Coordination Beet Research COBRI International Report No. 1 – 2013

Long-term storage of sugar beet in North-West Europe ‘‘ —‹Œ„”‡‰–• —›‡‰”ƒ†Š”‹•–ƒ ‘ơƒ‘„‡”–Ž••‘%•ƒŽ••‘ Long-term storage of sugar beet in North-West Europe

Toon Huijbregts (IRS), Guy Legrand (IRBAB / KBIVB), Š”‹•–ƒ ‘ơƒȋ ˆȌǡ‘„‡”–Ž••‘ȋȌǡ%•ƒŽ••‘ȋȌ

 ‡’‘”–‘Ǥ͙͘Ȃ͚͙͛͘

CONTENTS

PREFACE...... 5

SUMMARY ...... 7

1. INTRODUCTION ...... 8

2. BACKGROUND TO QUALITY REDUCTION DURING STORAGE ...... 10 2.1 Quality Assessment ...... 10 2.2 Respiration ...... 10 2.3 Wound Healing ...... 11 2.4 Sprouts ...... 11 2.5 Root Rot ...... 11 2.6 Bacteria...... 12 2.7 Moulds ...... 12 2.8 Frost Damage ...... 13 2.9 Dirt Tare...... 14

3. ANALYTICAL METHODS...... 15 3.1 Storage experiments ...... 15 3.1.1 Respiration measurements ...... 15 3.1.2 Storage under controlled conditions ...... 16 3.1.3 Clamp experiments ...... 17 3.2 Analyses ...... 18 3.2.1 Standard quality parameters: sugar (Pol), potassium, sodium, amino nitrogen . . 18 $GGLWLRQDOTXDOLW\SDUDPHWHUVVXFURVHLQYHUWVXJDUVUDI¿QRVHVROXEOHQLWURJHQ . 18 3.2.3 Scores for sprouts, frozen parts, moulds, rot...... 20 'HWHFWLRQRIUHYHUVLEOHDQGLUUHYHUVLEOHIURVWGDPDJH ...... 21

4. FACTORS AFFECTING STORABILITY ...... 21 4.1 Beet material...... 21 4.1.1 Beet growing conditions ...... 21 4.1.2 Variety ...... 22 4.1.3 Beet size ...... 24 4.2 Harvesting and clamping conditions ...... 24 4.2.1 Root damage during harvesting and clamping ...... 24 4.2.2 Defoliation and topping ...... 27 4.2.3 Weather conditions during harvesting and storage ...... 29 4.3 Storage conditions...... 29 4.3.1 Storage temperature and period ...... 29 4.3.2 Humidity...... 32 4.3.3 Frost damage ...... 32 4.3.4 Treatments...... 34

5. OPTIMAL HARVEST AND CLAMP MANAGEMENT ...... 35 5.1 Aim...... 35 5.2 Harvest ...... 35 5.3 Clamp shape ...... 36 5.4 Covering strategies ...... 37

6. GUIDELINES FOR OPTIMAL LONG-TERM STORAGE ...... 42 6.1 Pre-harvest ...... 42 6.2 During harvest ...... 42 6.3 During storage ...... 42

REFERENCES...... 45 PREFACE

7KLV UHSRUW ZDV SURGXFHG E\ WKH PHPEHUV RI &2%5, &2RUGLQDWLRQ %HHW 5HVHDUFK ,Q- WHUQDWLRQDO  UHSUHVHQWLQJ WKH VXJDU EHHW UHVHDUFK LQVWLWXWHV LQ 'HQPDUN6ZHGHQ 1%5 +ROHE\ *HUPDQ\ ,I=*|WWLQJHQ %HOJLXP ,5%$%.%,9%7LHQHQ DQGWKH1HWKHUODQGV ,56%HUJHQRS=RRP UHVXOWVRIORQJWHUPVWRUDJHWULDOVLQ1RUWKHUQ*HUPDQ\E\FRXU- WHV\RI$QGUHDV:LQGW1RUG]XFNHU$*%UDXQVFKZHLJ 7KHDLPRIWKHUHSRUWLVWREULQJWRJHWKHUDOOH[LVWLQJNQRZOHGJHDERXWVXJDUEHHWVWRUDJH WKDWPD\EHLPSRUWDQWLQLPSURYLQJWKHORQJWHUPVWRUDJHRIVXJDUEHHWXQGHU1RUWK:HVW European conditions.

NBR Nordic Beet Research 6R¿HK¡M+¡ME\JnUGYHM %RUJHE\6ORWWVYlJ '.+ROHE\  6(%MlUUHG 'HQPDUN   6ZHGHQ HPDLOLQIR#QRUGLFEHHWQX

,QVWLWXWIU=XFNHUUEHQIRUVFKXQJ ,I= Holtenser Landstraße 77 *|WWLQJHQ Germany e-mail: [email protected]

,5%$%.%,9% Molenstraat 45 3300 Tienen Belgium HPDLOLQIR#NELYEEHLQIR#LUEDEEH

IRS 9DQ.RQLMQHQEXUJZHJ +/%HUJHQRS=RRP The Netherlands e-mail: [email protected]

5

SUMMARY

,QWKHFRXQWULHVRI:HVWHUQ(XURSHVXJDUIDFWRU\RSHUDWLRQVKDYHEHHQH[WHQGHGWRPLG -DQXDU\ DQG WKHUHIRUH VXJDU EHHW KDYH WR EH VWRUHG IRU DERXW WZR PRQWKV 7KLV UHSRUW SUHVHQWVDUHYLHZRIFXUUHQWNQRZOHGJHDQGUHVHDUFKLQWRPHWKRGVWRORZHUVXJDUORVVHV and optimise the conditions for long-term storage.

6XJDU ORVVHV GXULQJ VWRUDJH FDQ EH TXDQWL¿HG DV UHVSLUDWLRQ ORVVHV LQ DLUWLJKW YHVVHOV XQGHUFRQWUROOHGFRQGLWLRQVRULQ¿HOGFODPSV)RUTXDOLW\DVVHVVPHQWWKHVWDQGDUGDQDO\VHV VXJDU SRWDVVLXP VRGLXP DQG DPLQR QLWURJHQ  VKRXOG EH H[WHQGHG WR LQFOXGH DW OHDVW DQDO\VLVRILQYHUWVXJDUV JOXFRVHIUXFWRVH $GGLWLRQDOLQIRUPDWLRQFDQEHREWDLQHGIURP YLVXDODVVHVVPHQWRIEHHWLQMXULHV HVSHFLDOO\URRWWLSORVVHV EHIRUHVWRUDJHDQGRIVSURXWV frozen parts, moulds and rot after storage.

'XULQJVWRUDJHVXJDULVGHJUDGHGE\HQ]\PHV,QWKH¿UVWGD\VDIWHUKDUYHVWVXJDUORVVHV occur due to wound healing and thereafter respiration declines. Further sugar losses mainly depend on the storage temperature. Storage at 2 to 8 °C is regarded as optimal. In addition to the sugar losses, strong accumulation of invert sugar occurs, which severely affects SURFHVVLQJ6XJDUORVVHVDUHPDUNHGO\HQKDQFHGZKHQVSURXWLQJURWWLQJDQGLQIHFWLRQE\ EDFWHULDDQGIXQJLRFFXU5RWWHQDQGLQSDUWLFXODUIURVWGDPDJHGEHHWFDQQRWEHVWRUHG IXUWKHUDQGKDYHWREHSURFHVVHGLPPHGLDWHO\0RXOGIRUPDWLRQDQGWKHVXEVHTXHQWURWWLQJ DQG UHGXFWLRQ LQ TXDOLW\ GUDVWLFDOO\ LQFUHDVH DERYH DQ DFFXPXODWHG WKHUPDO WLPH RI  GHJUHHGD\V EDVHWHPSHUDWXUHƒ& 

6XJDUEHHWYDULHWLHVGLIIHULQVWRUDELOLW\SRVVLEO\GXHWRWKHLUVXVFHSWLELOLW\WRGDPDJHDQG RU LQIHFWLRQ E\ PRXOGV DQG URW 6WRUDJH ORVVHV DUH DOVR VWURQJO\ GHSHQGHQW RQ WKH EHHW JURZLQJ FRQGLWLRQV ORFDWLRQVRLO VWUHVV GXULQJ WKH VHDVRQ KDUYHVWLQJ FRQGLWLRQV  5RRW LQMXULHVGXULQJKDUYHVWLQJDQGFODPSLQJVKRXOGEHPLQLPLVHGDVWKH\PDUNHGO\LQFUHDVH URWWLQJDQGWKHUHE\VXJDUORVVHV&RPSOHWHUHPRYDORIOHDYHVSRVVLEO\LQFRPELQDWLRQZLWK VOLJKWWRSSLQJJLYHVWKHORZHVWVXJDUORVVHVGXULQJORQJWHUPVWRUDJHDVRYHUWRSSHGEHHW are avoided. Treatment with lime during clamping can reduce pathogen infections.

Recommendations for optimal harvest and clamp management include protecting FODPSHGEHHWIURPSUHFLSLWDWLRQ&OHDQGU\EHHWDOORZJDVH[FKDQJHZKLFKSUHYHQWVKHDW accumulation and lowers the infection potential of moulds and rots. Frost damage should EHDYRLGHGE\KDUYHVWLQJWKHEHHWLQWLPHDQGFRYHULQJWKHFODPSZLWKHJSODVWLFVKHHWLQJ ÀHHFHVWUDZRUFDQYDVZKLFKFDQSURYLGHVRPHSURWHFWLRQDJDLQVWIURVW

7 1. INTRODUCTION

,Q1RUWK:HVW(XURSHVXJDUEHHWKDU- YHVWKDVWREH¿QLVKHGEHIRUHWKHEHHW DUHGDPDJHGE\IURVW)LJXUHVKRZV WKH ULVN RI WHPSHUDWXUHV EHORZ  ƒ& -3 °C and -5 °C in the Netherlands from PLG2FWREHU WR PLG-DQXDU\ 7DEOH shows the variation in temperature over ¿YH \HDUV LQ WKH PRVW VRXWKHUO\ EHHW JURZLQJDUHDRI6ZHGHQ7KHULVNRIORZ WHPSHUDWXUHVH[SUHVVHGDVQXPEHURI days per month with mean daily tempe- UDWXUHEHORZƒ&DQGEHORZ ƒ&DQG WKHQXPEHURIGD\VSHUPRQWKZLWKQLJKW IURVWLVVLJQL¿FDQWEXWYHU\YDULDEOHEHW- Figure 1.1:5LVNRIWHPSHUDWXUHVEHORZƒ&ƒ& ZHHQ\HDUV,Q1RYHPEHUDQG'HFHP- DQGƒ&LQWKHFHQWUDO1HWKHUODQGVIURPPLG2FWREHU EHUFROGGD\VZLWKWHPSHUDWXUHVEHORZ to mid-January, 1993-2013. (Source: KNMI, 2013). 0 °C are often interspersed with warmer GD\VZLWKPHDQGDLO\WHPSHUDWXUHVDER- ve +5 °C.

7KHQXPEHURIGD\VZLWKIURVWLQ'HFHP- Table 1.1: 1XPEHURIGD\VSHUPRQWKZLWKPHDQWHP- EHULQWKHGLIIHUHQWVXJDUEHHWDUHDVRI SHUDWXUHVEHORZƒ&EHORZƒ&DQGDERYHƒ&DQG QXPEHU RI GD\V SHU PRQWK ZLWK QLJKW IURVW ORFDWLRQV North-West Europe are shown in Figure near the southern coast of Sweden. Data from Jord- 1.2, in which 2010 represents a year EHUJDZHDWKHUVWDWLRQ1RYHPEHU-DQXDU\ with a severe winter and 2011 a year (Source: Nordic Sugar, Agricenter Sweden, 2011). ZLWKDPLOGZLQWHU7KHULVNRIIURVWGD- November Number of days PDJHLVKLJKLIVXJDUEHHWDUHVWLOOLQWKH Year <-5 °C < 0 °C night frost >5 °C VRLO LQ 'HFHPEHU7KH ULVN RI SRRU VRLO 2006 0 2 4 24 conditions for harvest operations also 2007 0 2 9 13 2008 1 5 7 18 increases later in the season. In gene- 2009 0 0 0 27 ral, this means that the harvest period 2010 2 7 10 10 VWDUWVLQ6HSWHPEHUDQGHQGVLQPLGRU December Number of days ODWH1RYHPEHU%HIRUHWKHUHIRUPRIWKH Year <-5 °C < 0 °C night frost >5 °C VXJDUPDUNHWLQ &RXQFLO5HJXOD- 2006 0 0 5 25 2007 0 4 10 9 WLRQ (& 1R WKHSURFHVVLQJ 2008 0 5 14 3 RI VXJDU EHHW ZDV XVXDOO\ ¿QLVKHG EH- 2009 2 11 18 6 2010 12 29 31 0 fore Christmas. However, during the VXJDU EHHW UHIRUP PDQ\ VXJDU IDFWR- January Number of days Year <-5-0 °C < 0 °C night frost >5 °C ries were closed and the processing 2006 1 5 8 19 period was extended to mid-January. 2007 0 4 9 8 7KLV PHDQV WKDW PRUH VXJDU EHHW QRZ 2008 2 12 17 0 2009 8 29 30 0 KDYH WR EH VWRUHG IRU D ORQJHU SHULRG 2010 2 18 24 0 In fact, the maximum storage period KDV GRXEOHG IURP DERXW RQH PRQWK to more than two months (Figure 1.3).

8 Sugar losses occur and the quality 35 RI WKH VXJDU EHHW GHFUHDVHV GXULQJ 30 storage. The extent of the decrease 25 depends on the condition of the 20 Mean KDUYHVWHG EHHW WKH VWRUDJH FRQGLWLRQV 15 2010 and the length of the storage period. 10 Days (t < 0°C) Days 2011 Guidelines are needed to minimise 5 the sugar losses and the decrease in 0 quality. For this reason, much research KDVEHHQGRQHWRLQYHVWLJDWHWKHHIIHFW of different conditions and measures RQ WKH VWRUDELOLW\ RI VXJDU EHHW %DFN Figure 1.2: 1XPEHU RI GD\V LQ 'HFHPEHU ZLWK IURVW in the 1970s, intensive research was LQHLJKWVXJDUEHHWJURZLQJDUHDVLQ1RUWK:HVW(X- FDUULHG RXW WR HVWDEOLVK WKH HIIHFW RI rope. In 2010 the winter was very cold and in 2011 the different factors on sugar losses and 'HFHPEHUZDVPLOG 6RXUFH/HJUDQGHWDO  the decrease in quality during storage 9XNRYDQG+DQJ\DO 6LQFHWKHQ DJUHDWGHDORIUHVHDUFKRQVXJDUEHHWKDVEHHQFDUULHGRXWRQODERUDWRU\VFDOHDQGRQIDUPV WRIXUWKHULQYHVWLJDWHIDFWRUVWKDWPD\EHLPSRUWDQWIRUWKHVWRUDELOLW\RIVXJDUEHHW,QUHFHQW \HDUVUHVHDUFKKDVIRFXVHGRQWKHIDFWRUVDIIHFWLQJVXJDUEHHWGXULQJORQJWHUPVWRUDJHDQG covering strategies for optimal storage.

28.02 18.02 average starting time 08.02 starting time in 2011 29.01 last campaign day in 2011 19.01 09.01 average last campaign day 30.12 20.12 15/11 10.12 20/02 Cham- 15/11 15/11 20/11 15/11 20/11 10/11 15/11 theoretical last harvesting day pagne 50-100 ±60 ±60 ±60 ±60 ±30 35-75 ±60 long term storage in days 30.11 10/12 (average) Date Date 20.11 55-75 10.11 31.10 160 104 116 125 121 103 122 122 116 N campaign days: average 21.10 165 117 132 130 130 120 138 130 132 N campaign days in 2011 11.10 01.10 21.09 11.09 01.09

Figure 1.3:6WDUWDQGHQGRIWKHEHHWKDUYHVWLQJFDPSDLJQDQGQXPEHURIFDPSDLJQGD\VLQZKLFK ZDVD\HDUZLWKUHFRUG\LHOGVLQDOOFRXQWULHVVKRZQDQGDYHUDJHIRULQHLJKWVXJDUEHHWJUR- wing areas in North-West Europe. The theoretical last harvesting date and the average long-term storage (days) are also indicated. (Source: Legrand et al., 2012).

9 2. BACKGROUND TO QUALITY REDUCTION DURING STORAGE

2.1 Quality assessment

$VVHVVPHQWRIWKHWHFKQLFDOTXDOLW\RIVXJDUEHHWLQ(XURSHLVEDVHGRQVHYHUDOSDUDPHWHUV VXJDU FRQWHQW EHLQJ WKH PRVW LPSRUWDQW +RZHYHU WKH SHUFHQWDJH RI VXJDU WKDW FDQ EH H[WUDFWHG DV JUDQXODWHG VXJDU GXULQJ SURFHVVLQJ LV LQÀ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

6HYHUDOIDFWRUVDUHUHVSRQVLEOHIRUWKHGHFUHDVHLQEHHWTXDOLW\GXULQJVWRUDJH .HQWHUDQG Hoffmann, 2006). First of all, sucrose decreases due to respiration, wound healing and the SRVVLEOHGHYHORSPHQWRIPRXOGV$WWKHVDPHWLPHWKHFRQFHQWUDWLRQRIUHGXFLQJVXJDUV PDLQO\ LQYHUW VXJDUV JOXFRVH  IUXFWRVH  LQFUHDVHV (QGRJHQRXV VXJDU EHHW HQ]\PHV FRQWULEXWH WR LQYHUW VXJDU IRUPDWLRQ E\ LQGXFLQJ DFLG LQYHUWDVH H[SUHVVLRQ DV D ZRXQG UHVSRQVHWRLQIHFWLRQ 5RVHQNUDQ]HWDO 7KLVJLYHVDQDGGLWLRQDOGHFUHDVHLQTXDOLW\ EHFDXVHGXULQJSURFHVVLQJLQYHUWVXJDUVGHFUHDVHWKHDONDOLQLW\RIWKHMXLFHE\FRQYHUWLQJ WR DFLGV DQG IXUWKHUPRUH LQFUHDVH FRORXU IRUPDWLRQ 7KH IRUPDWLRQ RI UDI¿QRVH GXULQJ VWRUDJH FDQ DOVR UHGXFH WKH TXDOLW\ RI WKH EHHW .HQWHU DQG +RIIPDQQ   5DI¿QRVH KDVDGUDPDWLFHIIHFWRQERWKVXFURVHFU\VWDOOLVDWLRQUDWHDQGVXFURVHFU\VWDOPRUSKRORJ\ 'XWWRQ DQG +XLMEUHJWV   7KH FRQFHQWUDWLRQ RI VROXEOH QLWURJHQ PD\ DOVR LQFUHDVH WKURXJKGHJUDGDWLRQRISURWHLQVZKLFKDOVRGHFUHDVHVWKHDONDOLQLW\(YHQPRUHQHJDWLYH HIIHFWV RQ EHHW SURFHVVLQJ FDQ EH FDXVHG E\ URWWLQJ EHHW DQG URWWHQ EHHW SDUWV 3DUW RI WKH URWWHQ PDWHULDO LV UHPRYHG GXULQJ ZDVKLQJ RI WKH EHHW WKXV FRQWDPLQDWLQJ WKH ZDVK ZDWHU7KHUHPDLQLQJSDUWVDIIHFWSURFHVVLQJEHFDXVHRIWKHYHU\ORZVXJDUFRQWHQWDQGKLJK concentrations of invert sugars and organic acids.

)URVW GDPDJH DOVR DIIHFWV EHHW TXDOLW\ VHYHUHO\ 3URFHVVLQJ RI WKDZHG EHHW LV SRVVLEOH EHIRUHWKH\GHWHULRUDWHDOWKRXJKWKHZDVKLQJZDWHULVPRUHFRQWDPLQDWHGZLWKVXJDUGXH WRWKHOHDNDJHRIVXJDUWKURXJKWKHRSHQFHOOZDOOV)RUWKLVUHDVRQLQ'HQPDUNDQGWKH 1HWKHUODQGVIDUPHUVDUHQRWSHUPLWWHGWRGHOLYHUIURVWGDPDJHGEHHW GH1LHHWDO  'HWHULRUDWHGEHHWDUHGLI¿FXOWWRSURFHVV,QSDUWLFXODUWKHIRUPDWLRQRISRO\VDFFKDULGHVVXFK DVGH[WUDQDQGOHYDQFDXVHVJUHDWSUREOHPVGXULQJEHHWSURFHVVLQJ GH%UXLMQ+HLQ et al., 2012).

2.2 Respiration

5HVSLUDWLRQDFFRXQWVIRURIWKHVXFURVHORVVHVWKDWWDNHSODFHGXULQJVWRUDJH :\VH  6XFURVHLVWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWFDUERK\GUDWHVRXUFHIRUWKHIRUPDWLRQRIUHVSLUDWRU\ FDUERQGLR[LGH %DUERXUDQG:DQJ )LJXUHVKRZVDVLPSOL¿HGUHSUHVHQWDWLRQRI WKHFRQYHUVLRQVXQGHUDHURELFFRQGLWLRQV .RVWHUDQG-RUULWVPD 

10 sucrose amino acids Figure 2.1: The glucose + fructose organic acids most important conversions that WDNHSODFHGX- respiration ULQJVXJDUEHHW respiration in storage. (Source: + O2 + ADP Koster and Jor- ritsma, 1980).

CO2 + H2O heat ATP

7KH UHVSLUDWLRQ SURFHVV VWDUWV ZLWK FOHDYDJH RI VXFURVH LQWR KH[RVH VXJDUV PRVW OLNHO\ FDWDO\VHG E\ VXFURVH V\QWKDVH (FKHYHUULD  (W[HEHUULD DQG *RQ]DOH]   +RZHYHU VXFURO\VLV E\ DONDOLQH DQG DFLG LQYHUWDVHV LV SRVVLEOH :\VH  %HUJKDOO et al., 1997). Enzyme activity depends on temperature. The highest enzymatic activities DUH UHSRUWHG WR RFFXU DW DERXW  ƒ& .ORW] DQG )LQJHU   5HVSLUDWLRQ UHTXLUHV DQ DGHTXDWHVXSSO\RIR[\JHQWRFRQYHUWVXFURVHLQWRFDUERQGLR[LGHDQGZDWHU7KHHQHUJ\ PDGHDYDLODEOHGXULQJWKLVH[RWKHUPLFUHDFWLRQLVSDUWO\VWRUHGDVDQHQHUJ\ULFKPROHFXOH $73 DGHQRVLQHWULSKRVSKDWH 7KHUHVWLVFRQYHUWHGWRKHDW$PLQRDFLGVDOVRFRQWULEXWH to respiration via deamination to organic acids. Under oxygen-limiting conditions ethanol is IRUPHGE\IHUPHQWDWLRQ7KLVUHVXOWVLQHYHQODUJHUVXJDUORVVHVVLQFHDQDHURELFUHVSLUDWLRQ UHTXLUHVWRIROGPRUHVXFURVHWRJHQHUDWHDQHTXLYDOHQWDPRXQWRI$73WKDQDHURELF UHVSLUDWLRQ =KDQJDQG*UHHQZD\ 

2.3 Wound healing

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2.4 Sprouts

,QWDFWYHJHWDWLYHEXGVZLWKKLJKPHWDEROLFDFWLYLW\DQGOHDIUHJURZWKFRQWULEXWHWRWKHUHVSLUDWLRQ UDWHLQVWRUDJH6SURXWLQJLQURRWVGHIROLDWHGE\ÀDLOLQJPD\FRQWULEXWHPRUHWRWKHUHVSLUDWLRQUDWH WKDQVSURXWLQJLQVFDOSHGRUWRSSHGURRWV 6WHHQVHQDQG$XJXVWLQXVVHQ+RIIPDQQ 

2.5 Root rot

5RRWURWGLVHDVHVLQVXJDUEHHWFDXVHGE\Rhizoctonia solani (AG 2-2 IIIB and AG 2-2 IV), R. crocorum, Aphanomyces cochlioides, Phoma betae, Macrophomina phaseolina, Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. radicis-betae, Fusarium culmorum, Pythium aphanidermatum, Phytophthora drechsleri, Rhizopus stolonifer, R. arrhizus and Sclerotium rolfsiiFDXVHVLJQL¿FDQWORVVHV ZKHUHYHUVXJDUEHHWDUHJURZQ+RZHYHUQRWDOORIWKHVHVRLOERUQHSDWKRJHQVKDYHEHHQ UHSRUWHGLQDOOVXJDUEHHWSURGXFLQJDUHDV0DQ\RIWKHVHSDWKRJHQVFDXVHSRVWKDUYHVW ORVVHVLQVWRUDJHFODPSV -DFREVHQ 

11 5RRWURWFDXVHGE\Rhizoctonia VSSLVZHWZKLFKPDNHVWKHURRWVLPSRVVLEOHWRVWRUH,Q FRQWUDVWURWVFDXVHGE\Aphanomyces cochlioides DUHGU\DQGDIIHFWHGEHHWPD\EHVWRUHG IRUVRPHWLPHEXWZLWKDKLJKHUUDWHRIUHVSLUDWLRQGXHWRWKHGHIRUPDWLRQVFDXVHGE\WKLV RRP\FHWH,QVRPH\HDUVXVXDOO\DIWHUGURXJKWLQWKH¿HOGFKDUDFWHULVWLFURWVFDXVHGE\ Fusarium culmorum may occur. As with Rhizoctonia VSSWKHDIIHFWHGEHHWDUHQRWVXLWDEOH for storage. Root rot may also occur in the clamp during long-term storage as a result of LQIHFWLRQE\PRXOGVEDFWHULDDQGVWHPQHPDWRGHV Ditylenchus dipsaci).

2.6 Bacteria

8QGHU WKH JURZLQJ FRQGLWLRQV LQ 1RUWK:HVW (XURSH EDFWHULDO LQIHFWLRQV DUH RI PLQRU LPSRUWDQFH+RZHYHUGXULQJVWRUDJHWKH\DUHLPSRUWDQWDVWKH\RFFXULQGDPDJHGEHHW ,I EHHW URRWV DUH GHWHULRUDWLQJ IRU LQVWDQFH DIWHU EHLQJ DIIHFWHG E\ IURVW EDFWHULD FDQ FRQVLGHUDEO\GHFUHDVHWKHSURFHVVLQJTXDOLW\RIWKHVXJDUEHHWE\SURGXFLQJSRO\VDFFKDULGHV $XJXVWLQXVVHQ DQG 6PHG   7KLV PDNHV WKH SURFHVVLQJ RI EHHW YHU\ GLI¿FXOW GH %UXLMQ  +HLQ HW DO   $ FRQWULEXWRU WR EHHW GHWHULRUDWLRQ LQ PDQ\ FRXQWULHV SDUWLFXODUO\ZKHQZDUPDQGKXPLGFRQGLWLRQVSUHYDLOLVLQIHFWLRQE\WKHKHWHURIHUPHQWDWLYH Leuconostoc mesenteroides ODFWLF DFLG EDFWHULD ZKLFK SURGXFH GH[WUDQ (JJOHVWRQ DQG +XHW $PRQJWKHEDFWHULDOLQIHFWLRQVWKHPRVWDJJUHVVLYHLVWKHEDFWHULDOVRIWURW (Erwinia serbinowi 2WKHUW\SHVRIEDFWHULDOURWDQGWKHLUPRVWFRPPRQVSHFLHVDUHURRWURW or crown gummosis (Erwinia bussei, Bacillus betae, B. larecans FROODUURW Pseudomonas syringae) and wet rot (Erwinia carotovora  =DKUDGQtþHN 

2.7 Moulds

'XULQJVWRUDJHPRXOGVPD\GHYHORSZKHUHWKHEHHWWLVVXHLVGDPDJHG7KHUHPRYDORIFURZQ WLVVXHURRWWLSORVVHVDQGVXUIDFHLQMXULHVIRUPHQWU\SRLQWVZKHUHPRXOGVPD\VWDUW7KH development of moulds is related to storage time and temperature. A conservation threshold KDVEHHQFDOFXODWHGEH\RQGZKLFKVWRUDJHPRXOGVEHJLQWRGHYHORS7KLVWKUHVKROGWDNHV into account the storage time and the storage temperature. It is expressed in accumulated GHJUHH GD\V DFFXPXODWHG WKHUPDO WLPH LQ GHJUHH FHQWLJUDGH GD\V ZLWK D EDVH RI  ƒ&  According to French research, the threshold for accumulated thermal time is 250 degree days (Rapp, 2009). In this, accumulated degree days is calculated as the daily maximum temperature outside the clamp plus the daily minimum temperature outside the clamp divided E\WZR 7max+Tmin  /HJUDQGDQG:DXWHUV  DVVXPHDWKUHVKROGRIGHJUHHGD\V EDVHG RQ WKH RXWVLGH WHPSHUDWXUH ZKLFK FRUUHVSRQGV WR  GHJUHH GD\V ZKHQ WKH WHPSHUDWXUHLQVLGHWKHFODPSLVWDNHQDVUHIHUHQFH$IWHUDQDFFXPXODWHGWKHUPDOWLPHRI GHJUHHGD\VVXJDUORVVHVFDQEHH[SRQHQWLDOGXHWRWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIVWRUDJHPRXOGV

After long-term storage (116 days) in an experiment in the Netherlands, a white fungus had VSUHDGDOORYHUWKHFODPS )LJXUH 7KLVIXQJXVZDVLGHQWL¿HGDV Monilia. Penicillium, Alternaria and AspergillusZHUHDOVRLGHQWL¿HG +XLMEUHJWV ,Q%HOJLXPWKHPDLQPRXOGV LGHQWL¿HGLQEHHWFODPSVDUHPenicillium, Botrytis, Trichoderma, Rhizoctonia and Fusarium /HJUDQG DQG :DXWHUV  7KH PRVW FRPPRQ PRXOGV LVRODWHG IURP EHHW LQ ORQJWHUP storage clamps in Sweden are Botrytis and Penicillium )LJXUH EXWDOVRFusarium and SclerotiniaPD\EHIRXQG 2OVVRQ ,QWKH&]HFK5HSXEOLFPRXOGVFRPPRQO\IRXQGRQ

12 Figure 2.2: Monilia LQ D VXJDU EHHW FODPS DIWHU Figure 2.3: 0RXOGGDPDJHWRVXJDUEHHWLQORQJ 116 days of storage. (Photo: IRS). term storage. (Photo: NBR).

VWRUHGEHHWDUHPenicillium expansum, Botrytis cinerea, Alternaria tenuis, Fusarium betae, Phoma betae, Rhizopus nigricans, Mucor hiemalis, Aspergillus niger, Cladosporium herbarum and Rhizoctonia violacea =DKUDGQtþHN 

2QO\XQGHUH[WUHPHO\ZDUPDQGZHWVWRUDJHFRQGLWLRQVGREHHWURRWVFRQWDPLQDWHGZLWK Fusarium IRUP P\FRWR[LQV 6FUHHQLQJ IRU P\FRWR[LQV LQ VXJDU EHHW EUHL LQIHFWHG ZLWK Fusarium and stored for 59 days at 100% humidity and temperatures of up to 15 °C, corresponding to 695 degree days, has revealed small quantities of deoxynivalenol (DON), ]HDUDOHQRQH =($  DQG DFHW\O GHR[\QLYDOHQRO +XLMEUHJWV D +XLMEUHJWV D  +RZHYHUWKHVHWR[LQVDUHQRWQRUPDOO\IRXQGLQEHHWSXOSEHFDXVHWKH\DUHZDWHUVROXEOH and are removed during diffusion.

0RXOGVLQFUHDVHVXJDUORVVHVGXULQJVWRUDJH(YHQDVOLJKWLQIHFWLRQE\Penicillium and Botrytis can increase respiration rates and greatly enhance the content of invert sugars (Wyse, 1980). The reduction in sugar content and formation of invert sugars is closely related to the infection ZLWKPRXOGVDQGURWVZKHQVXJDUEHHWDUHVWRUHG +RIIPDQQ DQGWKHTXDOLW\EHJLQVWR GHFOLQH7KHUHIRUHWKHPDLQWKUHDWWREHHWTXDOLW\GXULQJORQJWHUPVWRUDJHLVURWWLQJDVDUHVXOW of mould infections.

2.8 Frost damage

)URVWGDPDJHFDQRFFXULIVXJDUEHHWDUHVWRUHGEHORZWKHIUHH]LQJSRLQWZKLFKLVDERXW ƒ&EDVHGRQWKHSRLQWRILQÀHFWLRQLQIURVWH[SHULPHQWV )LJXUH 'XULQJDIURVWSHULRG FRUHEHHWWHPSHUDWXUHRQO\GHFUHDVHVEHORZWKHIUHH]LQJSRLQWZKHQWKHEHHWLVWRWDOO\IUR]HQ The consequences of frost damage depend very much on the storage conditions afterwards. ([SHULPHQWVLQDWHPSHUDWXUHFDELQHWVKRZHGFRQVLGHUDEOHIURVWGDPDJHDWH[SRVXUHWLPHVRI KRXUVDWƒ& )LJXUH $IWHU WKDZLQJ DQG VWRUDJH DW  ƒ& IRU WZR ZHHNV WKH S+ decreased and invert sugars and polysaccharides (dextran and levan) were formed, as shown LQ7DEOH +HLMEURHNDQG+XLMEUHJWV 3URFHVVLQJTXDOLW\LVWKXVFRQVLGHUDEO\UHGXFHG DIWHU IURVW GDPDJH DQG WKDZLQJ DV EHHWV GHWHULRUDWH YHU\ TXLFNO\ .HQWHU DQG +RIIPDQQ  7DEOHDOVRVKRZVWKHUHVXOWVRIVWDLQLQJZLWK3RQFHDX5HGWRGLVWLQJXLVKEHWZHHQ

13 15 UHYHUVLEO\ DQG LUUHYHUVLEO\ GDPDJHG EHHW 10 tissue (see section 3.2.4). The storage 5 WHPSHUDWXUHDIWHUWKDZLQJLVRIFRQVLGHUDEOH importance for the degree of deterioration. 0 ,Q WKH WHPSHUDWXUH FDELQHW VWXG\ FLWHG -5 DERYH URRWV H[SRVHG HYHQ WR  ƒ& IRU -10

12 hours did not show any increase in the (°C) Temperature -15 cabinet content of polysaccharides or invert sugars, -20 5 cm in beet RUDGHFUHDVHLQS+DIWHUWZRZHHNVZKHQ -25 VWRUHG DW  ƒ& DOWKRXJK YLVLEOH GDPDJH 0 2 4 6 8 10121416 evident as a glassy appearance did not Time (hours) disappear during that period and the tissues Figure 2.4: Temperature changes in the centre ZHUH VWDLQHG SRVLWLYHO\ E\ 3RQFHDX 5HG RIVXJDUEHHWGXULQJUDSLGIUHH]LQJDQGWKDZLQJ 7DEOH  LQDWHPSHUDWXUHFDELQHW 6RXUFH+HLMEURHNDQG +XLMEUHJWV 

Table 2.2: ,QÀXHQFHRIUDSLGIUHH]LQJ PRUHWKDQƒ&SHUPLQXWH RQVXJDUEHHWEHIRUHDQG DIWHUVWRUDJHIRUWZRZHHNVDWƒ& 6RXUFH+HLMEURHNDQG+XLMEUHJWV 

Frost Proportion of 6WDLQHGE\ Changes in frozen parts after affected tissues Ponceau storage EHIRUHVWRUDJH Red Temp. Time pH Invert Poly- (%) (°C) (hours) sugars saccharides -10 1.5 0 0 - - 360 -0.1-- 4.5 80 x -0.1 - - 6 100 xx 0 - - 12 100 xx 0 - - -5 3 0 ¡ 0- - 60 ¡ 0- - 12 80* ¡ 0- - 24 100* x 0 - - 36 100* xx 0 - - 48 100* xx 0 ± ± ¡ = No staining - = No increase x = Partly stained ± = Little increase xx = Totally stained * %URZQQHFURVLVDURXQGWKHYDVFXODUEXQGOHV

2.9 Dirt tare

'LUWWDUHKDVWREHDYRLGHGEHFDXVHLWLQFUHDVHVWKHJURVVZHLJKWWKDWKDVWREHWUDQVSRUWHGWR WKHIDFWRU\)XUWKHULWKDVWREHZDVKHGRIIDQGVWRUHGLQSRQGV,QDGGLWLRQLQVXI¿FLHQWFOHDQLQJ LQWKHIDFWRU\PD\LQFUHDVHWKHDVKFRQWHQWRIWKHSXOS'LUWWDUHDOVRLQÀXHQFHVWKHVWRUDELOLW\ RIWKHVXJDUEHHWE\UHGXFLQJWKHYHQWLODWLRQLQWKHFODPSUHVXOWLQJLQKLJKHUWHPSHUDWXUHV DQGFRQVHTXHQWO\KLJKHUVXJDUORVVHV 7DELOHWDO ,QJHQHUDOWKHSURSRUWLRQRIGLUW WDUHLVVRORZWKDWLWGRHVQRWDIIHFWWKHFODPSDVDZKROH+RZHYHULQSUDFWLFHSUREOHPVRIWHQ DULVHLQSDUWVRIWKHFODPSW\SLFDOO\ZKHUHWKHVXJDUEHHWKDYHEHHQXQORDGHG,QWKHVHVSRWV dirt accumulates, forming compacted cores which restrict ventilation and gas exchange. As a FRQVHTXHQFHVWRUDJHWHPSHUDWXUHLQFUHDVHVEHFDXVHRIWKHDFFXPXODWHGKHDWUHVXOWLQJLQ HQKDQFHGGHWHULRUDWLRQRIWKHEHHW

14 3. ANALYTICAL METHODS

3.1 Storage experiments

3.1.1 Respiration Measurements

6XJDU ORVVHV GXULQJ VWRUDJH DUH PDLQO\ FDXVHG E\ UHVSLUDWLRQ DQG WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI PRXOGVDIWHUUHDFKLQJWKHWKUHVKROGRIDFFXPXODWHGWKHUPDOWLPHZKLFKLVDERXWGHJUHH GD\V)RUWKLVUHDVRQLWLVSRVVLEOHWRHVWLPDWHVXJDUORVVHVE\PHDVXULQJWKHFDUERQGLR[LGH production or oxygen consumption during storage. Beet samples are stored in metal or plastic cylindrical vessels and placed in a room with controlled temperature. Air supplied IURPDFRPSUHVVRUÀRZVLQWRWKHVHYHVVHOVQHDUWKHERWWRP$WWKHWRSWKHDLULVGLYHUWHGWR the measuring equipment, as shown in Figure 3.1.

%DVHG RQ WKH DLU ÀRZ DQG FDUERQ GLR[LGH SURGXFWLRQ RU R[\JHQ FRQVXPSWLRQ WKH VXJDU ORVVHVFDQEHFDOFXODWHG$GHWDLOHGGHVFULSWLRQRIWKHVHPHDVXUHPHQWVLVJLYHQE\.RVWHU HWDO  7KLVPHWKRGRORJ\PDNHVLWSRVVLEOHWRHVWLPDWHWKHVXJDUORVVHVGXULQJWKH storage period for different treatments, such as choice of variety, topping and defoliation, XQGHUFRQWUROOHGFRQGLWLRQV(YHQUHODWLYHO\VPDOOGLIIHUHQFHVFDQEHPRQLWRUHGGXHWRWKH high precision of the measurement technique. 6XJDUORVVHVFDQEHH[SUHVVHGLQVHYHUDOZD\V - grams of sugar per 100 g sugar (%) per day JUDPVRIVXJDUSHUNJVXJDUSHUGD\ JUDPVRIVXJDUSHUWRQRIEHHWSHUGD\ Under good storage conditions, sugar losses IURP PDFKLQHKDUYHVWHG EHHW DUH DERXW  SHUGD\FRUUHVSRQGLQJWRJUDPSHUNJVXJDU SHUGD\RUJUDPVSHUWRQRIEHHWSHUGD\ IRUVXJDUEHHWFRQWDLQLQJVXJDU7KLVZDV ¿UVWGHPRQVWUDWHGLQLQYHVWLJDWLRQVLQWKHV DQGV 2OG¿HOGHWDO DQGKDVEHHQ FRQ¿UPHG LQ PDQ\ IXUWKHU VWXGLHV VLQFH WKHQ (e.g. Kenter et al., 2006). If the calculation is Figure 3.1: Equipment used at IRBAB for EDVHG RQ FDUERQ GLR[LGH SURGXFWLRQ VXJDU measuring the respiration losses from sugar EHHWGXULQJVWRUDJH 3KRWR,5%$%  ORVVHVFDQEHFRQYHUWHGWRJUDPVRIVXJDUSHU JUDPVRIVXJDUSHUGD\E\WKHHTXDWLRQ

Sugar loss (g sugar x 100 g-1 sugar x d-1) = 24 x 60 x 0.01 x %CO2 x 0.001 xÀRZx f x 10 x (%S)-1 x w-1 x 44.01 x 0.648 x 22.4-1 x (1 + 0.00367 t)-1

where: 24 = hours per day 60 = minutes per hour 0.01 x %CO2 = litres CO2 per litre air 0.001 xÀRZ OLWUHVSHUPLQXWH LIÀRZ LQPOPLQ 6 VXJDUFRQWHQWEHIRUHVWRUDJH I FRUUHFWLRQIDFWRULIWKHÀRZPHDVXUHPHQWGHSHQGVRQ&22: f = (100-a x %CO2 ZLWKD FRQ VWDQWRIÀRZPHWHU Z QHWEHHWZHLJKWLQNLORJUDPV t = temperature (°C) 44.01 x 0.648 x 22.4-1 x (1+0.00367t)-1 = conversion of litre CO2 to grams of sugar

15 Figure 3.2 shows the typical cour- 0.14 se of respiration losses over time. 0.12 Higher sugar losses occur during WKH ¿UVW GD\V GXH WR ZRXQG KHD- 0.10

OLQJDQGDIWHUDERXWƒ&GD\V 0.08 due to the development of moulds. ,Q DQRWKHU DSSURDFK WKH EHHW 0.06 TXDOLW\DIWHUVWRUDJHFDQEHFRP- 0.04 SDUHGZLWKWKHEHHWTXDOLW\RIDUH- 0.02

IHUHQFHVDPSOHEHIRUHVWRUDJHWR Sugar losses per day (%) estimate the decrease in quality. 0.00 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 Accumulated thermal time (degree days) Note: Sugar losses occur not only due to carbon dioxide production, Figure 3.2: $W\SLFDOFXUYHIRUVXJDUORVVHVFDXVHGE\UHVSLUD- but also due to the accumulation of WLRQGXULQJVWRUDJHRIVXJDUEHHW 6RXUFH+XLMEUHJWVE  LQYHUWVXJDUVDQGUDI¿QRVH

3.1.2 Storage under controlled conditions

,QRUGHUWRGHWHUPLQHVXJDUORVVHVDQGWKHGHFUHDVHLQTXDOLW\XQGHUVSHFL¿FFRQGLWLRQV VXJDUEHHWVDPSOHVDUHVWRUHGLQQHWVVDFNVRUER[HV )LJXUHVDQG 5HIHUHQFH VDPSOHVDUHDQDO\VHGEHIRUHVWRUDJHIRUDWOHDVWVXJDUFRQWHQWDQGVRLOWDUH7KHVWRUHG EHHWVDPSOHVDUHZHLJKHGEHIRUHVWRUDJH JURVVZHLJKW 1HWZHLJKWEHIRUHVWRUDJH QHW weight in) is calculated from the gross weight using the soil tare percentage of the reference samples. After storage, the samples are analysed and the results are compared with the quality of the reference samples. Sugar losses in percentage per day are calculated using the equation:

sugar losses in percentage per day = 100 x (net weight in x sugar content reference – net weight out x sugar content out) x (net weight in x sugar content reference)-1 xQXPEHURIVWRUDJHGD\V-1

7KHVHWHVWVFDQEHSHUIRUPHGLQEDUQVRURXWGRRUVDVORQJDVWKHEHHWDUHSURWHFWHGDJDLQVW IURVW)RUH[SHULPHQWVDWVSHFL¿FWHPSHUDWXUHVFROGVWRUHVRUFOLPDWHURRPVKDYHWREHXVHG +XPLGLW\VKRXOGEHQHDUWRSUHYHQWDUHGXFWLRQLQURRWZHLJKWE\WUDQVSLUDWLRQ ZDWHUORVV  If root transpiration is too high, the water loss will interfere with the sugar content decrease.

Figure 3.3: 6DFNVRIVXJDUEHHWVWRUHGLQER- Figure 3.4: 6XJDU EHHW VWRUHG LQ SODVWLF ER[HV LQ D xes. (Photo: NBR) controlled environment. (Photos: NBR). 16 3.1.3 Clamp experiments

7ZRW\SHVRIFODPSH[SHULPHQWVDUHJHQHUDOO\XVHG7KH¿UVWLVEDVHGRQIXOOVFDOHFODPSLQJ WULDOVXVLQJLQDQGRXWYDOXHVRIZHLJKWVRLOWDUHDQGEHHWTXDOLW\WRFDOFXODWHWKHVXJDUORVVHV DQGWKHUHGXFWLRQLQTXDOLW\GXULQJVWRUDJH7KHVHFRQGPHWKRGLVEDVHGRQQHWVDPSOHVVWRUHG in the clamp in order to calculate the sugar losses and decrease in quality of the whole clamp )LJXUH 7KHQHWVDPSOHVDUHSODFHGEHWZHHQEHHWORDGVRIWKHVDPHPDWHULDO5HIHUHQFH VDPSOHVDUHDQDO\VHGEHIRUHVWRUDJH7KHVWRUHGEHHWVDPSOHVDUHZHLJKHGEHIRUHDQGDIWHU storage to calculate the loss of weight. After storage, the samples are analysed and the results are compared with the quality of the reference samples. The sugar losses are calculated as GHVFULEHG LQ VHFWLRQ 7HPSHUDWXUHVKRXOG EH UHFRUGHG RXWVLGH DQG DW VHYHUDO SODFHV LQVLGHWKHFODPS$VDQLQGLFDWLRQRIVXJDUORVVHVWKHDFFXPXODWHGWKHUPDOWLPHEDVHGRQ WHPSHUDWXUHVDERYH]HURZLWKLQWKHFODPSLVXVHG -DJJDUGHWDO $VWKHWHPSHUDWXUH YDULHVFRQVLGHUDEO\ZLWKLQDFODPSVXJDUORVVHVDQGTXDOLW\FKDQJHVDOVRGHSHQGVWURQJO\RQ WKHSRVLWLRQLQWKHFODPS7KHUHIRUHEHHWVDPSOHVVKRXOGFRYHUWKHZKROHFURVVVHFWLRQDODUHD to give a representative picture of the clamp (Figure 3.6).

Figure 3.5: 1HWV ¿OOHG ZLWK VDPSOHV RI VXJDU Figure 3.6: 1HWEDJV¿OOHGZLWKVDPSOHVRIVXJDU EHHWEHLQJVWRUHGLQVLGHWKHFODPS 3KRWR,56  EHHWEHLQJVWRUHGLQVLGHDOORYHUWKHFURVVVHFWLRQ RIWKHFODPS 3KRWR1RUG]XFNHU 

Starting in 2004 in Northern Germany trials testing different covering materials  KDYHEHHQFRQGXFWHGZLWKIRFXVRQWKH effect of storage temperature, storage SHULRGVL]HRIWKHFODPSDQGDOVRNLQG  of topping (defoliated vs. “normal”). Sugar   ORVVHV ZHUH GHWHUPLQHG LQ EDJV ZKLFK were placed in the clamp (Figure 3.6). Investigations in Sweden and Northern Figure 3.7: Positions for temperature measurement in Germany have shown that temperature a clamp to get a representative temperature value for records are crucial for understanding the the various parts of the clamp. (Source: Olsson, 2009a). changes in a clamp, especially if the aim is to evaluate clamp management. Figu- 1 res 3.7, 3.8 and 3.9 show different ways 2 9 3 4 of evaluating the temperature change in 5 6 a clamp. In Swedish investigations during 7 8 2011-2012, different frost protection me- WKRGVZHUHHYDOXDWHGE\PHDVXULQJWHP- Figure 3.8: Position of temperature logger in a clamp perature, as shown in Figure 3.9. WRJHWDUHSUHVHQWDWLYHYDOXH 6RXUFH1RUG]XFNHU 

17 Figure 3.9: Placement of thermometers in a clamp when testing different frost protection materials during long-term storage. (Source: NBR 2013, un- SXEOLVKHGPDWHULDO 

3.2 Analyses

3.2.1 Standard quality parameters: sugar (Pol), potassium, sodium, amino nitrogen

5HIHUHQFH VDPSOHV DQG SRVWVWRUDJH VDPSOHV KDYH WR EH SURFHVVHG ZLWKRXW GHOD\ $IWHU ZDVKLQJWKHEHHWVDUHVDZQDQGWKHKRPRJHQHRXVEHHWEUHLLVDQDO\VHGGLUHFWO\RULPPHGLDWHO\ VKRFNIUR]HQDQGVWRUHGEHORZƒ&XQWLODQDO\VLV$IWHUH[WUDFWLRQDQGFODUL¿FDWLRQRIWKHEHHW EUHLVXJDUFRQWHQWLVGHWHUPLQHGE\SRODULPHWU\SRWDVVLXPDQGVRGLXPE\ÀDPHSKRWRPHWU\ DQGDPLQRQLWURJHQE\ÀXRULPHWU\RUFRORULPHWU\ ,&806$ 

$GGLWLRQDOTXDOLW\SDUDPHWHUVVXFURVHLQYHUWVXJDUVUDI¿QRVHVROXEOHQLWURJHQ

,IWKHEHHWKDYHGHWHULRUDWHGWRVRPHH[WHQWWKHSRODULPHWULFVXJDUGHWHUPLQDWLRQGHYLDWHV from the sucrose content due to the presence of other components with polarising properties %HUJNYLVW )RUFRUUHFWGHWHUPLQDWLRQRIWKHVXJDUFRQWHQWGLUHFWVXFURVHGHWHUPLQDWLRQ LV SRVVLEOH 7KLV FDQ EH GRQH XVLQJ DQ HQ]\PDWLF PHWKRG .DUO]HQ DQG 7MHEHV   RU E\+3/& +XLMEUHJWVHWDO :LWK+3/&LQYHUWVXJDUV JOXFRVHIUXFWRVH UDI¿QRVH JOXWDPLQHDQGEHWDLQHFDQEHGHWHUPLQHGVLPXOWDQHRXVO\LQ¿OWUDWHVRIVXJDUEHHWEUHL VHH Figure 3.10).

+RZHYHUWKH+3/&PHWKRGLVWLPHFRQVXPLQJDQGH[SHQVLYH(Q]\PDWLFPHWKRGVFDQEH XVHGIRUWKHGHWHUPLQDWLRQRILQYHUWVXJDUDQGUDI¿QRVH +ROODXVHWDO,&806$  0RUHUHFHQWO\DPHWKRGKDVEHHQLQWURGXFHGWRPHDVXUHJOXFRVHRQOLQHLQWKHWDUHKRXVH XVLQJ LPPRELOLVHG HQ]\PHV +XLMEUHJWV D  7KLV PHDVXUHPHQW FDQ EH XVHG DV DQ indication of the formation of invert sugars during storage. An IIRB study on the long-term VWRUDELOLW\RIGLIIHUHQWVXJDUEHHWJHQRW\SHVVKRZHGDFORVHFRUUHODWLRQEHWZHHQJOXFRVHDQG invert sugars (Figure 3.11). From various storage experiments from 2003 to 2011 Schnepel and Hoffmann (2013) derived a formula for the calculation of the invert sugar concentration IURPWKHJOXFRVHFRQFHQWUDWLRQRIWKHEHHWV

6ROXEOHQLWURJHQLQWKH¿OWUDWHVFDQEHDQDO\VHGDIWHUO\RSKLOLVDWLRQDQGGU\PLFUR'XPDV FRPEXVWLRQE\JDVFKURPDWRJUDSK\ +RIIPDQQHWDO 

18 Figure 3.10: +3/&DQDO\VLVRIUDI¿QRVHVXFURVHJOXFRVHIUXFWRVHEHWDLQHDQGJOXWDPLQHLQVXJDU EHHWH[WUDFW 6RXUFH+XLMEUHJWVHWDO 

19 600

n = 1588 500 2 y = 0.0018x + 1.73x - 0.17 Figure 3.11: 5HODWLRQVKLSEHW- R² = 0.99 ween glucose and invert sugars 400 IRUVXJDUEHHWJHQRW\SHVEHIRUH and after long-term storage under 300 various conditions. (Source: van 6ZDDLMDQG+XLMEUHJWV 

200

Invert (mmol/kg beet) (mmol/kg Invert 100

0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Glucose (mmol/kg beet)

3.2.3 Scores for sprouts, frozen parts, moulds, rot

$GGLWLRQDOVFRULQJRIVXJDUEHHWDIWHUVWRUDJHFDQEHFDUULHGRXWEHIRUHDQGDIWHUZDVKLQJWKH VDPSOHV%HIRUHZDVKLQJHDFKEHHWLQDVDPSOHRURQO\VRPHRIWKHEHHWLQODUJHVDPSOHV DUHYLVXDOO\MXGJHGIRUWKHQXPEHUDQGOHQJWKRIVSURXWV7RTXDQWLI\LQIHFWLRQZLWKPRXOGVWKH DIIHFWHGVXUIDFHFDQEHHVWLPDWHGXVLQJWKHVDPHVFDOHDVLVXVHGIRUGLVHDVHV )LJXUH  7KLVYLVXDODVVHVVPHQWFDQDOVREHGRQHRQGLIIHUHQWSDUWVRIWKHEHHWVXFKDVWKHFURZQWLVVXH DQGWKHWDSURRWRUWKHZKROHEHHWURRWVXUIDFHDVWKLVDIIHFWVWKHVHYHULW\RIWKHLQIHFWLRQ

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¿HOG %ULQNPDQQ 6FRULQJV\VWHPVUHJDUGLQJVSURXWVIUR]HQEHHWSDUWVPRXOGVDQGURRW URWPD\YDU\EHWZHHQFRXQWULHV

Figure 3.12: Scoring system IRUDVVHVVLQJVXJDUEHHWDIWHU storage. Scores and their corresponding percentages RIWKHURRWLQIHFWHGE\PRXOG URWWHGRUGDPDJHGE\IURVW (Source: Büttner et al., 2004). 0 % 1% 5% 10% 25% 50% 75% 100% 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

20 'HWHFWLRQRIUHYHUVLEOHDQGLUUHYHUVLEOHIURVWGDPDJH

,IEHHWKDYHEHHQGDPDJHGE\IURVWLWLVLP- SRUWDQWWRNQRZZKHWKHUWKHGDPDJHLVLUUH- YHUVLEOH,QWKDWFDVHWKHEHHWPXVWEHSUR- FHVVHGEHIRUHWKHGHWHULRUDWLRQVWDUWV .HQWHU DQG+RIIPDQQ 7RGLVWLQJXLVKEHWZHHQ UHYHUVLEOHDQGLUUHYHUVLEOHGDPDJHDPHWKRG KDVEHHQGHYHORSHGXVLQJ3RQFHDX5HGIRU VWDLQLQJ +XLMEUHJWVHWDO 

%HHWVOLFHVZLWKDWKLFNQHVVRIPPDUHSODFHG in a 0.4% Ponceau Red (R6) aqueous solution. After 15 minutes, the slices are washed with water for 5 minutes and the colour is determined Figure 3.13: Staining with Ponceau Red. No YLVXDOO\ RU E\ UHÀHFWLRQ PHDVXUHPHQWV DW VWDLQLQJRIKHDOWK\VXJDUEHHWWLVVXH OHIW DQG FRPSOHWHVWDLQLQJRIWLVVXHVXEMHFWHGWRIUHH- Ȝ  QP ZLWK D GHQVLWRPHWHU )LJXUH  zing temperatures (-20 °C) for 30 minutes VKRZVWKHGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQDKHDOWK\EHHW (right). (Photo: IRS). SDUW DQG D EHHW SDUW ZLWK LUUHYHUVLEOH IURVW damage after staining with Ponceau Red. ,UUHYHUVLEO\ GDPDJHG URRWV DUH VWDLQHG GDUN UHG +RZHYHU WHVWV KDYH VKRZQ WKDW SDUWV RI WKHGDPDJHGWLVVXHVZKLFKDUHDEOHWRUHFRYHUZLWKLQWZRZHHNVPD\DOVRUHDFWSRVLWLYHO\ +HLMEURHNDQG+XLMEUHJWV 

4. FACTORS AFFECTING STORABILITY

4.1 Beet material

4.1.1 Beet growing conditions

6WUHVVIDFWRUVGXULQJJURZWKPD\DIIHFWWKHVWRUDELOLW\RIVXJDUEHHW7KHHIIHFWRIGURXJKWVWUHVV RQVWRUDELOLW\ZDVGHPRQVWUDWHGLQLQ*HUPDQ\ .HQWHUDQG+RIIPDQQ 'XULQJ VWRUDJHWKHFRQFHQWUDWLRQVRIDPLQR1EHWDLQHWRWDOVROXEOH1DQGLQYHUWVXJDULQFUHDVHG 7KHVHHIIHFWVZHUHIRXQGWREHPRUHSURQRXQFHGDWKLJKVWRUDJHWHPSHUDWXUHDQGLQEHHW ZKLFKVKRZHGYLVLEOHV\PSWRPVRIGURXJKWVWUHVVLQWKH¿HOG7KXVZDWHUVKRUWDJHLPSDLUV QRWRQO\WKHTXDOLW\EXWDOVRWKHVWRUDJHSURSHUWLHVRIVXJDUEHHW)RUEHHWZLWKV\PSWRPVRI GURXJKWVWUHVVWKHVWRUDJHSHULRGVKRXOGEHNHSWDVVKRUWDVSRVVLEOH

7ULDOV LQ *HUPDQ\ KDYH DOVR VKRZQ WKDW VWRUDELOLW\ LV LPSDLUHG E\ YLVXDO URRW LQMXULHV DQG E\ Rhizoctonia solaniERWKRIZKLFKFDXVHDQLQFUHDVHLQVXFURVHORVVHVDQGLQDFFXPXODWLRQRI PHODVVLJHQLFVXEVWDQFHVVXFKDVDPLQR1DQGLQYHUWVXJDU .HQWHUHWDO 6WUDXVEDXJKHW al. (2011) found that the RhizoctoniaEDFWHULDOURRWURWFRPSOH[FDQQHJDWLYHO\DIIHFWQHLJKERXULQJ KHDOWK\URRWVGXULQJVWRUDJHOHDGLQJWRDGGLWLRQDOVXFURVHORVVHV$SRVLWLYHFRUUHODWLRQEHWZHHQ loss of sugar during storage and the frequency of Aphanomyces in the soil was found in an LQYHVWLJDWLRQLQYROYLQJ¿HOGVLQ6ZHGHQGXULQJ 3HUVVRQDQG2OVVRQ 7KH EHHWZHUHKDQGOLIWHGLQRUGHUWRREWDLQURRWVZLWKDVOLWWOHGDPDJHDVSRVVLEOHDQGWKHQVWRUHGIRU 60-70 days under cold or warm conditions (5-10 ºC and 10-15 ºC, respectively).

21 &DPSEHOODQG.ORW] D DQG.ORW]DQG&DPSEHOO  DVVRFLDWHGSRVWKDUYHVWVWRUDJH losses with Aphanomyces root rot. Liming of the soil can have a positive effect on the VWRUDELOLW\RIVXJDUEHHWLQIHFWHGE\AphanomycesEHFDXVHLWPD\VXSSUHVVWKHLQIHFWLRQLQ acid soils (Roelfsema, 2011). Fusarium infection also affects post-harvest respiration rate, VXFURVHFRQFHQWUDWLRQDQGWKHIRUPDWLRQRILQYHUWVXJDULQVWRUHGVXJDUEHHW &DPSEHOOHW al., 2011). In 2011 and 2012, roots from liming trials at eight different locations in Sweden ZHUHVWRUHGIRUGD\V7KHEHHWZHUHJURZQLQVRLOZLWKDS+OHYHODURXQGDPHQGHGZLWK GLIIHUHQWDPRXQWVRIOLPHVWRQH DQGWRQKDFRUUHVSRQGLQJWRDQGWRQKD&D2 DQG IDFWRU\OLPH WRQKDFRUUHVSRQGLQJWRWRQ&D2KD DSSOLHGLQWKHDXWXPQEHIRUHWKH VXJDUEHHWFURS6XJDUORVVHVDIWHUVWRUDJHWHQGHGWRGHFUHDVHZLWKDQGWRQOLPHVWRQH KDFRPSDUHGZLWKEHHWJURZQLQXQOLPHGVRLO 2OVVRQDQG3HUVVRQ1%5XQSXEOLVKHG 3RRU soil structure or a pan layer can lead to fangy roots. This gives higher storage losses due to GDPDJHGURRWVDQGURRWWLSEUHDNDJHVGXULQJKDUYHVW

6LQFHWKHVGLIIHUHQFHVLQVXJDUORVVHVEHWZHHQVLWHVGXULQJVWRUDJHKDYHEHHQREVHUYHG LQSUDFWLFHDOWKRXJKJURZLQJFRQGLWLRQVVHHPWREHVLPLODU7KLVSKHQRPHQRQLVQRWHQWLUHO\ XQGHUVWRRG EXW LV EHOLHYHG WR EH UHODWHG WR GLIIHUHQFHV LQ WKH PLFURELRORJLFDO FRPSRVLWLRQ RIWKHVRLO,QDQLQYHVWLJDWLRQLQ6ZHGHQLQEHHWVDPSOHVIURPHLJKWGLIIHUHQWVLWHV were stored in a controlled environment with two different temperatures (5 and 25 ºC) for DQGGD\V7KHUHVXOWVVKRZHGZLWKRQHH[FHSWLRQFRUUHODWLRQVEHWZHHQPHFKDQLFDO LQMXULHVV\PSWRPVRIIXQJLDQGEDFWHULDDQGVXJDUORVVHV2QHVLWHZLWKKLJKVXJDUORVVHV showed very little mechanical damage (Persson, 2005). In a more extensive investigation GXULQJZKHUHEHHWVIURPWKHVDPHYDULHW\ZHUHKDQGKDUYHVWHGDWGLIIHUHQWVLWHV RFFXUUHQFHRIVRLOERUQHIXQJLLQWKHVRLOZDVIRXQGWREHFRUUHODWHGWRWKHVXJDUORVVHV6XJDU losses increased with increasing root rot index of Aphanomyces in the soil. The soil at each site was also analysed with respect to acidity and nutrient status. There was no correlation EHWZHHQDQ\RIWKHFKHPLFDOVRLOIDFWRUVDQGVXJDUORVVHV 3HUVVRQDQG2OVVRQ /DWHU investigations showed a 50-100% difference in sugar losses during long-term storage of the same varieties grown at two different sites with varying soil characteristics (Olsson, 2011).

Conclusion: Healthy beet give the lowest sugar losses during storage. Stress conditions du- ring the growing season should be avoided by preventing drought, nutrient and pest stresses and by suppressing diseases. Rotten beet should not be stored.

4.1.2 Variety

'LIIHUHQFHVLQWKHVWRUDELOLW\RIYDULHWLHVKDYHEHHQH[WHQVLYHO\VWXGLHGLQWKHSDVW,QPRVW FDVHVRQO\VPDOOGLIIHUHQFHVLQVXJDUORVVHVZHUHUHSRUWHG :\VH.RVWHUHWDO 9DQVWDOOHQ  9XNRY DQG +DQJ\DO  .HQWHU HW DO  .HQWHU DQG +RIIPDQQ  $ VWXG\ RQ ELRPDVV EHHW KLJK URRW \LHOG ORZ VXJDU FRQWHQW  VKRZHG VLPLODU VXJDU ORVVHVGXULQJVWRUDJHIRUWKHVXJDUEHHWYDULHWLHVWHVWHG +XLMEUHJWV +RZHYHU:\VH et al. (1978) found up to 2.5-fold differences in respiration rate among varieties, suggesting WKDW VXI¿FLHQW JHQHWLF YDULDELOLW\ H[LVWV DPRQJ VXJDU EHHW JHQRW\SHV WR VXVWDLQ D EUHHGLQJ SURJUDPPHGHVLJQHGWRGHYHORSORZUHVSLULQJEUHHGLQJOLQHV,QDQGVWRUDJH WULDOVZLWKVXJDUEHHWJHQRW\SHVZHUHFDUULHGRXWXQGHUGLIIHUHQWFRQGLWLRQVLQVL[FRXQWULHV YDQ6ZDDLMDQG+XLMEUHJWV *HQRW\SHVVKRZHGVLJQL¿FDQWGLIIHUHQFHVLQVXJDUORVVHV EXWWKHUHZDVDVWURQJLQWHUDFWLRQZLWK\HDUDQGVLWH)XUWKHUPRUHGLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQWKH JHQRW\SHV RFFXUUHG DV UHJDUGV WKH GHFUHDVH LQ EHHW TXDOLW\ GXULQJ VWRUDJH QRW RQO\ DV D UHGXFWLRQLQVXJDUFRQWHQWEXWDOVRDVDQLQFUHDVHLQLQYHUWVXJDUDQGVROXEOHQLWURJHQ 22 Table 4.1: 6XJDUORVVHVDIWHUORQJWHUPVWRUDJHRIGLIIHUHQWYDULHWLHVRIVXJDUEHHWJURZQDWRQHVLWHLQ DQGDWWZRVLWHVLQ 6RXUFH2OVVRQE 

Variety Type* 2007 2008 2009 2010 2010 2011 2011 2012 2012 Site Äd Äd Äd Vra Hvi Vra Hvi Vra Hvi Days x Temp. 70d*4.6 75d*6.6 73d*10.2 68d*8 61d*8 64d*11 63d*11 60d*11 60d*11 Accumulated day degrees 322 493 746 517 453 685 674 653 653 Average loss % sugar/day 0.10 0.10 0.16 0.08 0.11 0.14 0.17 0.11 0.13 Julietta NT Rasta N Theresa KWS NT Nexus N Rosalinda KWS N Mixer N 6DEULQD.:6 N Cactus NT SY Muse N Sy Stinger N Alexina KWS NT

Low loss level, statistically different to high loss level on LSD 5 % level Average loss level for tested varieties High loss level, statistically different to low loss level on LSD 5 % level * NT = nematode tolerant N = not nematode tolerant

([SHULPHQWV GXULQJ UHFHQW \HDUV KDYH VKRZQ WKDW GLIIHUHQFHV GR LQGHHG H[LVW EHWZHHQ YDULHWLHVZKHQVXJDUEHHWDUHVWRUHGIRUDORQJSHULRG .HQWHUDQG+RIIPDQQ 6WRUDJH experiments in Belgium with several varieties showed that until the threshold level of 270 °C GD\VZDVUHDFKHGWKHGLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQYDULHWLHVZHUHVPDOOLHORVVHVZHUHOHVVWKDQ 5% of sugar weight (Legrand and Wauters, 2012). Beyond that threshold, the tests showed WKDWKDUYHVWLQJFRQGLWLRQVFDXVLQJURRWWLSEUHDNDJHODWHUDOLQMXULHVDQGRYHUWRSSLQJDQG the aggressiveness of the cleaning system were crucial for the extent of sugar losses during storage. The more aggressive the harvesting, the more pronounced were the sugar losses. ,WZDVDOVRVKRZQWKDWZLWKDJJUHVVLYHKDUYHVWLQJWKHGLIIHUHQFHVLQVXJDUORVVHVEHWZHHQ varieties increased during long-term storage. These results suggest that differences in VWRUDELOLW\EHWZHHQYDULHWLHVDUHRQO\SDUWO\FDXVHGE\GLIIHUHQFHVLQLQWHUQDOFDUERK\GUDWH WXUQRYHU$PRUHLPSRUWDQWIDFWRUVHHPVWREHWKHGLIIHUHQFHLQVXVFHSWLELOLW\WRPHFKDQLFDO LQMXULHVDQGWRLQIHFWLRQE\PRXOGVDQGURW

/RQJWHUPVWRUDJHH[SHULPHQWVXQGHUFRQWUROOHGFRQGLWLRQVDWWHPSHUDWXUHVEHWZHHQDQG ƒ&GXULQJDOVRVKRZHGGLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQYDULHWLHV 7DEOH $OWKRXJKWKH UDQNLQJLQWKHVWRUDELOLW\RIYDULHWLHVFKDQJHGEHWZHHQ\HDUVDQGORFDWLRQVLWZDVREYLRXV WKDWVRPHYDULHWLHVKDGDEHWWHUVWRUDELOLW\DQGZHUHWKHUHIRUHPRUHVXLWDEOHIRUORQJWHUP VWRUDJH 2OVVRQE2OVVRQ2OVVRQE 

$OWKRXJKGLIIHUHQFHVLQVWRUDELOLW\EHWZHHQYDULHWLHVPD\H[LVWLWLVGLI¿FXOWWRLQFRUSRUDWHWKLV WUDLWLQWRYDULHW\VHOHFWLRQGXHWRWKHH[WHQVLYHWHVWLQJSURFHGXUH$MRLQW,,5%VWXG\VKRZHG RQO\ZHDNUHODWLRQVKLSVEHWZHHQVXJDUORVVHVDQGLQLWLDOVXJDUFRQWHQW U  LQLWLDO EHWDLQHFRQWHQW U  DQGURRWWLSEUHDNDJH U   YDQ6ZDDLMDQG+XLMEUHJWV  $IWHU VWRUDJH VLJQL¿FDQW FRUUHODWLRQV ZHUH IRXQG EHWZHHQ VXJDU ORVVHV DQG WKH incidence of mould (r = +0.87), rot (r = +0.88) and the content of invert sugars (r = +0.89).

Conclusion: There are differences in storability between sugar beet varieties. Susceptibility to mechanical damage and/or infection by mould and rot seem to be of major importance for these differences in storability. 23 4.1.3 Beet size

7KHRUHWLFDOO\ ODUJH URRWV ZLOO KDYH VPDOOHU VXJDU ORVVHV GXULQJ VWRUDJH EHFDXVH RI WKH VPDOOHUVXUIDFHWRYROXPHUDWLREXWLQDUHVSLUDWLRQH[SHULPHQWZLWKURRWVRIGLIIHUHQWZHLJKW RQ DYHUDJH   DQG  JEHHW  WKH ODUJH URRWV KDG RQO\  ORZHU UHVSLUDWLRQ ORVVHVWKDQWKHVPDOOHVWURRWV +XLMEUHJWV +RZHYHULQSUDFWLFHGLIIHUHQFHVPD\EH ODUJHUGXHWREHWWHUYHQWLODWLRQEHWZHHQODUJHEHHWZKHQVWRUHGLQDFODPS 7DELOHWDO 

Conclusion: Small sugar beet may have somewhat higher sugar losses during storage than large beet.

4.2 Harvesting and clamping conditions

4.2.1 Root damage during harvesting and clamping

,QFUHDVHGVXJDUORVVHVGXULQJVWRUDJHDVDFRQVHTXHQFHRIEHHWLQMXULHVKDYHEHHQUHSRUWHG LQ VHYHUDO VWXGLHV ,QJHOVVRQ  6WHHQVHQ DQG$XJXVWLQXVVHQ D .HQWHU HW DO  ,QDMRLQWVWXG\E\,5%$%DQG,56WKHHIIHFWRIJURZWKFRQGLWLRQVDQGYDULHW\RQ GDPDJHVXVFHSWLELOLW\ZDVVWXGLHG YDQ6ZDDLMHWDO ,QDQRWKHUVWXG\LQYHVWLJDWLQJ WKHHIIHFWRILQMXULHVFDXVHGE\DURWDWLQJWXUELQHRQVXJDUORVVHVGXULQJVWRUDJH +XLMEUHJWV  DIWHUDJJUHVVLYHFOHDQLQJE\WKHWXUELQHWKHVXJDUORVVHVLQFUHDVHGIROGFRPSDUHG ZLWKWKHXQWUHDWHGUHIHUHQFHGXULQJDVWRUDJHSHULRGRIWKUHHZHHNV )LJXUH ,QORQJ WHUPVWRUDJHWKHGLIIHUHQFHVZLOOSUREDEO\LQFUHDVHGXHWRWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIPRXOGVRQWKH LQMXUHGWLVVXH

7KHORVVHVFDXVHGE\DKDUYHVWHUZLWKWXUELQHV +ROPHU ZHUHWKHQFRPSDUHGZLWKWKRVH FDXVHGE\DKDUYHVWHUZLWKD[LDOUROOHUV 3ORHJHU  +XLMEUHJWV 8QGHURSWLPDOFRQGLWLRQV ERWKV\VWHPVFDXVHGVLPLODUVXJDUORVVHVGXULQJVKRUWWHUPVWRUDJH7HVWVRQWKHHIIHFWRI cleaning intensity on sugar losses with the harvester with axial rollers showed somewhat lower losses with less intensive cleaning and higher losses with more intensive cleaning compared with the optimal cleaning (Figure 4.2).

Ingelsson (2002) also showed that intensive cleaning can cause high sugar losses during VWRUDJH7KHDPRXQWRILQMXUHGEHHWZDVWZLFHDVKLJKDQGWKHGDPDJHGEHHWVXUIDFHWKUHH times higher after intensive cleaning compared with more gentle cleaning. The temperatures LQWKHFODPSGXULQJZHHNVRIVWRUDJHGLGQRWGLIIHURQDYHUDJHEXWLQSDUWVRIWKHFODPS ZLWKLQWHQVLYHO\FOHDQHGEHHWWKHWHPSHUDWXUHVZHUHKLJKHUWKDQLQSDUWVRIWKHFODPSZLWK PRUH JHQWO\ FOHDQHG EHHW $IWHU VWRUDJH LQWHQVLYHO\ FOHDQHG EHHW KDG VLJQL¿FDQWO\ PRUH VSURXWVPRVWOLNHO\GXHWRKHDWSURGXFWLRQE\WKHGDPDJHGEHHWDQGPRUHKHDWGDPDJHG EHHWPRXOGLQIHFWLRQVDQGURRWURWWKDQPRUHJHQWO\FOHDQHGEHHW7KHVXJDUORVVHVDIWHU VWRUDJHZHUHDOVRVLJQL¿FDQWO\KLJKHURQDYHUDJHSHUGD\FRPSDUHGZLWK

2OVVRQ  VKRZHGWKDWPRVWPHFKDQLFDOGDPDJHWRVXJDUEHHWLVFDXVHGE\WKHKDUYHVWHU $OWKRXJKORDGLQJDQGXQORDGLQJPD\LQFUHDVHH[LVWLQJVXUIDFHFUDFNVDQGURRWWLSEUHDNDJHV DERXWRIWKHLQMXULHVRULJLQDWHIURPWKHKDUYHVWHU,WLVDZHOONQRZQIDFWWKDWWKHURRW WLSLVDGLUHFWSRLQWRIHQWU\IRUIXQJDODWWDFNDQGVXEVHTXHQWURRWURW7KHGHJUHHRIIXQJDO DWWDFNDQGVXJDUORVVHVDIWHUORQJWHUPVWRUDJHRIVXJDUEHHWVXEMHFWHGWRGLIIHUHQWOHYHOV

24 400 ) -1 350 · day

-1 300

250 not damaged FPðGDPDJHNJ 200 FPðGDPDJHNJ

150

100

50

Respirationlosses (g sugart · 0 1234567891011121314151617181920 Days

Figure 4.1: (IIHFWRIEHHWLQMXULHVFDXVHGE\DFOHDQLQJWXUELQHRQVXJDUORVVHVGXULQJ VWRUDJHRIVXJDUEHHWDWƒ&7KHORVVHVDUHFDOFXODWHGIURP&22 production. (Source: +XLMEUHJWV 

300 ) -1 250 · day -1 200

150

100 +ROPHU WXUELQHV 3ORHJHUOHVVLQWHQVLYH 3ORHJHURSWLPDO 50 3ORHJHUWRRLQWHQVLYH

Respirationlosses (g sugart · 0 12345678910111213 Days

Figure 4.2: (IIHFWRID+ROPHUKDUYHVWHUZLWKWXUELQHVDQGD3ORHJHUKDUYHVWHUZLWKD[LDO UROOHUVXVHGDWGLIIHUHQWFOHDQLQJLQWHQVLWLHVRQUHVSLUDWLRQORVVHVRIVXJDUEHHWGXULQJVWRUDJH at 10 °C. The respiration is calculated from CO2SURGXFWLRQ 6RXUFH+XLMEUHJWV 

25 0.35 Storage 5ºC Storage 15º 0.30

0.25

0.20

0.15 Sugarlosses, % per day 0.10

0.05

0.00 1. Hand lifted 2. Low impact 3. Normal harvest harvest Figure 4.3: 6XJDU EHHW KDUYHVWHG ZLWK D normal system (top) and with a low impact har- Figure 4.4: Effect of different levels of da- YHVWLQJ V\VWHP ERWWRP  LQ ORQJWHUP VWRUDJH mage during harvest on sugar losses during trials in Sweden in 2006-2008. (Photo: NBR). ORQJWHUP VWRUDJH RI VXJDU EHHW 6RXUFH (Source: Olsson, 2008). Olsson, 2008).

of damage during harvesting (mild and normal) were investigated in nine trials in Sweden 2OVVRQ +DQGOLIWHGEHHWZHUHLQFOXGHGDVUHIHUHQFH )LJXUH 

7KHPRUHJHQWO\KDUYHVWHGVXJDUEHHWKDGVLJQL¿FDQWO\OHVVGDPDJHGVXUIDFHDUHDWKDQWKH QRUPDOO\KDUYHVWHGVXJDUEHHW DQGFP2, respectively). After 61-70 days of storage, QRUPDOKDUYHVWLQJUHVXOWHGLQPRUHRIWKHURRWWLSDUHDEHLQJLQIHFWHGE\IXQJLDQGKLJKHUGDLO\ VXJDUORVVHVWKDQORZLPSDFWKDUYHVWLQJ7KHGLIIHUHQFHVZHUHVLJQL¿FDQWDWERWKORZ ž&  and high (15 ºC) storage temperature (Figure 4.4).

At 5 ºC, the daily sugar losses were almost twice as high from normally harvested sugar EHHWWKDQIURPWKHPRUHJHQWO\KDUYHVWHGVXJDUEHHW$Wž&WKHGLIIHUHQFHZDVHYHQ JUHDWHU)RUVXJDUEHHWKDUYHVWHGE\KDQGWKHVXJDUORVVHVZHUHOHVVWKDQSHUGD\ DWERWKVWRUDJHWHPSHUDWXUHVDQGWKXVWKHKLJKHUWHPSHUDWXUHGLGQRWLQFUHDVHWKHVXJDU ORVVHV+RZHYHULQFUHDVLQJWKHVWRUDJHWHPSHUDWXUHIURPWRž&DOPRVWGRXEOHGWKH GDLO\VXJDUORVVHVIURPORZLPSDFWKDUYHVWHGDQGQRUPDOO\KDUYHVWHGVXJDUEHHWDVDOVR VKRZQE\.HQWHUHWDO  ,QDQRWKHUH[SHULPHQWLWZDVFRQFOXGHGWKDWWKHGHFUHDVHLQ VXJDUFRQWHQWGXULQJVWRUDJHRIORZLPSDFWKDUYHVWHGVXJDUEHHWZDVRQO\RIWKDWDIWHU QRUPDOKDUYHVWLQJ7KLVLQGLFDWHVVLJQL¿FDQWSRWHQWLDOIRUORZLPSDFWKDUYHVWLQJWRGHFUHDVH VXJDUORVVHVGXULQJVWRUDJH7KHREVHUYHGGLIIHUHQFHVLQVWRUDELOLW\RIWKHEHHWPDWHULDOV ZHUHPDLQO\GXHWRYDU\LQJGHJUHHVRIURRWWLSIUDFWXUHVDQG¿VVXUHV 2OVVRQD 

'XULQJ%HHW(XURSHWKHVWRUDELOLW\RIVXJDUEHHWKDUYHVWHGZLWKGLIIHUHQWKDUYHVWHUV ZDVFRPSDUHG 7DEOH  +XLMEUHJWVE +DUYHVWLQJV\VWHPVZLWKWKHORZHVWURRWWLS losses (hand harvesting and a Grimme Maxtron 620 harvester) gave the lowest rot score and also low sugar losses. Sprouts did not correlate with the sugar losses.

Conclusion: Root injuries during harvesting and clamping should be minimised. During uprooting and cleaning, some surface damage and root tip losses are unavoidable. A balan- ce has to be found between soil removal and beet injuries.

26 Table 4.2: ,PSDFWRIGLIIHUHQWKDUYHVWHUVRQKDUYHVWTXDOLW\DQGVWRUDJHORVVHV6XJDUEHHWVWRUHGDW KXPLGLW\¿UVWZHHNVƒ&QH[WZHHNVƒ&ODVWZHHNVƒ& 6RXUFH+XLMEUHJWVE 

Harvester Root tip Weight Sugar Topping quality (%) losses Sprouts* Moulds** Rot** losses losses Petioles Good Overtopped and angled (t ha-1)(%)(%d-1) Agrifac Big Six 14.9 71.5 13.7 2.7 8 2.8 2.3 2.2 0.10 Agrifac Quatro 11.5 84.6 4.0 2.5 8 2.1 2.1 1.1 0.08 Grimme Maxtron 620 17.1 68.5 14.4 1.5 5 1.5 1.3 2.3 0.08 Grimme Rexor 620 23.3 69.6 7.0 2.3 6 2.0 2.3 3.5 0.13 Grimme Rootster 604 9.7 89.4 0.9 2.5 8 2.0 2.5 1.7 0.12 Holmer Terra Dos T3 Plus 12.0 77.9 10.1 2.0 >10 1.9 2.1 3.4 0.14 Ropa euro-Tiger V8-3 17.6 79.1 3.3 1.9 8 1.4 2.0 2.5 0.12 Vervaet Beet Eater 617 14.1 80.8 5.1 2.8 7 2.3 2.3 2.7 0.12 Vervaet Beet Eater 625 8.2 88.9 3.0 3.1 6 2.3 2.8 1.7 0.12 Hand-harvesting 13.4 84.1 2.5 0.1 >10 1.1 1.4 0.2 0.05

Lsd (5%) 2.3 0.05

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4.2.2 Defoliation and topping

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'HIROLDWHG EHHW PD\ SURGXFH PRUH VSURXWV GXULQJ VWRUDJH HVSHFLDOO\ DW UHODWLYHO\ KLJK temperatures. However, in a storage experiment comparing conventional topping with GHIROLDWLRQ E\ D WHVW PDFKLQH FRPSULVLQJ WKUHH D[OHV ZLWK UXEEHUVWXGGHG ÀDLOV QR YLVXDO GLIIHUHQFHVZHUHREVHUYHGLQVSURXWLQJEHWZHHQWRSSLQJDQGGHIROLDWLRQ YDQGHU/LQGHQDQG +XLMEUHJWV   6SURXWLQJ VHHPHG VRPHZKDW OHVV ZLWK GHIROLDWLRQ LQ FRPELQDWLRQ ZLWK PLQLPDOWRSSLQJ7KHHIIHFWRQVWRUDELOLW\ZDVVPDOO

+RIIPDQQ   VKRZHG WKDW RYHUWRSSHG EHHW KDG WKH KLJKHVW ZHLJKW ORVVHV DQG VXJDU ORVVHVDVZHOODVWKHVWURQJHVWDFFXPXODWLRQRILQYHUWVXJDU 'HIROLDWHGEHHWKDGVOLJKWO\ KLJKHU VXJDU ORVVHV WKDQ WRSSHG EHHW SHUKDSV GXH WR VSURXWLQJ$ FORVH UHODWLRQVKLS ZDV IRXQG EHWZHHQ LQYHUW VXJDU DFFXPXODWLRQ DQG LQIHFWLRQ E\ PRXOG DQG VWRUDJH URWV ZKLFK ZDVKLJKHVWIRURYHUWRSSHGEHHWV6WHHQVHQDQG$XJXVWLQXVVHQ  VKRZHGWKDWGXULQJ DVWRUDJHSHULRGRIDSSUR[ZHHNVWKHUHVSLUDWLRQUDWHRIÀDLOWRSSHGEHHWDQGRIQRQ

27 250 ) -1

· day 200 -1

150

100

50 under-topping over-topping irregular topping

0 Respirationlosses (g sugart · 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 31-10-2008 10-11-2008 20-11-2008 30-11-2008 10-12-2008 20-12-2008 30-12-2008 09-01-2009 Accumulated thermal time (degree days) Date

Figure 4.5: Effect of mode of topping (setting of the scalpers) on sugar losses during storage of sugar EHHWDWƒ&/RVVHVDUHFDOFXODWHGIURP&22SURGXFWLRQ$WWKHHQGRI1RYHPEHUWKHWKUHVKROGRI DFFXPXODWHGWKHUPDOWLPH GHJUHHGD\V ZDVUHDFKHG 6RXUFH+XLMEUHJWVE 

Figure 4.6: ,QIHFWLRQE\PRXOGV OHIW UHVXOWLQJLQURWWLQJ ULJKW HVSHFLDOO\DWWKHEURNHQWLSDQGDWWKH FXWWLQJVXUIDFHRIRYHUWRSSHGVXJDUEHHW 3KRWRV6XLNHU8QLH 

VFDOSHGEHHWZDVVOLJKWO\KLJKHUWKDQWKDWRIFRQYHQWLRQDOO\WRSSHGEHHWDQGRIVFDOSHGEHHW 7KHLQYHUWVXJDUFRQWHQWLQFUHDVHGFRQVLGHUDEO\WKHLQFUHDVHEHLQJVLJQL¿FDQWO\KLJKHULQWKH ÀDLOWRSSHGWUHDWPHQWVWKDQLQWKHFRQYHQWLRQDOWUHDWPHQWV

,QDFODPSH[SHULPHQW+XLMEUHJWV E LQYHVWLJDWHGWKHHIIHFWRIOHDIUHVLGXHV7KHFODPS ZDVVSOLWLQIRXUSDUWVWRFRPSDUHWKHVWRUDJHRIEHHWZLWKUHPDLQLQJJUHHQVWDONVDQGOHDYHV ZLWKZHOOGHIROLDWHGVPDOOWRSSHGEHHWERWKZLWKDQGZLWKRXWFRYHULQJZLWKÀHHFH'XULQJ frost the whole clamp was covered with an additional plastic sheet. The temperature in the

28 FODPSZDVKLJKHVW RQDYHUDJH ƒ& LQWKHFODPSSDUWZKHUH EHHWZLWKJUHHQVWDON\ PDWHULDOZHUHFRYHUHGZLWKÀHHFHDQGORZHVW RQDYHUDJHƒ& LQWKHXQFRYHUHGSDUW ZLWKGHIROLDWHGVPDOOWRSSHGEHHW7KHGHFUHDVHLQVXJDUFRQWHQWZDVKLJKHVWIRUEHHWZLWK OHDYHVDQGZLWKRXWÀHHFHDQGORZHVWIRUEHHWZLWKRXWOHDYHVDQGZLWKÀHHFH7KHLQFUHDVH LQJOXFRVHZDVKLJKHVWXQGHUWKHÀHHFH6XJDUORVVHVZHUHKLJKHUIRUEHHWZLWKOHDYHVRQ DYHUDJHSHUGD\WKDQIRUEHHWZLWKRXWOHDYHVSHUGD\,QFRPSOHWHGHIROLDWLRQ VKRXOGWKHUHIRUHEHDYRLGHG3HWLROHVDQGOHDYHVLQDFODPSUHGXFHYHQWLODWLRQDQGSURGXFH KHDWGXULQJURWWLQJ 7DELOHWDO 7KLVFDQOHDGWRKLJKHUVWRUDJHWHPSHUDWXUHVDQG VXEVHTXHQWO\KLJKHUVXJDUORVVHV

Conclusion: Complete removal of leaves, possibly in combination with minimal topping but avoiding over-topping, gives the lowest sugar losses during long-term storage.

4.2.3 Weather conditions during harvesting and storage

As the storage losses during long-term storage depend on the accumulated degree days, the initial temperature is important. +DUYHVWLQJ XQGHU FROG FRQGLWLRQV EXW ZLWK WHPSHUDWXUHV DERYH  ƒ& DUH SUHIHUDEOH for long-term storage. High temperatures at the start of the storage may give high UHVSLUDWLRQ ORVVHV DQG VXEVHTXHQWO\ enhanced heat production, causing even higher temperatures in the clamp.

,WKDVEHHQVKRZQWKDWYHU\PRLVWFRQGLWLRQV LQ WKH FODPS ZKLFK FDQ RFFXU ZKHQ EHHW Figure 4.7: Simulating rainfall in long-term sugar DUH EHLQJ FODPSHG LQ UDLQ LQFUHDVH WKH EHHWVWRUDJHWULDOVLQ6ZHGHQ 3KRWR1%5  sugar losses. The effect of rainfall on storage losses was investigated in 2010- E\DGGLQJZDWHUWRVXJDUEHHWGXULQJ Conclusion: Harvesting under dry and cold, storage (Olsson, 2011). The results showed but frost-free conditions is preferable for an increase in sugar losses from 9.1% in long-term storage. ER[HVZLWKGU\VWRUDJHFRQGLWLRQVWR with simulated rainfall (Figure 4.7).

4.3 Storage conditions

4.3.1 Storage temperature and period

6WRUDJH WHPSHUDWXUH LV D YHU\ LPSRUWDQW IDFWRU IRU WKH VWRUDELOLW\ RI VXJDU EHHW 6HYHUDO VWXGLHVKDYHVKRZQWKHHIIHFWRIWHPSHUDWXUHRQVXJDUORVVHVGXULQJVWRUDJH %XUED 'HYLOOHUV.HQWHUHWDO+XLMEUHJWV $VDQH[DPSOH)LJXUHVKRZVWKH HIIHFWRIVWRUDJHWHPSHUDWXUHRQVXJDUORVVHVIRUEHHWZLWKGLIIHUHQWOHYHOVRILQMXULHV7KH effect of temperature on sugar losses is related not only to the degree of surface damage RI WKH VXJDU EHHW EXW DOVR WR WKH VWRUDJH SHULRG /HJUDQG DQG :DXWHUV   REVHUYHG

29 that percentage sugar losses increased with the accumulated thermal time reached under different constant storage temperatures (Figure 4.9). Olsson (2011) also showed that sugar losses during VWRUDJH ZHUH FRUUHODWHG WR WKH QXPEHU RI GHJUHH GD\V WR ZKLFK WKH EHHW ZHUH exposed during storage (Figure 4.10). Legrand and Wauters (2012) concluded WKDWWKHVXJDUORVVHVGXULQJWKH¿UVWSHULRG RIVWRUDJHZHUHPDLQO\FDXVHGE\ZRXQG KHDOLQJ RI KDUYHVWLQJ LQMXULHV DQG E\ UHVSLUDWLRQRIWKHVXJDUEHHWWKHPVHOYHV /DWHULQVWRUDJHWKH\ZHUHFDXVHGE\WKH development of storage moulds, which increased root weight losses and sugar Figure 4.8: ,PSDFW RI EHHW GDPDJH RQ VXJDU ORV- losses. The losses due to the storage VHV GXULQJ VWRUDJH  GD\V RI VWRUDJH FRQWURO  XQGDPDJHGEHHWV DPRXQWRIVXJDUDWWKH moulds were exponential from a threshold EHJLQQLQJRIVWRUDJH 6RXUFH.HQWHUHWDO  level of 270 °C days (Figure 4.11).

$WKUHVKROGYDOXHZDVDOVRVKRZQE\2OVVRQ  )RUVWRUDJHSHULRGVRIGHJUHH GD\VWKHGDLO\VXJDUORVVHVZHUHVXJDU,WZDVFRQFOXGHGWKDWWKLVPLJKWEHWKHEDVHOLQH IRUJRRGVWRUDJHRIVXJDUEHHW$ERYHGHJUHHGD\VWKHVXJDUORVVHVVWDUWHGWRLQFUHDVH exponentially and reached 0.13-0.15% sugar per day at 400-700 degrees days, which is a level of losses often seen in practice. After more than 60 days of storage at 16 °C (> 1000 degree days), 0.5% of the sugar was lost every day, or in total around 30% during the storage SHULRG,QPRVWFDVHVWKHEHHWWKHQGLGQRORQJHUPHHWWKHGHOLYHU\VWDQGDUGVDVWKHUHZDV QRWRQO\DGHFUHDVHLQVXJDUFRQWHQWEXWDOVRDQLQFUHDVHLQ.1DFRQWHQWDQGDGHFUHDVHLQ SXULW\ZKLFKLQGLFDWHVVHULRXVEHHWGHWHULRUDWLRQ2OVVRQ D FRQFOXGHGWKDWLQFODPSVZLWK SUREOHPVLWLVGLI¿FXOWWRPDLQWDLQRSWLPDOVWRUDJHFRQGLWLRQVGXULQJORQJWHUPVWRUDJH

6

5

4

3 5°C 10°C 2 15°C 20°C 1 Sugar weightlosses (%)

0 0 100 200 300 400 500 Accumulated thermal time (degree days)

Figure 4.9: Sugar losses in relation to the accumulated thermal time at different con- VWDQWWHPSHUDWXUHVRIVXJDUEHHWVWRUDJH DQGƒ&  6RXUFH/HJUDQGDQG Wauters, 2012).

30 40 35 30 25 y = 2E-05x2.0217 R² = 0.8053 20 15

Sugar losses (%) 10 5 0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 Accumulated thermal time (degree days)

Figure 4.10: Sugar losses as a function of accumulated degree days. Results from ORQJWHUPVWRUDJHRIIRXUVXJDUEHHWYDULHWLHVLQWULDOVGXULQJ 6RXUFH Olsson, 2011).

16

14

12

10

8

6

4 Sugar weight losses (%) Sugar weight(%) losses 2

0 0 100 200 300 400 500 Accumulated thermal time (degree days)

Figure 4.11: 6XJDUORVVHVRIVL[YDULHWLHVRIVXJDUEHHW LQGLFDWHGE\GLIIHUHQWFRORXUV  mechanically harvested on 03-11-2011 and stored under different storage conditions: /LQHVDQGVTXDUHPDUNHUVVWRUDJHLQER[HV UHSOLFDWHVRINJ URXQGPDUNHUV VWRUDJHLQEDJVLQDFODPS UHSOLFDWHVRINJ WULDQJXODUPDUNHUVVWRUDJHLQD clamp (1 × 15 tons). (Source: Legrand and Wauters, 2012).

Conclusion: Sugar beet should be stored at low temperatures but above 0 °C. During long- term storage, mould formation and subsequent rot and reduction in quality may drastically increase above an accumulated thermal time of around 270 degree days.

31 4.3.2 Humidity

$QGDOHVHWDO  IRXQGWKDWUHODWLYHKXPLGLW\KDGDKLJKO\VLJQL¿FDQWHIIHFWRQZHLJKW ORVVHVE\VXJDUEHHW7KHZHLJKWORVVZDVQHDUO\DOLQHDUIXQFWLRQRIVWRUDJHWLPHDWKLJK UHODWLYHKXPLGLW\EXWZDVDTXDGUDWLFIXQFWLRQRIWLPHDWORZUHODWLYHKXPLGLW\,QFRQWUDVW KXPLGLW\KDGOLWWOHLQÀXHQFHRQVXJDUORVVHV8QGHUSUDFWLFDOFRQGLWLRQVLQ1RUWK:HVW(XURSH WKHUHODWLYHKXPLGLW\LQFODPSVLVDERYHGXHWRWKHSURGXFWLRQRIZDWHUGXULQJUHVSLUDWLRQ and restricted ventilation. Mass losses are thus often low. In storage trials ventilation should EHUHVWULFWHGDVRWKHUZLVHKLJKPDVVORVVHVPD\RFFXU YDQ6ZDDLMDQG+XLMEUHJWV 

+RZHYHU DV GHVFULEHG LQ VHFWLRQ  YHU\ PRLVW FRQGLWLRQV LQ WKH FODPS ZKLFK FDQ result when the clamp is not protected against rainfall, increase sugar losses. The clamp FDQEHSURWHFWHGIURPUDLQZDWHUZKLOHPDLQWDLQLQJJDVH[FKDQJHE\XVLQJIRULQVWDQFH SRO\SURS\OHQHÀHHFH7KLVFDQDOVRUHGXFHPRXOGLQIHFWLRQVGXHWRORZHUUHODWLYHKXPLGLW\ $QRWKHUDGYDQWDJHLVGU\LQJRIWKHVRLOLQWKHFODPSZKLFKPDNHVLWHDVLHUWRUHPRYHLWE\ a cleaner loader. However, covering the clamp immediately after harvest under relatively warm conditions may give an unwanted increase in the storage temperature (Figure 4.12).

&RQFOXVLRQ6WRUHGEHHWVKRXOGEHSURWHFWHGDJDLQVWUDLQIDOOEXWZLWKVXI¿FLHQWYHQWLODWLRQWR prevent an increase in temperature.

Figure 4.12: Photograph (left) and infrared picture (right) of a clamp. The left side of the clamp was XQFRYHUHGDQGWKHULJKWVLGHFRYHUHGE\7RSWH[ŠZKLFKZDVUHPRYHGMXVWEHIRUHWKHSLFWXUHZDVWDNHQ (Photos: IRS).

4.3.3 Frost damage

)URVWGDPDJHWRVXJDUEHHWEHIRUHDQGGXULQJVWRUDJHKDVWREHDYRLGHGDVRXWOLQHGLQVHFWLRQ ,QFRXQWULHVLQ1RUWK:HVW(XURSHWKHDPELHQWWHPSHUDWXUHLQWKHVWRUDJHSHULRGLHIURP HDUO\1RYHPEHUWRPLG-DQXDU\FDQYDU\FRQVLGHUDEO\IURPDERYHƒ&WREHORZƒ& VHH DOVR)LJXUH 7KLVPHDQVWKDWZLWKRXWIURVWSURWHFWLRQFODPSHGEHHWPD\EHWRWDOO\IUR]HQ GXULQJDIURVWSHULRGDQGWKDZRXWVXEVHTXHQWO\ZKHQWKHDPELHQWWHPSHUDWXUHULVHVDERYH 0 °C. Kenter and Hoffmann (2006) showed that after thawing a decline in the concentration of VXFURVHDQGDFRQFRPLWDQWLQFUHDVHLQDOOQRQVXFURVHVXEVWDQFHVDQDO\VHGZDVGHWHFWDEOH DIWHURQO\WKUHHGD\V7KHORVVLQTXDOLW\LQFUHDVHGFRQVLGHUDEO\ZLWKVWRUDJHWHPSHUDWXUH

32 $XJXVWLQXVVHQDQG6PHG  VKRZHGWKDWZKHQVXJDUEHHWZHUHH[SRVHGWRWHPSHUDWXUHV ORZHUWKDQƒ&IRUDKRXUSHULRGWKHGDPDJHFDQEHVHULRXV,PPHGLDWHO\DIWHUWKDZLQJ DVPDOOORVVRIVXJDUZDVIRXQG:KHQWKHEHHWZHUHVWRUHGDWƒ&DIWHUWKDZLQJWKH respiration increased, sucrose was degraded to invert sugar and dextran was produced. The UHGXFWLRQLQEHHWTXDOLW\GHSHQGHGRQWKHOHQJWKRIWKHVWRUDJHSHULRGDIWHUWKDZLQJDQGWKH storage temperature.

+XLMEUHJWV E FRPSDUHG\LHOGDQGTXDOLW\RIODWHKDUYHVWHGEHHWWKDWKDGEHHQH[SRVHG WRDVKRUWSHULRGRIIURVW WRƒ& DQGEHHWKDUYHVWHGEHIRUHWKHIURVWDQGVXEVHTXHQWO\ VWRUHG7KHVXJDUEHHWVKRZHGKDUGO\DQ\IURVWGDPDJHDWKDUYHVW+RZHYHUVXJDUFRQWHQW KDGVLJQL¿FDQWO\GHFUHDVHGE\LQDEVROXWHWHUPVEHWZHHQWKHODVWKDUYHVWRQ 1RYHPEHUDQG-DQXDU\ )LJXUH 

19.2

19.0

18.8

18.6

18.4

18.2

18.0

17.8 Sugar content (%) content Sugar field 17.6 clamp, started 31-10-2007 clamp, started 29-11-2007 17.4 30.10.2007 18.11.2007 07.12.2007 26.12.2007 14.01.2008 02.02.2008 21.02.2008

Date of delivery

Figure 4.13&KDQJHLQWKHVXJDUFRQWHQWRIVXJDUEHHWLQWKH¿HOGDQGLQWKHFODPS WR/6'  ¿HOGDQGFODPS 6RXUFH+XLMEUHJWVE 

7KHVXJDUEHHWVWLOOLQWKH¿HOGVKRZHGDVLJQL¿FDQWLQFUHDVHLQWKHFRQFHQWUDWLRQRIUDI¿QRVH EXWQRWJOXFRVHDQGIUXFWRVH,QDFODPSIURVWGDPDJHGEHHWFDQGHWHULRUDWHYHU\UDSLGO\ %HHWVKRXOGEHKDUYHVWHGEHIRUHWKH\DUHLUUHYHUVLEO\GDPDJHGE\IURVW'XULQJVWRUDJHEHHW VKRXOGEHSURWHFWHGDJDLQVWIURVWWRPLQLPLVHVXJDUORVVHVDQGTXDOLW\GHFUHDVHV)UR]HQ EHHWVKRXOGEHNHSWFRRODQGSURFHVVHGDVVRRQDVSRVVLEOHWRSUHYHQWGHWHULRUDWLRQ6HH VHFWLRQIRUPRUHLQIRUPDWLRQDERXWGHWHULRUDWLRQDIWHUWKDZLQJ

Conclusion: Frost damage to sugar beet should be avoided by harvesting in time and by providing protection against frost during storage.

33 4.3.4 Treatments

9DULRXV FKHPLFDO FRPSRXQGV D FRQWUROOHG DWPRVSKHUH DQG VXUIDFH FRDWLQJV KDYH EHHQ VXJJHVWHGDVPHDQVRIUHGXFLQJVWRUDJHORVVHVEXWWKHLUFRPPHUFLDODSSOLFDWLRQDSSHDUV WREHTXLWHOLPLWHG &DPSEHOODQG.ORW]E ,WLVSRVVLEOHWRUHGXFHVXJDUORVVHVDQG WRLPSURYHVXJDUEHHWTXDOLW\DIWHUVWRUDJHE\SUHYHQWLQJPRXOGLQIHFWLRQVXVLQJIXQJLFLGHV 9DQGHUJHWHQ6FKXO]DQG'LHWULFK 

5HGXFWLRQRIVXJDUORVVHVE\SURYLGLQJDFRQWUROOHGDWPRVSKHUHZLWKDQLQFUHDVHGFDUERQ GLR[LGHFRQWHQWDQGRUUHGXFHGR[\JHQFRQWHQWKDVEHHQVWXGLHG :\VH+XLMEUHJWV  1REHQH¿FLDOHIIHFWRQEHHWTXDOLW\DIWHUVWRUDJHFRXOGEHIRXQGE\LQFUHDVLQJ WKHFDUERQGLR[LGHFRQWHQWDOWKRXJKFDUERQGLR[LGHSURGXFWLRQGHFUHDVHG'HFUHDVLQJWKH R[\JHQFRQWHQWWRLQFRPELQDWLRQZLWKFDUERQGLR[LGHGLGQRWKDYHDVLJQL¿FDQW HIIHFWRQEHHWTXDOLW\DIWHUVWRUDJH'HFUHDVLQJWKHR[\JHQFRQWHQWWRUHGXFHGVXJDU ORVVHV+RZHYHUZKHQEHHWZHUHVWRUHGIRUH[WHQGHGSHULRGVEHORZR[\JHQDQGDW ƒ&WKH\GHJUDGHGPRUHUDSLGO\WKDQWKRVHKHOGDERYHR[\JHQ

=DKUDGQtþHN  SURYLGHGUHFRPPHQGDWLRQVRQGRVHVDQGVWUHQJWKVRIOLPHWRFRXQWHUDFW VXJDUEHHWURWGXULQJVWRUDJH2WKHUFKHPLFDODQGSK\VLFDOPHWKRGVRISURWHFWLRQKDYHDOVR EHHQRXWOLQHG2OVVRQ D IRXQGORZHUVXJDUORVVHVZLWKVXJDUEHHWWUHDWHGZLWKOLPH EHIRUHVWRUDJH'XULQJVWRUDJHIRUGD\VDWƒ&OLPLQJUHGXFHGWKHVXJDUORVVHVIURP WRPRVWOLNHO\EHFDXVHOLPLQJUHGXFHGWKHLQFLGHQFHRIPRXOG )LJXUH 

Conclusion: Effective commercial treatments to improve sugar beet storage are not available. However, treatment with lime may reduce sugar losses.

Figure 4.14: 6WRUDJHWULDOZLWKVXJDUEHHWWUHDWHGZLWKOLPHLQDPRXQWVFRUUHVSRQGLQJWRRIEHHW weight. (Photos: NBR).

34 5. OPTIMAL HARVEST AND CLAMP MANAGEMENT

5.1 Aim

6XJDUORVVHVDQGGHFUHDVHVLQTXDOLW\GXULQJVWRUDJHVKRXOGEHPLQLPLVHG)URVWIUHHFROG DQGGU\VWRUDJHRIKHDOWK\ZHOOGHIROLDWHGFOHDQEHHWZLWKPLQLPDOWRSSLQJDQGOLWWOHLQMXULHV UHVXOW LQ WKH ORZHVW ORVVHV 7R IXO¿O WKHVH UHTXLUHPHQWV JRRG KDUYHVWLQJ FRQGLWLRQV DUH QHHGHGDQGFODPSVKDSHDQGFRYHULQJVWUDWHJ\PXVWEHFKRVHQFDUHIXOO\LQRUGHUWRNHHS WKHEHHWIURVWIUHHFROGDQGGU\

5.2 Harvest

7KHTXDOLW\RIEHHWKDUYHVWHGµMXVWLQWLPH¶PD\EHEHWWHUWKDQWKHTXDOLW\RIVWRUHGEHHW ,QYHUWVXJDUFRQFHQWUDWLRQUHPDLQVORZLQWKH¿HOGLIQRLUUHYHUVLEOHIURVWGDPDJHRFFXUV ZKLOHLQYHUWVXJDUVLQFUHDVHGXULQJVWRUDJH +XLMEUHJWV +RZHYHUKDUYHVWLQJDIWHU PLG1RYHPEHUµMXVWLQWLPH¶EHIRUHGHOLYHU\FDQJLYHDQXQDFFHSWDEO\KLJKULVNRIKDUYHVWLQJ XQGHUEDGFRQGLWLRQVDQGIURVWGDPDJH

In 2006-2009, the optimal harvest date for late delivery was investigated in Sweden (Olsson, 2009a). Although it was shown that the sugar content and sugar yield decreased and the WRWDOORVVRIEHHWPDWHULDOLQFUHDVHGZKHQWKHKDUYHVWGDWHZDVGHOD\HGIURP1RYHPEHU WR1RYHPEHURU'HFHPEHULWZDVVWLOOPRUHSUR¿WDEOHWRVKRUWHQWKHVWRUDJHSHULRG +RZHYHUWKHODWHUWKHKDUYHVWWKHKLJKHUWKHULVNRIIURVWDVEHFDPHHYLGHQWLQZKHQ KDUYHVWLQJDURXQG'HFHPEHUZDVQRWSRVVLEOHGXHWRIURVW

8QGHU ZHW FRQGLWLRQV WKH ULVN RI GDPDJH WR WKH VRLO VWUXFWXUH E\ KHDY\ KDUYHVWHUV DQG in particular, transport machinery is higher. This can have negative consequences for the IROORZLQJFURSV,QOLQHZLWKQDWLRQDOVRLOSURWHFWLRQJRDOVVRLOFRPSDFWLRQPXVWEHDYRLGHG 7LMLQNDQG6SRRU+RUQDQG)OHLJH +DUYHVWLQJXQGHUJRRGFRQGLWLRQVSURYLGHV DQXPEHURIDGYDQWDJHVVXFKDVOHVVGDPDJHWRVRLOVWUXFWXUHOHVVVRLOWDUHORZHUEHHW ORVVHVIHZHUEHHWLQMXULHVDQGVXEVHTXHQWO\OHVVVXJDUORVVHVGXULQJVWRUDJH,QJHQHUDO KDUYHVWLQJDZHHNHDUOLHUXQGHULGHDOFRQGLWLRQVUHVXOWVLQDKLJKHUSUR¿WWKDQKDUYHVWLQJ XQGHUSRRUFRQGLWLRQVMXVWEHIRUHGHOLYHU\7DEOHVKRZVWKHHIIHFWXQGHU'XWFKFRQGLWLRQV

Table 5.1: 5RRW\LHOGH[WUDJURZWKH[WUDORVVHVVRLOWDUHWDUHSHQDOW\DQG¿QDQFLDOSUR¿WZKHQKDUYHVWLQJ VXJDU EHHW XQGHU JRRG FRQGLWLRQV FRPSDUHG ZLWK KDUYHVWLQJ RQH ZHHN ODWHU XQGHU SRRU FRQGLWLRQV 6RXUFH+XLMEUHJWVD 

Harvest time Harvest Root Sugar Extra Extra EHHW Storage Soil Tare Financial conditions yield content growth* losses* losses tare penalty* profit* WKD (%) ¼KD ¼KD ¼KD (%) ¼KD ¼KD 1RYHPEHU good 75.0 17.3 - - 18 5 51 2.992 1RYHPEHU poor 75.6 17.4 49 30 - 15 173 2.906

* &DOFXODWLRQVEDVHGRQ¼SHUWRQEHHWWDUHSHQDOW\¼SHUWRQ*URZWKDQGVXJDUFRQWHQWFDOFXODWHGZLWK 6802DQGGDWDIURPWKHFDPSDLJQV([WUDEHHWORVVHVE\LQWHQVLYHFOHDQLQJXQGHUSRRUFRQGLWLRQV EDVHGRQ¼SHUKHFWDUHDFFRUGLQJWR%HHW(XURSH

35 Table 5.2: 6XJDUORVVHVDQG¿QDQFLDOSUR¿WRIVXJDUEHHWKDUYHVWHGXQGHUJRRGDQGSRRUFRQGLWLRQV 6RXUFH+XLMEUHJWVD 

Harvest time Harvest Financial profit Sugar losses Financial profit conditions delivery  delivery  delivery  ¼KD WKD ¼KD 1RYHPEHU good 2.992 0.46 3.293 1RYHPEHU poor 2.906 0.91 3.087

* 6HH7DEOH ** &DOFXODWHGZLWKVXJDUORVVHVGXULQJVWRUDJHRIDQGJSHUGD\SHUWRQEHHW DQG 0.12 % sugar per day) with good and poor harvesting conditions, respectively. *** Financial profit for delivery on 15 January, including deduction of € 6.77 per ton for late delivery.

,IEHHWKDYHWREHVWRUHGGLIIHUHQFHVLQ¿QDQFLDOSUR¿WEHWZHHQKDUYHVWXQGHUJRRGFRQGLWLRQV and harvest under poor conditions will increase due to the higher sugar losses during storage RIGDPDJHGEHHW 7DEOH ,QJHQHUDOZHDWKHUDQGVRLOFRQGLWLRQVJHWZRUVHGXULQJWKH FRXUVHRIWKHEHHWFDPSDLJQ2QFOD\VRLOVLQSDUWLFXODUWKLVPHDQVDKLJKHUDPRXQWRIVRLO WDUHDQGPRUHEHHWLQMXULHVDQGEHHWORVVHV7RDVPDOOHUH[WHQWWKLVDOVRDSSOLHVWRVDQG\ VRLOVEXWRQVDQG\VRLOVWKHKDUYHVWSHULRGGHSHQGVPRUHRQWKHULVNRIIURVW

5.3 Clamp shape

7R SUHYHQW LQFUHDVLQJ VWRUDJH WHPSHUDWXUH DW UHODWLYHO\ KLJK DPELHQW WHPSHUDWXUHV LW LV important that the clamp is not too high. For an A-shape clamp of less than 10 metres width the height should not exceed 3 metres. The height of a domed clamp wider than 10 metres VKRXOGQRWH[FHHGPHWUHV7KHZLGWKRIWKHFODPSPD\EHUHVWULFWHGE\WKHW\SHRIFOHDQHU ORDGHULQXVH,ISRO\SURS\OHQHÀHHFHLVXVHGWRNHHSWKHEHHWGU\LWLVLPSRUWDQWWKDWWKH VORSHRIWKHFODPSLVVXI¿FLHQWWRGUDLQRIIWKHZDWHU7KLVLVQRWDSUREOHPRQDQ$VKDSH FODPSEXWIRUDVTXDUHEDVHGFODPSWKHWRSVKRXOGEHGRPHGZLWKRXWSLWV,IWKHLQFOLQH LVVXI¿FLHQWDERXWRQHWKLUGRIUDLQIDOOUXQVWKURXJKDQGWKHUHVWUXQVRII:LWKRQO\DIHZ degrees of incline the opposite occurs, with at least 75% of rain permeating.

Figure 5.1: Equipment WRPDNHWKHVXJDUEHHW clamp domed and pit- free. (Photo: NBR).

36 Figure 5.2: /DUJHVWRUDJHFODPSVIRUVXJDUEHHWZLWKODUJHVWUDZEDOHVDVZDOOV 3KRWRV1%5 

Figure 5.33DOOHWVFDQEHSODFHGXQGHUODUJHVWUDZEDOHVIRUPLQJWKHZDOOVRIVXJDUEHHWFODPSVWRSURPRWH YHQWLODWLRQ7RSUHYHQWIURVWVPDOOHUEDOHVFDQEHSODFHGLQIURQWRIWKHSDOOHWV 6RXUFH2OVVRQF 

6SHFLDOHTXLSPHQWFDQEHXVHGWRFRQVWUXFWDFODPSZLWKRXWSLWV )LJXUH )ODWWHQLQJPXVW EHFDUULHGRXWZLWKPLQLPDOGDPDJHWRWKHEHHW 2OVVRQF 6WRULQJVXJDUEHHWEHWZHHQ EDOHVRIVWUDZRUZDOOVRIFRQFUHWHZLWKVRLOKDVWKHDGYDQWDJHWKDWWKHEHHWDUHDOUHDG\ protected against frost (Figure 5.2). To prevent restricted ventilation, the height should not H[FHHGPHWUHV (EHOLQ 3ODFLQJSDOOHWVXQGHUWKHEDOHVRIVWUDZFDQLPSURYHWKH YHQWLODWLRQEXWDOVRLQFUHDVHVWKHULVNRIIURVWGDPDJH7KLVFDQEHDYRLGHGE\SODFLQJVPDOO EDOHVLQIURQWRIWKHSDOOHWVZKHQIURVWLVH[SHFWHG )LJXUH 

5.4 Covering strategies

$OO FRYHULQJ VWUDWHJLHV WKDW NHHS WKH EHHW GU\ FRRO DQG IURVWIUHH DUH JRRG7R NHHS WKH EHHWGU\FRYHULQJZLWKDVKHHWWKDWDOORZVJDVH[FKDQJHEXWSURWHFWVDJDLQVWSUHFLSLWDWLRQLV UHFRPPHQGHG6HYHUDOW\SHVRIPDWHULDOKDYHEHHQWHVWHG *QWKHU:HVWHUGRUIIDQG :ROOHQZHEHU+XLMEUHJWV2OVVRQD +XLMEUHJWV  FRPSDUHGGLIIHUHQW covering strategies. Incidental covering with plastic sheeting in frost periods was compared

37 Figure 5.4: 0HFKDQLFDOFRYHULQJRIDVXJDUEHHWFODPSDQGVHFXULQJRIWKHÀHHFH 3KRWRV1RUG]XFNHU 

Figure 5.5: Straw directly put on the clamp (Storage Figure 5.6: Blowing straw onto a net on a sugar WULDOVLQ1RUWKHUQ*HUPDQ\SKRWR1RUG]XFNHU  EHHWFODPS 3KRWR1%5 

ZLWK SHUPDQHQW FRYHULQJ ZLWK SRO\SURS\OHQH ÀHHFH 7RSWH[Š) and with canvas with top YHQWLODWLRQ E\DSRO\SURS\OHQHÀHHFHVWULSRUQHWWLQJDWWKHWRS :LWKSHUPDQHQWFRYHULQJ ZHLJKWORVVHVZHUHKLJKHU+RZHYHUQRVLJQL¿FDQWGLIIHUHQFHZDVIRXQGLQVXJDUORVVHV resulting in higher sugar content after storage using ToptexŠ,WVKRXOGEHQRWHGWKDWWKH VWRUDJHSHULRGZDVRQO\WRZHHNVZLWKLQDOOFDVHVDQDFFXPXODWHGWKHUPDOWLPHRIOHVV than 300 degree days. In the Netherlands, an average weight loss of rather more than 1% SHUPRQWKKDVEHHQUHSRUWHGXVLQJSRO\SURS\OHQHÀHHFHZLWKVWRUDJHSHULRGVYDU\LQJIURP RQHWRDOPRVWIRXUPRQWKV +XLMEUHJWV 

,Q JHQHUDO JHRWH[WLOH SRO\SURS\OHQH ÀHHFH IRU H[DPSOH 7RSWH[Š  JP2) is a good FRPSURPLVH EHWZHHQ DLU YHQWLODWLRQ DQG UDLQIDOO SURWHFWLRQ XQGHU 1RUWK:HVW (XURSHDQ weather conditions. However, the frost protection it provides is poor, especially under windy FRQGLWLRQV2Q$VKDSHFODPSVWKHÀHHFHFDQEHSXWRQDQGUHPRYHGPHFKDQLFDOO\ )LJXUH  6WUDZFDQDOVREHXVHGIRULQVXODWLRQDQGFDQEHSODFHGRQWKHFODPSPHFKDQLFDOO\ (Figure 5.5). Disadvantages are the reduction in insulation when the straw is wet and mixing ZLWKWKHEHHWLQWKHVXUIDFHOD\HU%RWKGLVDGYDQWDJHVPD\EHRYHUFRPHE\SODFLQJWKHVWUDZ EHWZHHQWZRVKHHWV )LJXUH 

,IFODPSLQJRFFXUVDWUHODWLYHO\KLJKDPELHQWWHPSHUDWXUHVWKHEHHWVKRXOGQRWEHFRYHUHG LQRUGHUWRDOORZPD[LPXPYHQWLODWLRQDQGUHPRYHWKHKHDWSURGXFHGE\WKHEHHW SDUWO\ GDPDJHGGXULQJKDUYHVWDQGFODPSLQJ $VVRRQDVWKHWHPSHUDWXUHLQWKHFODPSIDOOVEHORZ ƒ&FRYHULQJZLWKDVKHHWSHUPHDEOHWRDLUEXWQRWWRZDWHULVUHFRPPHQGHGWRSURWHFW WKH FODPS DJDLQVW UDLQIDOO$LUWLJKW VKHHWV VKRXOG EH XVHG LI DGGLWLRQDO SURWHFWLRQ DJDLQVW

38 IURVWLVQHHGHG'XULQJDIURVWSHULRGWKHFODPSPD\EHFRPSOHWHO\FRYHUHGZLWKDLUWLJKW VKHHWVEXWWKHVHKDYHWREH SDUWLDOO\ UHPRYHGDVVRRQDVWKHFODPSWHPSHUDWXUHULVHV DIWHUDIURVWSHULRG$VDFRPSURPLVHSURWHFWLRQDJDLQVWIURVWPD\EHSURYLGHGE\RQO\XVLQJ DSDUWLDODGGLWLRQDOFRYHULQJRIWKHFODPSÀDQNVZLWKDLUWLJKW VKHHWV$LUWLJKWVKHHWV¿WWHG with Velcro (trade name: JupetteŠVHH)LJXUH FDQEHHDVLO\DWWDFKHGWRSRO\SURS\OHQH sheets (Legrand, 2012).

$V YDU\LQJ GHJUHHV RI IURVW DUH FRPPRQ LQ 6ZHGHQ WKH EHVW FODPS PDQDJHPHQW KDV EHHQ D WRSLF RI LQYHVWLJDWLRQ IRU PDQ\ \HDUV ,Q SUDFWLFH WHPSHUDWXUH FRQWURO LV VWURQJO\ UHFRPPHQGHG DQG DV WKH DPELHQW WHPSHUDWXUH FDQ YDU\ JUHDWO\ WKH IDUPHU KDV WR EH prepared to increase and decrease the ventilation accordingly. Straw is often an important PDWHULDOLQFRPELQDWLRQZLWKÀHHFHDQGRUSODVWLFV )LJXUH 

Figure 5.7: )OHHFHZLWKDSDUWLDODGGLWLRQDOFRYHULQJRIDLUWLJKWFDQYDV¿WWHGZLWK9HOFUR -XSHWWHŠ) covering DVXJDUEHHWFODPS 3KRWR3\SH$JUR*HRWH[WLOHV 

Figure 5.8: 6XJDUEHHWFODPSZLWKWKHWRSFRYHUHGZLWKÀHHFHDQGWKHQDSODVWLFVKHHWEHIRUHVWUDZ LVEORZQRQ 3KRWRV1%5 

39 )URPORQJWHUPVWRUDJHWULDOVGXULQJLWZDVFRQFOXGHGWKDWVWUDZLQFRPELQDWLRQZLWK DSODVWLFVKHHWJDYHGLVWLQFWO\EHWWHUSURWHFWLRQWKDQVWUDZLQFRPELQDWLRQZLWK7RSWH[Š. However, VHFXULQJWKHSODVWLFLQSRVLWLRQZDVDSUREOHP,WZDVDOVRFRQFOXGHGWKDWLQIUHH]LQJWHPSHUDWXUHV ZLWKZLQGFKLOODFRPSOHWHO\ZLQGSURRIFRYHUZDVDEVROXWHO\HVVHQWLDORQWKHZLQGZDUGVLGHRI WKHFODPS 2OVVRQD ,QDQGDFRPELQDWLRQRISODVWLFQHWWLQJIROORZHGE\VWUDZ and a plastic sheet was tested (Figure 5.9), and was found to function satisfactorily (Olsson, DE ,QLQYHVWLJDWLRQVLQ7RSWH[ŠLQFRPELQDWLRQZLWK-XSHWWHŠ (Figure 5.10) JDYHWKHEHVWUHVXOWVLQFRPSDULVRQZLWKFPRIVWUDZVWUDZLQFRPELQDWLRQZLWK7RSWH[Š, ToptexŠ alone and ToptexŠVWUDZDQGSODVWLFVKHHWLQJ 1%5XQSXEOLVKHGUHVXOWV  In Northern Germany trials concerning the effect of eight different cover strategies on sugar losses during long-term storage were conducted from 2007 to 2012 (Figure 5.11). Temperature DQGZLQGVSHHGZHUHPHDVXUHG7KHEDJVZHUHUHPRYHGDIWHUGD\VDQGLQDVHFRQG

Figure 5.9: 6XJDUEHHWFODPSFRYHUHGZLWKQHWWLQJIROORZHGE\VWUDZDQGWKHQDSODVWLFVKHHWKHOGLQ SODFHE\SDOOHWV ERWWRPOHIW DQGEDOHVRIVWUDZ ERWWRPULJKW  3KRWRV1%5 

Figure 5.10: 6XJDUEHHWFODPSFRYHUHGZLWK7RSWH[Š with JupetteŠ at the sides and a small ventilation strip with only ToptexŠ at the top. (Photos: NBR).

40 part of the clamp after 90 days. It N FRXOGEHVKRZQWKDWXQGHURSWLPDO 13.5 m per treatment storage conditions losses are only DERXW  J VXJDU SHU WRQ RI EHHW 9 m per treatment SHUGD\EXWFDQLQFUHDVHXSWR g per ton per day under very warm conditions.

7KHXQFRYHUHGEHHWV WUHDWPHQW 1 23456 7 8 and 7) always showed the highest End of storage period 18.02.2010 sugar losses (Figure 5.12). But 30 bags per treatment; ~ 30 kg beet per bag under Northern German weather Figure 5.11: 6XJDU EHHW FODPS WHVWLQJ  GLIIHUHQW FRYHU conditions also coverage with straw VWUDWHJLHV 6RXUFH1RUG]XFNHU  (in addition to ToptexŠ) resulted in high losses (treatment 3). 7ZRPDMRUFRQFOXVLRQVZHUHGUDZQDVWKHWKLFNQHVVRIWKHVWUDZOD\HUDQGFKDQJHVGXHWR ZLQGFDQQRWEHH[DFWO\FRQWUROOHG]RQHVZLWKWRRPXFKDQGWRRORZFRYHUDJHRFFXU,QPRVW FDVHVWRRPXFKKHDWLVNHSWLQWKHFODPSEHFDXVHRIWKLFNVWUDZOD\HUV2QWKHRWKHUKDQG ZDWHULVDFFXPXODWHGLQVLGHWKHFODPSEHFDXVHRIUHGXFHGYHQWLODWLRQ7KHKLJKPRLVWXUH content transports the frost temperature right into the clamp. In all these storage experiments LWWXUQHGRXWWKDWWKHFRYHUDJHZLWKÀHHFH 7RSWH[Š VHHPVWREHWKHEHVWFRYHUVWUDWHJ\WR prevent high sugar losses during long-term storage. 5 Toptex 110 + + plastic 110 5 Toptex 1 uncovered 7 large clamp uncovered 7 4 Toptex 110 + + plastic 110 4 Toptex (clamp management) 6 Toptex 120 (11.5 m width) 120 (11.5 6 Toptex 2 Toptex 110 2 Toptex 8 large clamp with Toptex 110 large clamp withToptex 8 3 Toptex 110 + + straw 110 3 Toptex 0

-50 -56 -100 -85 -105 -150 -125 -125

-200

related to 1 t beet-250 at harvest -222 -226

-275 LSD 5% = 91 g/t/d Sugar loss (g per t beet and day) -300

b a b a a a b a Figure 5.12: ,PSDFWRIGLIIHUHQWFRYHUVWUDWHJLHVRQVXJDUORVVHVDWORQJWHUPVWRUDJHHQGRI VWRUDJHSHULRG 6RXUFH1RUG]XFNHU 

41 6.      ǧ 

,QPRVWFRXQWULHVLQ1RUWK:HVW(XURSHORQJWHUPVWRUDJHRIVXJDUEHHWVWDUWHGDIWHUWKH UHIRUPRIWKHVXJDUPDUNHWLQ+RZHYHUHYHQEHIRUHWKHUHIRUPRIWKHVXJDUPDUNHW long-term storage was usual in England and for that reason practical guidelines for long- WHUPVWRUDJHKDGEHHQGHYHORSHGLQWKDWFRXQWU\ %URZQDQG$UPVWURQJ 7RDFKLHYH RSWLPDOVWRUDJHPHDVXUHVKDYHWREHWDNHQHYHQEHIRUHVRZLQJDQGGXULQJWKHJURZLQJ season, harvest and storage.

7KHJXLGHOLQHVSUHVHQWHGEHORZSURYLGHDVWDUWLQJSRLQWWRPLQLPLVLQJORVVHVGXULQJORQJ WHUPVWRUDJHRIVXJDUEHHWXQGHU1RUWK:HVW(XURSHDQFRQGLWLRQV

6.1 Pre-harvest • 3UHSDUHDXQLIRUPVHHGEHGWRDFKLHYHDXQLIRUPSODQWSRSXODWLRQ • 6RZDYDULHW\ZLWKJRRGVWRUDELOLW\SURSHUWLHV LIGDWDDUHDYDLODEOH  • 8VHDSSURSULDWHPHDVXUHVWRSUHYHQWWUDI¿FLQGXFHGVRLOFRPSDFWLRQ IDQJ\EHHW  GURXJKWQXWULHQWGH¿FLHQF\DQGSHVWVDQGGLVHDVHVLQRUGHUWRHQDEOHWKHVXJDU EHHWWRJURZZLWKRXWVWUHVVDQGWRJHWKHDOWK\VXJDUEHHWDWKDUYHVW

6.2 During harvest • Harvest under good conditions • +DUYHVWEHIRUHEHHWDUHGDPDJHGE\IURVW • Remove all leaf material and avoid overtopping • &OHDQWKHEHHWZLWKPLQLPDOGDPDJH

6.3 During storage • 6WRUHWKHEHHWRQDVLWHWKDWFDQEHUHDFKHGE\ORUULHVDQGORDGLQJHTXLSPHQW under all conditions • 8VHDGU\ÀDWEDVHZLWKJRRGGUDLQDJHRIZDWHU • 0LQLPLVHEHHWGDPDJHGXULQJXQORDGLQJ • &RQVWUXFWWKHFODPSSUHIHUDEO\LQDQ$VKDSHLQVXFKDZD\WKDWFRYHULQJPDWHUL- DOFDQEHHDVLO\DSSOLHGDQG¿[HGLQSODFH • 5HVWULFWWKHKHLJKWRIWKHFODPSWRDERXWPHWUHVIRU$VKDSHFODPSVDQG PHWUHVIRUGRPHGFODPSVWRJHWVXI¿FLHQWYHQWLODWLRQDQGWRSUHYHQWDGGLWLRQDO GDPDJHZKHQSLOLQJWKHEHHWXS • &RYHUWKHFODPSZLWKÀHHFHDERXWRQHZHHNDIWHUKDUYHVWLQJ ZKHQWKHKHDWSUR- duction has decreased) in order to protect it against precipitation • 3URWHFWWKHEHHWLQWLPHDJDLQVWIURVWZLWKDGGLWLRQDO ZLQGSURRI PDWHULDO • 3UHYHQWDULVHLQWHPSHUDWXUHLQWKHFODPSE\VXSSO\LQJVXI¿FLHQWYHQWLODWLRQDW DPELHQWWHPSHUDWXUHVDERYHƒ& • 0RQLWRUWKHFODPSWHPSHUDWXUHDQGDGMXVWWKHFRYHULQJV\VWHPLIQHFHVVDU\WR NHHSWKHEHHWIURVWIUHHFRRODQGGU\

See Figures 6.1 and 6.2 for examples of covering strategies.

42 Expected temperature is :

No rains expected in the coming days > 10°C Do not cover with Toptex directly after harvest Harvesting conditions : (very) wet Wind : light, moderate or strong Cover with Toptex BEFORE the rain occurs

Rains are expected in < 10°C the coming days Cover with Toptex DIRECTLY after harvest

Several days are needed to dry a clamp covered with Toptex

Figure 6.1: &RYHULQJVWUDWHJ\IRUVXJDUEHHWFODPSVDWDPELHQWWHPSHUDWXUHDERYHƒ& (Source: Legrand, 2012).

Frost period: Expected temperature is : Toptex is enough Between 0 & -3°C Low or no wind (= night frost) Extra-covering of during 2 to 3 days the clamp bottom maximum (up to 1,50 m high) is proposed Between 0 & -3°C Light to moderate wind (= moderate frost) Extra-covering of during more than the clamp bottom 3 days Moderate to strong (up to 1,50 m high) wind is recommended Between -3 & -5°C Full extra-covering (= medium frost) is proposed during more than 3days Icy wind Extra-covering of the clamp bottom Lower than -5°C (up to 1,50 m high) (= severe frost) is minimum during more than Full extra-covering 3 days is recommended

Extra-covering advice = obligation to cover Toptex with plastic sheet

Full extra-covering: remove in case of thawing period !

Figure 6.2: &RYHULQJVWUDWHJ\IRUVXJDUEHHWFODPSVDWDPELHQWWHPSHUDWXUHVEHORZƒ& (Source: Legrand, 2012).

43 ,IWHPSHUDWXUHVDUHEHORZƒ&IRUDWOHDVWWKUHHKRXUVRYHUDWOHDVWWZRGD\VFRYHULQJ ZLWKÀHHFHDQGZLQGSURRIPDWHULDORYHUWKHÀHHFHLVLQVXI¿FLHQW$GGLWLRQDOLQVXODWLRQFDQ EHSURYLGHGE\SODFLQJLQVXODWLQJPDWHULDOVXFKDVVWUDZEHWZHHQWKHWZROD\HUV7DEOH SURYLGHVDVXPPDU\RIWKHSURSHUWLHVRIFRYHULQJV\VWHPVWRNHHSFODPSHGEHHWIURVWIUHH cool and dry.

Table 6.1: 3URSHUWLHVRIVRPHFRYHULQJV\VWHPVIRUVXJDUEHHWFODPSVWRNHHSWKHEHHWIURVWIUHHFRRO DQGGU\ 6RXUFH+XLMEUHJWVE 

Material Frost Ventilation Precipitation Handiness Remarks protection protection at windy conditions

Not covered ௅௅ ++ ௅௅ RQO\DERYHƒ& Plastic DWIURVWWKLFNQHVVDW 0 ௅௅ ++ ௅௅ least 0.2 mm Fleece for example Toptex JP2 ௅ + 1 + cover 1-ZHHNVDIWHU clamping CSV COVAS top 3 m netting for canvas 0 + + + YHQWLODWLRQ FRYHULQJEHIRUHIURVW Fleece + CSV fleece 1-ZHHNV COVAS canvas after clamping + +0 +++ FDQYDVEHIRUHst frost period )OHHFHEOLVWHU EOLVWHUSDGGLQJDWWKH + 0 1 0 padding side under fleece Fleece + canvas FDQYDVRQIOHHFH ++1 + (with Velcro) FRYHULQJEHIRUHIURVW

 YHU\JRRG JRRG PRGHUDWH௅ EDG௅௅ YHU\EDG 1 good for A-shape clamp

44 REFERENCES

$QGDOHV6&&$3HWWLERQH '&'DYLV  ,QÀ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lWYRQ=XFNHUEHQHUQWHPDVFKLQHQ  'LHLQWHUQDWLRQDOH0HWKRGHGHV,,5%=XFNHUUEH35 (3), 144-148. %URZQ6 0$UPVWURQJ  ,PSURYHGKDUYHVWLQJODWHVHDVRQVWRUDJHDQGGHOLYHU\ practical guidelines. British Sugar Beet Review 70 (3), 2-8. %XUED0  $WPXQJXQG6DFFKDURVHVWRIIZHFKVHOODJHUQGHU=XFNHUUEHQ=XFNHU industrie 26 (10), 647-658. %WWQHU*%3IlKOHU %0lUOlQGHU  *UHHQKRXVHDQG¿HOGWHFKQLTXHVIRUWHVWLQJ  VXJDUEHHWIRUUHVLVWDQFHWR5KL]RFWRQLDURRWDQGFURZQURW3ODQW%UHHGLQJ123, 158-166. &DPSEHOO/* ./.ORW] D 3RVWKDUYHVWVWRUDJHORVVHVDVVRFLDWHGZLWK$SKD  QRP\FHVURRWURWLQVXJDUEHHW-RXUQDORI6XJDU%HHW5HVHDUFK43 (4), 113-128. &DPSEHOO/* ./.ORW] E 6WRUDJH,Q$3'UD\FRWW (G 6XJDU%HHW2[IRUG  %ODFNZHOO3XEOLVKLQJ/WG &DPSEHOO/*..)XJDWH :61LHKDXV  )XVDULXP\HOORZVDIIHFWVSRVWKDUYHVW  UHVSLUDWLRQUDWHVXFURVHFRQFHQWUDWLRQDQGLQYHUWVXJDULQVXJDUEHHW-RXUQDORI Sugar Beet Research 48 (1-2), 17-40. &RXQFLO5HJXODWLRQ (& 1RRI)HEUXDU\RQWKHFRPPRQRUJDQLVDWLRQ  RIWKHPDUNHWVLQWKHVXJDUVHFWRU2I¿FLDO-RXUQDORIWKH(XURSHDQ8QLRQ   // GH%UXLMQ-0  3URFHVVLQJRIIURVWGDPDJHGEHHWVDW&60DQGWKHXVHRIGH[WUD  QDVH=XFNHULQGXVWULH125 (11), 898-902. GH1LH/+3:YDQGHU3RHO 0+YDQGH9HOGH  =XFNHUUEHQXQG)URVW   VFKlGHQLQGHQ1LHGHUODQGHQ±(LQHUIROJUHLFKHU$QVDW]]XU9HUPHLGXQJGHU  $QOLHIHUXQJYRQJHIURUHQHQ5EHQ=XFNHULQGXVWULH110 (1), 37-42. 'HVWRPEHV' %1Rp  (YDOXDWLRQGHVSHUWHVSDUPHVXUHVUHVSLURPHWULTXHV Sucrerie Française 130 (133), 85-86.

45 'HYLOOHUV3/  3HUWHVGHVXFUHDXVWRFNDJH(WXGHUHVSLURPHWULTXH6XFUHULH  Française, 122 (51), 237-263. 'XWWRQ- 7+XLMEUHJWV  5RRWTXDOLW\DQGSURFHVVLQJ,Q$3'UD\FRWW (G   6XJDU%HHW2[IRUG%ODFNZHOO3XEOLVKLQJ/WG (EHOLQ$  /DJULQJRFKIURVWVN\GGDYEHWRU,VWRUDEHWXSSODJ6%8   5HSRUW3URMHNWLG (FKHYHUUtD(  $FLGLQYHUWDVH VXFURVHK\GURO\VLV LVQRWUHTXLUHGIRUVXFURVH   PRELOL]DWLRQIURPWKHYDFXROH3K\VLRORJLD3ODQWDUXP104, 17-21. (JJOHVWRQ* -0+XHW  7KHPHDVXUHPHQWRIPDQQLWROLQEHHWVXJDUIDFWRULHV  WRPRQLWRUGHWHULRUDWLRQDQGSURFHVVLQJSUREOHPV6XJDU,QGXVWU\    =XFNHULQGXVWULH137 (1), 33-39. (W[HEHUULD( 3*RQ]DOH]  (YLGHQFHIRUDWRQRSODVWDVVRFLDWHGIRUPRIVXFURVH  V\QWKDVHDQGLWVSRWHQWLDOLQYROYHPHQWLQVXFURVHPRELOL]DWLRQIURPWKHYDFXROH Journal of Experimental Botany 54 (386), 1407-1414. *QWKHU,  5HGX]LHUXQJYRQ/DJHUYHUOXVWHQGXUFKXQWHUWHUVFKLHGOLFKH$EGHFNXQJ  GHU5EHQPLHWHQ3URFHHGLQJVRIWKHth IIRB congress, Brussels, 453-471. +HLMEURHN: $:0+XLMEUHJWV  6RPHIDFWRUVDIIHFWLQJIURVWGDPDJHWRVXJDU  EHHWV3URFHHGLQJVRIWKHth IIRB congress, Brussels, 35-52. +HLQ:+%DXHU )(PHUVWRUIHU  3URFHVVLQJRIORQJVWRUHGVXJDUEHHW6XJDU  ,QGXVWU\=XFNHULQGXVWULH137 (1), 25-32. +RIIPDQQ&  /DJHUIlKLJNHLWJHN|SIWHUXQGHQWEOlWWHUWHU5EHQ6XJDU,QGXVWU\ 137 (7), 458-467. +RIIPDQQ&07+XLMEUHJWV1YDQ6ZDDLM 5-DQVHQ5  ,PSDFWRIGLIIHUHQW  HQYLURQPHQWVLQ(XURSHRQ\LHOGDQGTXDOLW\RIVXJDUEHHWJHQRW\SHV(XURSHDQ Journal of Agronomy 30 (1), 17-26. +ROODXV)/:LHQLQJHU :%UDXQVWHLQHU  (UIDKUXQJHQPLWGHUHQ]\PDWLVFKHQ  5DI¿QRVHEHVWLPPXQJPLWWHOV*DODFWRVH'HK\GURJHQDVHLQ5EHQXQG  =XFNHUIDEULNSURGXNWHQ=XFNHU30 (12), 653-658. +RUQ5 +)OHLJH  5LVNDVVHVVPHQWRIVXEVRLOFRPSDFWLRQIRUDUDEOHVRLOVLQ Northwest Germany at farm scale. Soil And Tillage Research 102 (2), 201-208. +XLMEUHJWV$:0  9RUVWZHULQJHQEHZDULQJ$QQXDOUHSRUW,56 +XLMEUHJWV$:0  9RUVWEHVFKHUPLQJVHQEHZDDUSURHYHQ$QQXDOUHSRUW IRS, 51-55. +XLMEUHJWV$:0  7HFKQLFDO4XDOLW\$VVHVVPHQWRI6XJDU%HHWLQ(XURSH  Proceedings of the 1stMRLQW,,5%$66%7&RQJUHVV6DQ$QWRQLR 86$  +XLMEUHJWV$:0  /DQJGXULJHEHZDULQJYDQVXLNHUELHWHQ±,QYORHGRSNZDOLWHLWHQ  VXLNHUYHUOLH]HQ,QWHUQH0HGHGHOLQJ,56SS +XLMEUHJWV$:0  6XJDUEHHWVWRUDJH±DQRYHUYLHZRI'XWFKUHVHDUFK,QWHUQDWLRQDO Sugar Journal 110 (1318), 618-624. +XLMEUHJWV$:0 D .ZDOLWHLW0LOLHXNULWLVFKHVWRIIHQLQKHWELHWHQJHZDV$QQXDO report 2008, IRS, 63.

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47 .HQWHU& &+RIIPDQQ  4XDOLWlWVYHUlQGHUXQJHQEHLGHU/DJHUXQJIURVWJHVFKl  GLJWHU=XFNHUUEHQLQ$EKlQJLJNHLWYRQ7HPSHUDWXUXQG6RUWH6XJDU,QGXVWU\  =XFNHULQGXVWULH131 (2), 85-91. .HQWHU& &+RIIPDQQ  (LQÀXVVYRQ7URFNHQVWUHVVDXIGLH4XDOLWlWXQG   /DJHUIlKLJNHLWYRQ=XFNHUUEHQ6XJDU,QGXVWU\=XFNHULQGXVWULH133 (3), 155-160. .HQWHU& &+RIIPDQQ  &KDQJHVLQWKHSURFHVVLQJTXDOLW\RIVXJDUEHHW Beta vulgaris L.) during long-term storage under controlled conditions. International  -RXUQDORI)RRG6FLHQFH 7HFKQRORJ\44 (5), 910-917. .HQWHU&&+RIIPDQQ %0lUOlQGHU  6XJDUEHHWDVUDZPDWHULDO±$GYDQFHG  VWRUDJHPDQDJHPHQWWRJDLQJRRGSURFHVVLQJTXDOLW\6XJDU,QGXVWU\=XFNHULQGXVWULH 131 (9), 39-53. .ORW]./ /*&DPSEHOO  (IIHFWVRI$SKDQRP\FHVURRWURWRQFDUERK\GUDWH  LPSXULWLHVDQGVXFURVHH[WUDFWDELOLW\LQSRVWKDUYHVWVXJDUEHHW3ODQW'LVHDVH93 (1), 94-99. .ORW]. ))LQJHU  6XFURVHPHWDEROLVPLQSRVWKDUYHVWVXJDUEHHWURRWVDFWLYLWLHV  DQGSURSHUWLHVRIWKHPDMRUVXFURO\WLFHQ]\PHV6XJDUEHHW5HVHDUFKDQG  Extension Reports 2000, 147-149. .10,  .10,'DWDFHQWUXPKWWSVGDWDNQPLQOSRUWDOZHEDSS KNMI-Datacentrum.html# .RVWHU3% --RUULWVPD  'HLQYORHGYDQHHQDDQWDOWHHOWIDFWRUHQRSGH   DGHPKDOLQJYDQVXLNHUELHWHQELMEHZDULQJ,QVWLWXXWYRRU5DWLRQHOH6XLNHUSRGXFWLH Mededeling 6, 17pp. .RVWHU3%35DDWV --RUULWVPD  7KHHIIHFWRIVRPHDJURQRPLFDOIDFWRUVRQWKH  UHVSLUDWLRQUDWHVRIVXJDUEHHW3URFHHGLQJVRIWKHrd IIRB congress, Brussels, IIRB, 109-125. /HJUDQG*  6XJDUEHHWFODPSFRYHULQJLQ%HOJLXP3RVVLELOLWLHVRISURWHFWLRQE\ heavy frost. Proceedings of the 73rd IIRB congress, Brussels, 147-153. /HJUDQG* $:DXWHUV  1HZH[SHULPHQWVRQORQJWHUPVWRUDJHRIVXJDUEHHWV Effect of different storage temperatures according to the thermal time and effect of the harvesting conditions according to different varieties. Proceedings of the 73rd IIRB congress, Brussels, 21-27. /HJUDQG*.%UFN\6%VFKLQJ-&KDVVLQH7+XLMEUHJWV52OVVRQ06WHYHQV  J. Thomsen (2012) Beet clamp covering system: Practical experiences in some  (XURSHDQFRXQWULHV/RQJWHUPEHHWVWRUDJHIRUVXJDUSURGXFWLRQ   IIRB Seminar 2012. 1RUGLF6XJDU$JULFHQWHU6ZHGHQ  KWWSZZZQRUGLFVXJDUFRPFRQWDFW   FRQWDFWDJULFXOWXUH 2OG¿HOG-)706KRUH-9'XWWRQ %-+RXJKWRQ  $JULFXOWXUDOIDFWRUVDIIHFWLQJ  EHHWUHVSLUDWLRQUDWHV3URFHHGLQJVRIWKHrd IIRB congress, Brussels, 127-138. 2OVVRQc  7KHLQÀXHQFHRIGDPDJHWRVXJDUEHHWURRWVFDXVHGE\KDUYHVWHUVRQ sugar losses during storage 2006-2008. NBR Report 606-2006-2008, 37 pp.

48 Olsson, R. (2009a) Optimized harvest date for late delivery 2006-2009. NBR Report 605-2006-2009, 42 pp. 2OVVRQ5 E 7KHHIIHFWRIEHHWYDULHW\RQVWRUDELOLW\1%55HSRUWSS 2OVVRQ5 D +DUYHVWLQJDQGVWRUDJHWHFKQLTXHVIRUVXJDUEHHWODUJHVFDOHWULDOV  1%55HSRUWSS 2OVVRQ5 E 0RUHEHHWVWRWKHIDFWRU\±FKRLFHRIKDUYHVWHUZD\RIGHOLYHU\DQG delivery time. NBR Report 613-2010, 12 pp. 2OVVRQ5 F 3RVVLELOLWLHVIRUFRVWHIIHFWLYHVWRUDJHZLWKORZORVVHVDQGORZZRUNORDG  LQELJEDOHFODPSVZLWKÀH[LEOHWRSFRYHU1%55HSRUW 2OVVRQ5  6XVWDLQDEOHKDUYHVWDQGVWRUDJHRIVXJDUEHHWV±PRUHEHHWDQGPRUH sugar to the factory – variety and storage 2010-2011. NBR Report 611-2010-2011, 34 pp. 2OVVRQ5 D /DJULQJHQKlQJHUSnGLJGLQMRUGRFKVRUWHQ%HWRGODUHQ   2OVVRQ5 E 6XJDUORVVHVGXULQJORQJWLPHVWRUDJHLQGLIIHUHQWYDULHWLHV  NBR Report 621-2012, 19 pp. 3HUVVRQ/  6WRUDJHDELOLW\DQGWKHLQÀXHQFHRIJURZLQJVLWH5HSRUW6%8   SURMHFWFRGHSS 3HUVVRQ/ c2OVVRQ  7KHLQÀXHQFHRIVRLOIDFWRUVGXULQJJURZWKRIVXJDUEHHWV for losses in storage 2006-2009. NBR Report 608-2006-2009, 21 pp. 5DSS3  &RQVHUYDWLRQ7pUpRVFRPSWHHQGHJUpVMRXUV&XOWLYDU630, 44-46. 5RHOIVHPD(  6XJDUIDFWRU\OLPH,QÀXHQFHRQVRPHVRLOELRORJLFDOSURSHUWLHV,56 Internship Report. 5RVHQNUDQ]+59RJHO6*UHLQHU 75DXVFK  ,QZRXQGHGVXJDUEHHW Beta vulgaris L.) tap-root, hexose accumulation correlates with the induction of a vacuolar invertase isoform. Journal of Experimental Botany 52 (365), 2381-2385. 6FKQHSHO. &+RIIPDQQ  &DOFXODWLRQRILQYHUWVXJDUFRQWHQWEDVHGRQWKH   JOXFRVHFRQWHQWRIVXJDUEHHW6XJDU,QGXVWU\138 (7), 463-470. 6FKXO]+ %'LHWULFK  5HGXFWLRQRIVXJDUEHHWORVVHVLQODUJHVFDOHSLOHVE\  fungicide application. Kühn-Archiv 86 (2), 39-50. 6WHHQVHQ-. ($XJXVWLQXVVHQ D ,QÀXHQFHRIKDUYHVWLQMXU\RQVXJDU   ORVVE\ZDVKLQJDQGGXULQJVWRUDJHRIVXJDUEHHWV3URFHHGLQJVRIWKHth IIRB congress, Brussels, 337-348. 6WHHQVHQ-. ($XJXVWLQXVVHQ E (IIHFWRIUXEEHUÀDLOWRSSLQJDQGVFDOSLQJ  YHUVXVQRQVFDOSLQJRQ\LHOGLQWHUQDOTXDOLW\DQGVWRUDJHORVVLQVXJDUEHHW,Q  ,QWHUQDWLRQDO,QWLWXWHRI6XJDU%HHW5HVHDUFK%UXVVHOV (G 6XJDUEHHWYDULHW\ trials – methodology and design. Advances in Sugar Beet Research 4, 125-136. 6WHHQVHQ-. ($XJXVWLQXVVHQ  (IIHFWRIUXEEHUÀDLOWRSSLQJDQGVFDOSLQJ   YHUVXVQRQVFDOSLQJRQ\LHOGLQWHUQDOTXDOLW\DQGVWRUDJHORVVHVLQVXJDUEHHW  =XFNHULQGXVWULH128 (2), 100-105. 6WUDXVEDXJK&$(5HDULFN,(XMD\O 3)RRWH  ,QÀXHQFHRI5KL]RFWRQLDEDFWHULDO  URRWURWFRPSOH[RQVWRUDELOLW\RIVXJDUEHHW-RXUQDORI6XJDU%HHW5HVHDUFK48 (3-4), 155-181.

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50

IMPRINT

Authors Layout Toon Huijbregts, IRS ƒ”‘Ž‹‡ ‡ ǡ ˆ Guy Legrand, IRBAB / KBIVB Š”‹•–ƒ ‘ơƒǡ ˆ Cover Foto ‘„‡”–Ž••‘ǡ %•ƒŽ••‘ǡ ”ƒœ ‡••‡ǡ‘”†œ— ‡” Published by Print  ‘‘”†‹ƒ–‹‘‡‡–‡•‡ƒ” Š –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘Ž–œ‡”—  „ Ƭ‘Ǥ ǡ ږ–‹‰‡ǡ ™‹–Š•’‡ ‹ƒŽ–Šƒ•–‘Š”‹•–‹‡‡–‡”ǡ ˆ ͚͙͛͘ǡ ǣ͟͡͠Ǧ͛Ǧ͚͜͠͠͝Ǧ͟͝͝Ǧ͙

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