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Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 I I INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)", If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is continued again — beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. The majority of users indicate that the textual content is of greatest value, however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could be made from "photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation. Silver prints of "photographs" may be ordered at additional charge by writing the Order Department, giving the catalog number, title, author and specific pages you wish reproduced. 5. PLEASE NOTE: Some pages may have indistinct print. Filmed as received. Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 I I 76- 18,042 SHEPPARD, Roger Floyd, 1945- EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF A GRANULOSIS VIRUS IN POPULATIONS OF THE CODLING MOTH, LASPEYRESIA POMONELLA (L.) (LEPIDOPTERA: OLETHREUtlDAE). The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1976 Entomology Xerox University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 (£_) Copyright by Roger Floyd Sheppard 19 76 EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF A GRANULOSIS VIRUS IN POPULATIONS OF THE CODLING MOTH, LASPEYRESIA POMONELLA (L.) (LEPIDOPTERA: OLETHREUTIDAE) DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Roger Floyd Sheppard, B. S., M. S. * * * * * * The Ohio State University 19 76 Approved By Reading Committee: Franklin R. Hall W. Fred Hink ___________ ___ David J. Horn Adviser Department of Entomology ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank my advisor, Dr. Gordon R. Stairs, for his continual guidance and encouragement during the course of this study. His suggestions and critical review of this manuscript were also invaluable. I am grateful to him for his willingness to put my problems ahead of his own interests. Loving appreciation is extended to my wife, Sandy, for her patience and understanding during my graduate studies. I would also like to thank Drs. Franklin R. Hall, W. Fred Hink, and David J. Horn for serving on my reading committee and for their interest in my career. Special thanks are extended to Dr. Robert P. Holdsworth for trans­ portation to and from the orchard, providing trees for research use, and his stimulating discussions on orchard management and other areas. Many other people contributed directly to the preparation of this manuscript including Dalene Hoppe who typed portions of the final draft, Sheila Milligan who provided technical assistance for the scanning electron microscope, Magaret Ellis who operated the trans­ mission electron microscope, and Dwight Lynn who helped x^ith the photographs of laboratory equipment. ii VITA July 25, 19 45........... Born - Barberton, Ohio 19G7..................... B. S., Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 1968-1971............... Biology teacher, Bellevue Senior High School, Bellevue, Ohio 19 71-19 75............... Teaching Associate, Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 19 73..... M. S., The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio PUBLICATIONS Sheppard, Roger F. 19 75. The bagworm, Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis (Haworth): A model system "for studying the principles of insect population dynamics. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America. 21: 15 3-156. Sheppard, Roger F. and Gordon R. Stairs. 19 76. Factors affecting the survival of larval and pupal stages of the bagworm, Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis (Haworth). Canadian Entomologist. Tn Press. FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Entomology Studies in Insect Ecology. Professor Gordon R. Stairs and Associate Professor David J. Horn Studies in Insect Pathology. Professors Gordon R. Stairs and John D. Briggs and Associate Professor W. Fred Hink Studies in Economic Entomology. Associate Professor David J. Horn and Professor Robert P. Holdsworth i* » n * TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS........................................... ii VITA........................................................ iii LIST OF TABLES............................................ vi LIST OF FIGURES........................................... ix INTRODUCTION............................................... 1 REVIEW OF LITERATURE..................................... 3 I. History of Applied Control of _L. pomonella 3 II, Possible Alternatives for Control............... 4 A. Release of Parasitoids......................... 4 B. Dissemination of Pathogens.................... 5 C. Autocidal Control....... ....................... 7 D. Pheromone Traps................................ 7 III, A Granulosis Virus of L. pomonella................ 8 METHODS AND MATERIALS.................................... 16 I, Codling Moth Rearing Program..................... 16 II. Virus Production................................... 19 III. Orchard Population Studies....................... 21 A. Study Si te ....................................... 21 B. Study of Population Increases................. 2 3 C. Virus Dissemination............................. 25 IV. Susceptibility of Larvae to Virus............... 3 7 RESULTS..................................................... 43 I. Population Increases in the Absence of Insecticides.................................... 43 iv Page II. Effects of Virus Dissemination................. 45 A. 19 74 Studies................................... 45 B. 1975 Studies................................... 62 III. Analysis of Spray Deposits..................... 72 A. Spray Coverage.............................. 72 B. Retention of Virus Activity on Apples in the Orchard...... 72 C. Microscopic Examination...................... 78 IV. Susceptibility of Larvae to Virus............... 78 A. First Instar.................................. 78 B. Fifth Instar....................... 90 DISCUSSION............................................... 109 SUMMARY................................................... 122 CONCLUSIONS.............................................. 125 BIBLIOGRAPHY............................................. 12 8 , APPENDIX Laboratory and Orchard Records............. 136 V LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Fate of larvae removed from apples harvested in 19 74 and subsequently reared in the laboratory...................................... 46 2. Fate of larvae removed from bands in 19 74 and subsequently reared in the laboratory.... 48 3. Correlation of vacated entries in control apples harvested in 19 74 to larvae collected from the bands........ SO 4. Comparison of the increase of second generation larvae and pupae in bands from treated and control trees in 19 7 4 .......................... 51 5. Comparison of the increase of successful entries in treated and control trees in 1974.......................................... 54 6 . Fruit drop from trees from August 2 7 to September 4, 19 74.............................. 5 7 7. Comparison of the increase of infestations in treated and control trees in 1974............ 5 8 8. Estimated mortality of larvae caused by virus in trees sprayed with 108 and 109 capsules... 60 9. Successful entries at harvest in 19 75.......... 6 4 10. Effects of virus dosage, spray additives, and number of applications on successful entries in 19 75 (block 2)........... 66 11. Effect of virus dosage on feeding sites in 1975 (block 2).................................. 68 12. Fate of larvae removed from apples harvested in 19 75 and subsequently reared in the laboratory...................................... 70 vi Table Page 13. Measurements and analyses of spray deposits on glass slides in trees during treatment with virus......................................... 73 14. Results of bioassay of spray deposits of virus on apples sampled at one, three, seven, and twelve days after application................... 75 15. Humber of larvae dying after 2 4 hours in experiment of bioassay of spray deposits 77 16. The LD50 values and 9 5% confidence intervals for first instar larvae treated with virus on artificial food and apples 8 3 17. Mortality of first instar larvae following ingestion of virus on artificial food......... 85 18. Mortality of first instar larvae following ingestion of virus on apples.................... 86 19. The LT5Q values and 9 5% confidence intervals for first instar larvae treated with virus on artificial food.............................
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