible but faint observed it many times using various telescopes. Even in a small naked eye stars. Three of the stars making the corners of the right telescope, it shows its true nature, -a beautiful binary star, easily triangle are of similar brightness and labelled on the star map shown resolved into a pretty pair of orbiting stars, -two orange dwarf stars, below as zeta, nu, and tau-Cygni. 61-Cygni is midway between tau locked in an orbital embrace! I usually showcase it for any guests and nu with an orange hue. These stars are around magnitude 5 and who happen to be stargazing with me. I thought, “If Giles Sparrow just visible to the unaided eye and enhanced using averted vision. has included this star, 61-Cygni, in his list of 24 historically important stars in the science of astronomy, then he has certainly done his The secrets of 61-Cygni began to be revealed when, in 1753, the homework.” English astronomer, James Bradley, discovered its double star nature. This discovery was followed in 1792 when the Italian In a universe of hundreds of thousands of binary stars, the role astronomer and Catholic Priest, Giuseppe Piazzi, using state of the played by 61-Cygni in determining the distance to the nearest stars art measuring equipment, noticed that the twin stars of 61-Cygni is an important milestone in astronomy’s history. Knowing distances together had shifted position. Piazzi was puzzled and continued his

S G N History of the Universe Book Review (cont’d) May/Jun 2021 pg 8

measurements. He found that 61-Cygni was moving 4.1 arc Astronomers had now passed through what John Herschel had seconds per year. Astronomers call this motion “” called, the impossible barrier … knowing the actual distance to a and 61-Cygni had the largest proper motion of any star then star. However, 61-Cygni is not the closest star to the Earth. That measured. (Note : Proper motion in astronomy is the angular motion honour belongs to Proxima Centauri. per year a star makes on the celestial sphere in a direction perpendicular to the direction of sight.) That meant 61-Cygni was We now know that Bessel almost lost the race to a Scottish covering an angular distance equal to the diameter of the Full Moon astronomer, Thomas Henderson, working from the Cape of Good every 440 years, -an amazing stellar motion! The only conclusion Hope in South Africa. Henderson announced, after Bessel’s was that 61-Cygni must be closer to our Sun compared to more measurements were reported, that he had measured the even larger distant stars having smaller proper motions. Hence, 61-Cygni parallax for Alpha Centauri, of 1 arc second, which translated into a became known as Piazzi’s Flying Star! Today, only 6 stars have distance of about 4 light years. Henderson didn’t rush to report his larger proper motions than 61-Cygni, but they are all very faint and results because he was concerned about the reliability of his challenging to use in parallax studies. methods. As well, around the same time, the astronomer, Wilhelm Struve, working at Dorpat Observatory, in Estonia, measured the To show this proper motion I have included two images of 61-Cygni, parallax of the brilliant star Vega. shown below, taken 8 years apart, Nov 20, 2012, and Nov 3, 2020. At last count, there are 14 stars closer to our Sun than 61-Cygni. But, here is the point: -61-Cygni was the first star to have its distance from the Sun measured and Bessel was the first to “cross that finish line” and report his results. Being published first in science always counts! Giles Sparrow concludes his Chapter 2 on 61-Cygni:

”Parallax still remains our only method of directly measuring the distance to objects in the wide cosmos and provides a happily secure first rung on a distance ladder that gets increasingly rickety as it extends further from Over a time interval of almost 8 years the shift in the position of 61- the certainties of Earth. We now have extended our parallax Cygni, though small, has been confirmed. reach into deep space by using parallax satellites, like the current Gaia satellite, which is designed to measure the Astronomers of the time thought that you could use a star’s distances of one billion objects right to the centre of our Milky measured proper motion as a representative measure of a star’s Way. We should be thankful for the certainties we have - and relative distance from Earth. 61-Cygni’s largest proper motion of any spare a thought for a faint, obscure double star in Cygnus.” star measured suggested that it was one of the closest stars to the Earth. It would be a perfect candidate to use for a distance This book is a gem with an ambitious thesis: to understand the measurement, but though simple in History of the Universe and the Birth, Life, and Death of theory, it turned out to be a challenge in the Stars within it. I highly recommend it! To tell this practise. story, Giles Sparrow has chosen 21 Stars and 3 stellar Imposters. He starts with Polaris in Chapter 1, and The German astronomer, Friedrich progresses over the next 23 Chapters to consider, what Wilhelm Bessel, began carefully to his mind, are the most interesting stars and stellar calibrated angular measurement in imposters in the history of astronomy. 1837, and over a 13 month period, became the first astronomer to From a faint star in the constellation of Pegasus, called measure 61-Cygni’s parallax angle as Helvetios, that marked the location of the first seen from opposite ends of the Earth’s discovered exoplanet, 51 Pegasi; to RS Ophiuchi, a orbit. According to Sparrow, Bessel recurrent nova, that occasionally goes “bang” and will managed to complete 98 parallax one day go BOOM; to Cygnus X-1, the first discovered measurements of 61-Cygni during black hole in a dark universe; to finally ending, in these 13 months! Using the diameter of Chapter 24, by considering Supernova 1994D and what the Earth’s orbit about the Sun (298 it reveals about dark matter and dark energy. Each one million km) as a baseline, Bessel of the 24 Chapters is devoted to a specific star, or measured a parallax angle of 1/3 of an Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel grouping of stars, and can be read in about 45 minutes. arc second. With that value and the 1784-1846 In this month’s column I have highlighted one of the r u l e s o f t r i g o n o m e t r y, B e s s e l early and pivotal chapters featuring 61-Cygni because I determined the distance to 61-Cygni as like its story and always enjoy its appearance in my 10.3 light-years and he wasted no time in announcing his results in telescope. After I bought the book I placed it on my bed table and a letter to Sir John Herschel, President of the Royal Astronomical usually, each night, I would read one chapter, and share its ideas Society in London, on October 23rd, 1838. with Paula.

SGN Constellation May/Jun 2021 pg 9

The Virgo Cluster chart on page XX is a copy of the detailed map

Virgo (Vir) provided in the appendix of the Sky&Telescope Pocket Sky Atlas, α-Virginis - ε-Virginis - Vindemiatrix -an enlargement of the Virgo/Coma Berenices region of chart 45 β-Virginis - Zavijava η-Virginis - Zaniah in that atlas. You may wish to print out a copy of the chart for use γ-Virginis - Porrima ι-Virginis - Syrma at your telescope or with binoculars.

Virgo is both a zodiacal and equatorial constellation. Spica, its The Virgo Cluster contains upwards to 2000 . In the brightest star, is about 30° southwest of Arcturus in Bootes and brightest 160, there are only 19 ellipticals. The view through the forms the southernmost point of the Diamond of Virgo. Spica is telescope, to the eye, however, shows a preponderance of magnitude 1.2 and14th of the 20 brightest stars in the sky. The “ellipticals” and only a few spiral types. The reason is that there autumnal equinox, where the sun crosses the celestial equator on are a large number of S0 galaxies (the rounded spirals with no its journey south, is located close to the star η-Virginis. In the obvious arms) which masquerade as ellipticals in telescopic rough square formed by Denebola in Leo and ε, γ and β-Virginis views. Of the top 160 galaxies, 40 are S0 types and many more lies the "Field of the ", [Realm of Galaxies -ed] where are Sa spirals with tightly wound spiral arms so they resemble Herschel discovered 323 “nebulae”; some of these are visible in a ellipticals as well. small telescope. [aka Virgo Cluster @ 54 Mly distance. -ed] DOUBLE STARS There are 19 Messier objects in this area: 11 galaxies in Virgo and Mag. Sep (s) Remarks 7 galaxies and a globular, M53 in Coma Berenices. M64 in Coma γ 3.6-3.7 5 Both Yellow: beautiful pair. is the Blackeye Galaxy and M104 on the border of Corvus is the θ 4.0-9.0-10.0 7-72 White-Violet-Grey. , -both are worth a look. Another favourite is τ 4.0-9.0 80 NGC 4565 in Coma near the star γ-Com. This is a beautiful edge- 17 6.2-9.0 20 Pale Green-Orange on spiral with a prominent dust lane. The chart does not show Σ1627 5.9-6.4 20 M53, M64, M101, M104 or NGC4565. Check your other atlases or apps for these. The chart on the next page also shows 51 NGC MESSIER OBJECTS objects. Lots to see! Not all are labelled on the IAU chart below. Mag Remarks M49 8.6 Elliptical Galaxy. Large, bright, between two bright Hunting Messier Objects in Virgo and Coma Berenices telescopic stars. Virgo’s Messiers are listed at left; below are the Coma Messiers: M 58 9.2 Spiral Galaxy. M 53 7.6 . [60 000 ly] M 91 10.7 M 59 9.6 Elliptical Galaxy. M 64 8.8 Spiral ”Blackeye” galaxy. M 98 10.7 Spiral Gal. M 60 8.9 Elliptical Galaxy. 20 Million LY away M 99 10.1 Spiral Gal. M 61 10.1 Spiral Galaxy. M 85 9.3 Spiral Gal. Large, bright. M 84 9.3 Elliptical Galaxy. [see Virgo Cluster below] M 88 10.2 Spiral Gal. M 100 10.6 Spiral Gal. M 86 9.7 Elliptical Galaxy. [see Virgo Cluster below] M 87 9.2 Elliptical Galaxy. M 89 9.5 Elliptical Galaxy. M 90 10.0 Spiral Galaxy. M 104 8.0 Spiral Galaxy. [The Sombrero Galaxy] Other Objects of Interest in Virgo NGC4762 - A nebula resembling a kite, grouped with three stars. A beautiful sight. R Virginis - Long period (146 days) variable, maximum magnitude 6.9. S Virginis.- Long period (378 days) variable, maximum magnitude 7.0. The Virgo Cluster of Galaxies The Virgo Cluster is at a distance of approximately 53.8 ± 0.3 Mly away. With 1300 to 2000 member galaxies, it lies in the heart of the Virgo Supercluster, of which the Local Group is an outlying member. The cluster is approximately 8° across on the sky.

Many of these galaxies were discovered in the late 1770s and early 1780s by Charles Messier who described them as “nebulae without stars”. Their true nature was recognized in the 1920s.

The cluster is a fairly heterogeneous mixture of spirals and ellipticals. It is believed that the spirals are distributed in an oblong prolate filament, about 4 times as long as wide, stretching along the line of sight from the Milky Way. The elliptical galaxies are more centrally concentrated than the spiral galaxies. See pg 14 for an image. S G N Virgo Cluster May/Jun 2021 pg 10

Ojibwe Star Lore May/Jun 2021 pg 11 Sweat Lodge and Exhausted Bather The Ojibwe, one of the largest groups of N. American indigenous people, has a rich history of star lore from which SGN has been taking excerpts in recent issues. The material here is from a star guide called Ojibwe Constellation Guide -Ojibwe Giizhig Anung Masinaaigan written by Annette Lee, William Wilson, Jeff Tibbets and Carl Gawboy © 2012. Lee, an artist as well as native historian, also did the drawings of the star figures.

It is still available at amazon.ca at a very modest price.

The painting right is part of an Ojibwe star map done by Annette Lee, assistant professor of astronomy and physics at St. Cloud State University in Minnesota and member of the Dakota-Sioux tribe. Lee also directs the planetarium at the university and researches Ojibwe and Lakota star lore and mythology. She is currently i n v o l v e d w i t h t h e N a t i v e Madoodiswan -Sweat Lodge-(Corona Borealis) and Skywatchers Project, an initiative to Noondeshin Bemaadizid -Exhausted Bather- (Hercules) revive and celebrate indigenous Quote from the book: “The sweat lodge is a purification ceremony. It is returning peoples' connection to the stars. She to the womb and remembering/renewing our spirit. The person is exhausted after has created both an Ojibwe and participating in the sweat. He/She is exhausted on the outside but full of life and Lakota star map and her drawings strong on the inside. The Sweat Lodge is seen overhead in late Spring and the have been featured in SGN in past Exhausted Bather is an early summer constellation.” In Annette Lee’s drawings, issues on this constellation page. the indigenous are highlighted in colour over the regular stick figures of Greek mythology so it is possible to make modern connections with the indigenous constellations. By accident or maybe not, the Exhausted Bather’s eye is right about where M13 the Great Hercules Cluster is located. Image left is M13 by Stuart Hegge (2006).

My all-time favourite image of the Great Hercules Cluster, M13, is the one hanging on my wall. It is a Stuart Hegge image (left) from 2006 and was exhibited in the Cosmic Images astrophotography show that toured Bruce and Grey counties during the 2009 international Year of Astronomy. From a small backyard observatory outside Flesherton ON, Stuart used a superb 6-inch AstroPhysics refractor with ED glass on an equally excellent AstroPhysics 900GTO mount. The camera was a ST-10XME CCD and he took a total of 85 minutes of exposure (self-guided) through RGB and Luminance filters. Software used was CCDSoft5, and PhotoshopS.

M13 is one of the 200 or so globular clusters that circle our Milky Way and a favourite in northern skies. The cluster is 145 LY across and between 22 000 and 25 000 LY away (M5 is only 5,500 LY). Would you believe M13 has between a half million and a million stars and that they are so close together in the centre that they sometimes collide to create “blue stragglers”? All true.

S G N Sky Sights May/Jun 2021 pg 12 Notable Sky Sights Sky Events May/June 2021 Visit the BAS website here: www.bluewaterastronomy.com or May www.johns-astronomy.com for a detailed listing. Planet 03 17:02 Saturn 4.2°N of Moon viewing opportunities are listed below. 03 19:50 � LQ Moon rises 02:57 EDT at Owen Sound ON MERCURY in early May becomes the second 04 03:03 Mercury 2.1°S of Pleiades Planets Evening Star joining Venus above the western 04 21:00 Jupiter 4.6°N of Moon horizon. On May 17 it reaches Greatest Eastern 06 02:00 Eta-Aquarid Meteors 60/hr peak at 22:00 EDT Elongation, then starts back towards the Sun, missing Venus by a May 5 Moon 28% waning half degree on May 28. Then, in late June, Mercury reappears in the morning sky. VENUS, emerged from behind the Sun in late 11 19:00 � NM rises 6:06 am EDT at Owen Sound ON April and in May is an obvious Evening Star shining at magnitude 11 21:54 Moon at Apogee: 406 512 km -4. Venus is 9° east of Sol by the end of May and 18° by the end 12 22:00 Venus 0.7° N of Moon (occultation in N.Zealand/ of June. MARS, (magn. 1.5 fading to 1.8) stays well up at dark S.Pacific) and crosses Gemini into Cancer this month. It passes right 13 17:59 Mercury 2.1°N of Moon through the Beehive Cluster on June 23. Venus does the same on 16 04:47 Mars 1.5°S of Moon July 2 and has a rendezvous with Mars on July 13 (separation 17 00:39 Pollux 3.1°N of Moon 0.5°). Both JUPITER, and SATURN, appear in the dawn sky 17 06:00 Mercury at Greatest Elongation 22.0°E (about 4 am) ahead of sunrise by several hours in May and June. 18 01:08 Beehive 2.9°S of Moon Saturn leads Jupiter by about 15° and they are rising by midnight in the east by the end of June. URANUS, (5.7) NEPTUNE, (7.8) 19 17:28 Regulus 5.0°S of Moon and Dwarf planet, Ceres (8.3) follow Jupiter and Saturn in the SE 19 19:13 � FQ Moon rises 12:29 EDT at Owen Sound ON rising in the wee hours of morning. None are above the horizon at 23 13:07 Spica 6.5°S of Moon midnight even at the end of June. Asteroid, Vesta (6.5) is in Leo 26 01:52 Moon at Perigee: 357 310 km one constellation over from Mars in the evening sky and sets by 4 am EDT in early May. It sets by midnight (after Mars) in late June. 26 11:14 � FM rises 21:36 EDT at Owen Sound ON, 2nd PLUTO (mag.14.4) continues to stay close to the Teapot in “supermoon” of 2021 coincides with a lunar eclipse Sagittarius in May/Jun skies. Finder charts for planets in 2021 are 26 11:19 Total Lunar Eclipse; mag=1.009 -NOT visible from now on the BAS website. The table below gives the sunrise/ E. Canada -best in Alberta & BC sunset times and Sun’s altitude for May and June. The moon 26 16:55 Antares 4.8°S of Moon phase dates and moonrise times for Owen Sound are in the Sky 29 03:00 Mercury 0.4°S of Venus Events listing at right. For Moon and Sun times for other locations 31 01:22 Saturn 4.2°N of Moon check https://www.timeanddate.com. 31 11:41 Mars 5.2°S of Pollux June Sunrise/set times: Owen Sound 44°35‘N 80°55’W 01 08:57 Jupiter 4.6°N of Moon Times in Eastern Daylight Time (EDT) Summer Solstice is at 11:32 pm EDT June 20 02 07:24 � LQ Moon rises 14:29 EDT at Owen Sound ON Date Rise Noon altitude Set 08 02:27 Moon at Apogee: 406 230 km May 10 6:01 am 63.2° 8:39 pm 10 10:42 Annular Solar Eclipse; mag=0.943 Last half vis. May 20 5:50 am 65.6° 8:50 pm here at sunrise 05:40 EDT May 30 5:42 am 67.3° 9:00 pm 10 10:53 � NM rises 05:38 EDT at Owen Sound ON Jun 10 5:38 am 68.5° 9:08 pm 11 01:00 Mercury at Inferior Conjunction Jun 20 5:38 am 68.9° 9:12 pm 12 06:44 Venus 1.5°S of Moon Jun 28 5:42 am 68.6° 9:12 pm 13 06:19 Pollux 3.1°N of Moon Data from www.timeanddate.com 13 19:52 Mars 2.8°S of Moon 14 06:47 Beehive 2.9°S of Moon 15 23:28 Regulus 5.0°S of Moon 18 03:54 � FQ rises 12:40 EDT Jun 17 Owen Sound ON BAS Zoom Meeting June 2 21 03:32 Summer Solstice (23:32 EDT June 20) BAS Zoom meetings continue via Zoom June 2 (and 21 15:57 Venus 5.1°S of Pollux July 7) at 7 pm. Secretary Lorraine will send out zoom 22 20:36 Mercury 1.8°N of Aldebaran links as necessary. Fox Observatory is closed until 23 03:26 Antares 4.8°S of Moon further notice and all club viewing events are 23 05:21 Mars 0.3°S of Beehive (Mars passes through cancelled. BAS members will be informed about club M44 Jun 21-24) events as the restrictions are lifted. Please note that 23 09:58 Moon at Perigee: 359 960 km access to the observatory will continue to require pre- registration even when we are out of lock-down. 24 18:40 � FM rises 21:38 EDT at Owen Sound ON 27 09:30 Saturn 4.0°N of Moon 28 18:38 Jupiter 4.5°N of Moon

S G N Sky Sights May/Jun 2021 pg 13 June 10 Annular Solar Eclipse Lunar Eclipse May 26 Given a clear eastern horizon at dawn on June 10, local residents will This lunar eclipse is a western Canada event and you need to be see a very unusual sunrise. Two horns will appear at the sunrise point, in BC to see it in its entirety. If you are stuck here in Grey-Bruce rather than the usual circular arc of the Sun. This is an annular (ring) under Covid-19 stay-home rules, then you are out of luck. In eclipse beginning at 4:48 am EDT with the Sun still below the horizon Hawaii, the entire eclipse will be happening with the Moon half- for Owen Sound, By 5:38 am, sunrise occurs locally, and the Moon way to the zenith. For Ontario, the umbral phase starts at the has reached the half-way point of its path across the Sun's face by moment the Moon is setting in the west! that time. If you are farther north (Lake Nipigon would be a good spot) will the Moon silhouette be lined up exactly with the centre of the Sun. There you would see a thin ring rising above the horizon. In Bruce and Grey counties, the Moon is off-centre to the north enough that we do not see a ring but a pair of cusps on the top edge of the Sun. The diagram below shows the view.

In Owen Sound, the Moon sets at 5:49 am EDT (see diagram above) only 4 minutes after the predicted time the umbral shadow starts obscuring the Moon. In decades of observing lunar eclipses (my first photos were of a total lunar eclipse in 1975 while on the Bruce Trail with students and I even packed in a small telescope!), I have never seen such a close coincidence in times.

Normally in a dark sky, the approach of the umbra is visible as a darkening of the Moon's edge before the predicted time (image below), but this time the Sun is rising at umbral contact and so the sky will be bright. It is doubtful if any such shading will be visible given the brighter sky this time around.

Because of the alignment of the Moon, Sun and Earth when eclipses occur, there is always a solar eclipse two weeks or so before or after a lunar eclipse. Because this time around the Moon is also at the farthest reach of its orbit (apogee), it is too small to completely cover the Sun and there is a ring of light even at maximum. This is referred to as an annular eclipse (in Latin annulus means ring). Note that you should take precautions viewing the Sun because with a clear sky at sunrise, even the thinnest ring of sunlight is too bright for safe naked eye viewing. SOLAR ECLIPSE GLASSES ARE REQUIRED.. BAS has a supply of solar eclipse glasses and there are larger sheets of Baader solar film available for DIY solar filters for telescopes and camera lenses -contact the editor for either of these.

The visibility of this event, as for any solar eclipse, will be determined by your location on the Earth, -this time about half of the northern hemisphere will see some portion of the eclipse. Eastern Canada is where the eclipse shadow first touches down. See Fred Espenak’s website for more details. Table below gives the Owen Sound contact times and the Sun’s elevation for those times. Image above was taken Aug 28, 2007 and shows the umbral shading visible on the left limb of the Moon prior to the predicted time of contact. During a 1977 partial eclipse I observed, umbral shading was noticed visually 10 minutes or so before the official contact time. The 2007 image above was made at 4:47 am EDT, four minutes before predicted contact at 4:51 am EDT. With the May 26 eclipse however, the sky will probably be too bright due to the Sun rising in the east. Image above made with a TV NP101 at 540 mm focal length, at prime focus, Canon 50D, ISO 100, f/5.4, exp. = 1/750 s.

Visit the BAS website here: www.bluewaterastronomy.com or www.johns-astronomy.com for more details of these and other May and June events. S G N Image of the Month May/Jun 2021 pg 14

Markarian’s Chain by Frank Williams The Virgo Cluster of Galaxies is a spring viewing treat and Frank W. took advantage of a night of good seeing to capture the image above (actually a stack of 59) of the central portion called Markarian’s Chain.

Frank writes: It’s galaxy season, and while I had a large scope working on Caldwell galaxies, I set up my Dad’s Televue 85 on his EQ5 mount and tripod and with unmodified Canon 60D camera. I was able to collect just shy of 3 hours worth of data (59 x 3 minute @ iso 1600) on the weekend.

The scope does have a bit of distortion at the edges, as it is not a full apochromat. But you get the idea, you can capture a lot with a small scope and unmodified camera. [Yes, indeed. I counted about 3 dozen galaxies in Frank’s image! -ed]

Details: Televue 85 mm refractor with 0.8 focal reducer for 480 mm focal length, f/5.6. Markarian’s Chain annotated map is by Joe Renzetti from his S&T article (link below). M84 and Canon 60D unmodified, uncooled, guided M86 are two giant elliptical galaxies (E1 and E3) that “anchor” the view in a telescope. The pair by Starlight Express camera (ST4 port). of galaxies to the left of M86 are often referred to as “The Eyes” with NGC 4438 more lenticular Software: Image Capture: Back Yard EOS than the much smaller NGC 4435. The former does look a bit like an eye. A lot of interesting info Software guiding: PHD2 can be found at Renzetti’s article: https://skyandtelescope.org/observing/yanking-markarians- Software processing : Pixinsight chain/ including the fact that M86 has a 1.5 billion-solar-mass black hole in its nucleus. The third Messier galaxy, M87, lower left, has a black hole nucleus over 4 times larger! S G N The Miscellaneous Page May/Jun 2021 pg 15

BAS Member Loaner Scopes Our Solar H-alpha scope is on long-term SGN loan presently. Our Lunt solar scope can be borrowed by BAS members for an Classified extended period. Contact John H. if you wish to book it. It comes with a suitable mount and short training session is Ads Section provided on pickup. Several Dobsonian telescope are available. See For Sale page Several dobsonian loaner telescopes are available for free loan www.johns-astronomy.com to members. Although we are not using scopes at the Fox because of the necessity for disinfecting afterwards, long term loaner scopes are available once we can access the observatory. Contact John H. for selection and availability. Contact [email protected] for any of these items. FOR SALE: NEW PRICE! 12.5 inch f/6 Dobsonian See the complete list on Homebuilt by experienced telescope maker in 1980. See Sep 2014 www.johns-astronomy.com For Sale page. SGN pg 9 for build details. Truss tube design with full thickness Coulter mirror -one of their best, recently re-aluminized. Focuser and secondary mirror/spider is a Novak unit. Alt-azimuth mount (3/4-inch ply) is a nice wood grain finish with coating of Varathane. This is a large telescope and probably would be happy in a relatively permanent location, but is portable if you have lots of trunk space. Loading into and out of a car trunk is easier with two people. Can be seen at the Fox Observatory. Asking $759 but willing to negotiate. Contact John H. at 519-371-0670 or [email protected].

Minolta 35 mm film camera XG-SE, plus Makinon 80-200 mm f/4 zoom lens. Asking $25 FREE to any student! Home-made Crayford Focuser 1-½” Flat base suitable for refractor or can be adapted Logitech to a round tube. QuickCam Asking $40. Express USB video cam. Model V-UB2 (video res 640x480, asking $10. Right: Lumicon off- Tube rings. Three sizes avail. axis guider body - To fit 5”, 6”, and 12 inch tubes. Meade 2x-3x variable nylon screw fittings Clamshell-type that open up (1.25”) asking $20 Barlow $25 and clamp down with knurled knobs. Asking $20 for small, $50 for large set. Very rare Meade 4-inch Schmidt camera Model 2066: See page 5 for original Meade catalog listing. Meade illum. reticle (double (1980 price was $435) Asking $100 cross-hair) 1.5 V req’d $25