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Long-Term Storage of Sugar Beet in North-West Europe

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Long-Term Storage of Sugar Beet in North-West Europe Coordination Beet Research COBRI International Report No. 1 – 2013 Long-term storage of sugar beet in North-West Europe ơ% Long-term storage of sugar beet in North-West Europe Toon Huijbregts (IRS), Guy Legrand (IRBAB / KBIVB), ơȋ ȌǡȋȌǡ%ȋȌ Ǥ͙͘Ȃ͚͙͛͘ CONTENTS PREFACE. 5 SUMMARY . 7 1. INTRODUCTION . 8 2. BACKGROUND TO QUALITY REDUCTION DURING STORAGE . 10 2.1 Quality Assessment . 10 2.2 Respiration . 10 2.3 Wound Healing . 11 2.4 Sprouts . 11 2.5 Root Rot . 11 2.6 Bacteria. 12 2.7 Moulds . 12 2.8 Frost Damage . 13 2.9 Dirt Tare. .14 3. ANALYTICAL METHODS. 15 3.1 Storage experiments . 15 3.1.1 Respiration measurements . 15 3.1.2 Storage under controlled conditions . 16 3.1.3 Clamp experiments . 17 3.2 Analyses . 18 3.2.1 Standard quality parameters: sugar (Pol), potassium, sodium, amino nitrogen . 18 $GGLWLRQDOTXDOLW\SDUDPHWHUVVXFURVHLQYHUWVXJDUVUDI¿QRVHVROXEOHQLWURJHQ . 18 3.2.3 Scores for sprouts, frozen parts, moulds, rot. 20 'HWHFWLRQRIUHYHUVLEOHDQGLUUHYHUVLEOHIURVWGDPDJH . 21 4. FACTORS AFFECTING STORABILITY . 21 4.1 Beet material. 21 4.1.1 Beet growing conditions . 21 4.1.2 Variety . 22 4.1.3 Beet size . 24 4.2 Harvesting and clamping conditions . 24 4.2.1 Root damage during harvesting and clamping . 24 4.2.2 Defoliation and topping . 27 4.2.3 Weather conditions during harvesting and storage . 29 4.3 Storage conditions. 29 4.3.1 Storage temperature and period . 29 4.3.2 Humidity. 32 4.3.3 Frost damage . 32 4.3.4 Treatments. 34 5. OPTIMAL HARVEST AND CLAMP MANAGEMENT . 35 5.1 Aim. 35 5.2 Harvest . 35 5.3 Clamp shape . 36 5.4 Covering strategies . 37 6. GUIDELINES FOR OPTIMAL LONG-TERM STORAGE . 42 6.1 Pre-harvest . 42 6.2 During harvest . 42 6.3 During storage . 42 REFERENCES. 45 PREFACE 7KLV UHSRUW ZDV SURGXFHG E\ WKH PHPEHUV RI &2%5, &2RUGLQDWLRQ %HHW 5HVHDUFK ,Q- WHUQDWLRQDO UHSUHVHQWLQJ WKH VXJDU EHHW UHVHDUFK LQVWLWXWHV LQ 'HQPDUN6ZHGHQ 1%5 +ROHE\ *HUPDQ\ ,I=*|WWLQJHQ %HOJLXP ,5%$%.%,9%7LHQHQ DQGWKH1HWKHUODQGV ,56%HUJHQRS=RRP UHVXOWVRIORQJWHUPVWRUDJHWULDOVLQ1RUWKHUQ*HUPDQ\E\FRXU- WHV\RI$QGUHDV:LQGW1RUG]XFNHU$*%UDXQVFKZHLJ 7KHDLPRIWKHUHSRUWLVWREULQJWRJHWKHUDOOH[LVWLQJNQRZOHGJHDERXWVXJDUEHHWVWRUDJH WKDWPD\EHLPSRUWDQWLQLPSURYLQJWKHORQJWHUPVWRUDJHRIVXJDUEHHWXQGHU1RUWK:HVW European conditions. NBR Nordic Beet Research 6R¿HK¡M+¡ME\JnUGYHM %RUJHE\6ORWWVYlJ '.+ROHE\ 6(%MlUUHG 'HQPDUN 6ZHGHQ HPDLOLQIR#QRUGLFEHHWQX ,QVWLWXWIU=XFNHUUEHQIRUVFKXQJ ,I= Holtenser Landstraße 77 *|WWLQJHQ Germany e-mail: [email protected] ,5%$%.%,9% Molenstraat 45 3300 Tienen Belgium HPDLOLQIR#NELYEEHLQIR#LUEDEEH IRS 9DQ.RQLMQHQEXUJZHJ +/%HUJHQRS=RRP The Netherlands e-mail: [email protected] 5 SUMMARY ,QWKHFRXQWULHVRI:HVWHUQ(XURSHVXJDUIDFWRU\RSHUDWLRQVKDYHEHHQH[WHQGHGWRPLG -DQXDU\ DQG WKHUHIRUH VXJDU EHHW KDYH WR EH VWRUHG IRU DERXW WZR PRQWKV 7KLV UHSRUW SUHVHQWVDUHYLHZRIFXUUHQWNQRZOHGJHDQGUHVHDUFKLQWRPHWKRGVWRORZHUVXJDUORVVHV and optimise the conditions for long-term storage. 6XJDU ORVVHV GXULQJ VWRUDJH FDQ EH TXDQWL¿HG DV UHVSLUDWLRQ ORVVHV LQ DLUWLJKW YHVVHOV XQGHUFRQWUROOHGFRQGLWLRQVRULQ¿HOGFODPSV)RUTXDOLW\DVVHVVPHQWWKHVWDQGDUGDQDO\VHV VXJDU SRWDVVLXP VRGLXP DQG DPLQR QLWURJHQ VKRXOG EH H[WHQGHG WR LQFOXGH DW OHDVW DQDO\VLVRILQYHUWVXJDUV JOXFRVHIUXFWRVH $GGLWLRQDOLQIRUPDWLRQFDQEHREWDLQHGIURP YLVXDODVVHVVPHQWRIEHHWLQMXULHV HVSHFLDOO\URRWWLSORVVHV EHIRUHVWRUDJHDQGRIVSURXWV frozen parts, moulds and rot after storage. 'XULQJVWRUDJHVXJDULVGHJUDGHGE\HQ]\PHV,QWKH¿UVWGD\VDIWHUKDUYHVWVXJDUORVVHV occur due to wound healing and thereafter respiration declines. Further sugar losses mainly depend on the storage temperature. Storage at 2 to 8 °C is regarded as optimal. In addition to the sugar losses, strong accumulation of invert sugar occurs, which severely affects SURFHVVLQJ6XJDUORVVHVDUHPDUNHGO\HQKDQFHGZKHQVSURXWLQJURWWLQJDQGLQIHFWLRQE\ EDFWHULDDQGIXQJLRFFXU5RWWHQDQGLQSDUWLFXODUIURVWGDPDJHGEHHWFDQQRWEHVWRUHG IXUWKHUDQGKDYHWREHSURFHVVHGLPPHGLDWHO\0RXOGIRUPDWLRQDQGWKHVXEVHTXHQWURWWLQJ DQG UHGXFWLRQ LQ TXDOLW\ GUDVWLFDOO\ LQFUHDVH DERYH DQ DFFXPXODWHG WKHUPDO WLPH RI GHJUHHGD\V EDVHWHPSHUDWXUH& 6XJDUEHHWYDULHWLHVGLIIHULQVWRUDELOLW\SRVVLEO\GXHWRWKHLUVXVFHSWLELOLW\WRGDPDJHDQG RU LQIHFWLRQ E\ PRXOGV DQG URW 6WRUDJH ORVVHV DUH DOVR VWURQJO\ GHSHQGHQW RQ WKH EHHW JURZLQJ FRQGLWLRQV ORFDWLRQVRLO VWUHVV GXULQJ WKH VHDVRQ KDUYHVWLQJ FRQGLWLRQV 5RRW LQMXULHVGXULQJKDUYHVWLQJDQGFODPSLQJVKRXOGEHPLQLPLVHGDVWKH\PDUNHGO\LQFUHDVH URWWLQJDQGWKHUHE\VXJDUORVVHV&RPSOHWHUHPRYDORIOHDYHVSRVVLEO\LQFRPELQDWLRQZLWK VOLJKWWRSSLQJJLYHVWKHORZHVWVXJDUORVVHVGXULQJORQJWHUPVWRUDJHDVRYHUWRSSHGEHHW are avoided. Treatment with lime during clamping can reduce pathogen infections. Recommendations for optimal harvest and clamp management include protecting FODPSHGEHHWIURPSUHFLSLWDWLRQ&OHDQGU\EHHWDOORZJDVH[FKDQJHZKLFKSUHYHQWVKHDW accumulation and lowers the infection potential of moulds and rots. Frost damage should EHDYRLGHGE\KDUYHVWLQJWKHEHHWLQWLPHDQGFRYHULQJWKHFODPSZLWKHJSODVWLFVKHHWLQJ ÀHHFHVWUDZRUFDQYDVZKLFKFDQSURYLGHVRPHSURWHFWLRQDJDLQVWIURVW 7 1. INTRODUCTION ,Q1RUWK:HVW(XURSHVXJDUEHHWKDU- YHVWKDVWREH¿QLVKHGEHIRUHWKHEHHW DUHGDPDJHGE\IURVW)LJXUHVKRZV WKH ULVN RI WHPSHUDWXUHV EHORZ & -3 °C and -5 °C in the Netherlands from PLG2FWREHU WR PLG-DQXDU\ 7DEOH shows the variation in temperature over ¿YH \HDUV LQ WKH PRVW VRXWKHUO\ EHHW JURZLQJDUHDRI6ZHGHQ7KHULVNRIORZ WHPSHUDWXUHVH[SUHVVHGDVQXPEHURI days per month with mean daily tempe- UDWXUHEHORZ&DQGEHORZ &DQG WKHQXPEHURIGD\VSHUPRQWKZLWKQLJKW IURVWLVVLJQL¿FDQWEXWYHU\YDULDEOHEHW- Figure 1.1:5LVNRIWHPSHUDWXUHVEHORZ&& ZHHQ\HDUV,Q1RYHPEHUDQG'HFHP- DQG&LQWKHFHQWUDO1HWKHUODQGVIURPPLG2FWREHU EHUFROGGD\VZLWKWHPSHUDWXUHVEHORZ to mid-January, 1993-2013. (Source: KNMI, 2013). 0 °C are often interspersed with warmer GD\VZLWKPHDQGDLO\WHPSHUDWXUHVDER- ve +5 °C. 7KHQXPEHURIGD\VZLWKIURVWLQ'HFHP- Table 1.1: 1XPEHURIGD\VSHUPRQWKZLWKPHDQWHP- EHULQWKHGLIIHUHQWVXJDUEHHWDUHDVRI SHUDWXUHVEHORZ&EHORZ&DQGDERYH&DQG QXPEHU RI GD\V SHU PRQWK ZLWK QLJKW IURVW ORFDWLRQV North-West Europe are shown in Figure near the southern coast of Sweden. Data from Jord- 1.2, in which 2010 represents a year EHUJDZHDWKHUVWDWLRQ1RYHPEHU-DQXDU\ with a severe winter and 2011 a year (Source: Nordic Sugar, Agricenter Sweden, 2011). ZLWKDPLOGZLQWHU7KHULVNRIIURVWGD- November Number of days PDJHLVKLJKLIVXJDUEHHWDUHVWLOOLQWKH Year <-5 °C < 0 °C night frost >5 °C VRLO LQ 'HFHPEHU7KH ULVN RI SRRU VRLO 2006 0 2 4 24 conditions for harvest operations also 2007 0 2 9 13 2008 1 5 7 18 increases later in the season. In gene- 2009 0 0 0 27 ral, this means that the harvest period 2010 2 7 10 10 VWDUWVLQ6HSWHPEHUDQGHQGVLQPLGRU December Number of days ODWH1RYHPEHU%HIRUHWKHUHIRUPRIWKH Year <-5 °C < 0 °C night frost >5 °C VXJDUPDUNHWLQ &RXQFLO5HJXOD- 2006 0 0 5 25 2007 0 4 10 9 WLRQ (& 1R WKHSURFHVVLQJ 2008 0 5 14 3 RI VXJDU EHHW ZDV XVXDOO\ ¿QLVKHG EH- 2009 2 11 18 6 2010 12 29 31 0 fore Christmas. However, during the VXJDU EHHW UHIRUP PDQ\ VXJDU IDFWR- January Number of days Year <-5-0 °C < 0 °C night frost >5 °C ries were closed and the processing 2006 1 5 8 19 period was extended to mid-January. 2007 0 4 9 8 7KLV PHDQV WKDW PRUH VXJDU EHHW QRZ 2008 2 12 17 0 2009 8 29 30 0 KDYH WR EH VWRUHG IRU D ORQJHU SHULRG 2010 2 18 24 0 In fact, the maximum storage period KDV GRXEOHG IURP DERXW RQH PRQWK to more than two months (Figure 1.3). 8 Sugar losses occur and the quality 35 RI WKH VXJDU EHHW GHFUHDVHV GXULQJ 30 storage. The extent of the decrease 25 depends on the condition of the 20 Mean KDUYHVWHG EHHW WKH VWRUDJH FRQGLWLRQV 15 2010 and the length of the storage period. 10 Days (t < 0°C) Days 2011 Guidelines are needed to minimise 5 the sugar losses and the decrease in 0 quality. For this reason, much research KDVEHHQGRQHWRLQYHVWLJDWHWKHHIIHFW of different conditions and measures RQ WKH VWRUDELOLW\ RI VXJDU EHHW %DFN Figure 1.2: 1XPEHU RI GD\V LQ 'HFHPEHU ZLWK IURVW in the 1970s, intensive research was LQHLJKWVXJDUEHHWJURZLQJDUHDVLQ1RUWK:HVW(X- FDUULHG RXW WR HVWDEOLVK WKH HIIHFW RI rope. In 2010 the winter was very cold and in 2011 the different factors on sugar losses and 'HFHPEHUZDVPLOG 6RXUFH/HJUDQGHWDO the decrease in quality during storage 9XNRYDQG+DQJ\DO 6LQFHWKHQ DJUHDWGHDORIUHVHDUFKRQVXJDUEHHWKDVEHHQFDUULHGRXWRQODERUDWRU\VFDOHDQGRQIDUPV WRIXUWKHULQYHVWLJDWHIDFWRUVWKDWPD\EHLPSRUWDQWIRUWKHVWRUDELOLW\RIVXJDUEHHW,QUHFHQW \HDUVUHVHDUFKKDVIRFXVHGRQWKHIDFWRUVDIIHFWLQJVXJDUEHHWGXULQJORQJWHUPVWRUDJHDQG covering strategies for optimal storage. 28.02 18.02 average starting time 08.02 starting time in 2011 29.01 last campaign day in 2011 19.01 09.01 average last campaign day 30.12 20.12 15/11 10.12 20/02 Cham- 15/11 15/11 20/11 15/11 20/11 10/11 15/11 theoretical last harvesting day pagne 50-100 ±60 ±60 ±60 ±60 ±30 35-75 ±60 long term storage in days 30.11 10/12 (average) Date Date 20.11 55-75 10.11 31.10 160 104 116 125 121 103 122 122 116 N campaign days: average 21.10 165 117 132 130 130 120 138 130 132 N campaign days in 2011 11.10 01.10 21.09 11.09 01.09 Figure 1.3:6WDUWDQGHQGRIWKHEHHWKDUYHVWLQJFDPSDLJQDQGQXPEHURIFDPSDLJQGD\VLQZKLFK ZDVD\HDUZLWKUHFRUG\LHOGVLQDOOFRXQWULHVVKRZQDQGDYHUDJHIRULQHLJKWVXJDUEHHWJUR- wing areas in North-West Europe. The theoretical last harvesting date and the average long-term storage (days) are also indicated. (Source: Legrand et al., 2012). 9 2. BACKGROUND TO QUALITY REDUCTION DURING STORAGE 2.1 Quality assessment $VVHVVPHQWRIWKHWHFKQLFDOTXDOLW\RIVXJDUEHHWLQ(XURSHLVEDVHGRQVHYHUDOSDUDPHWHUV VXJDU FRQWHQW EHLQJ WKH PRVW LPSRUWDQW +RZHYHU WKH SHUFHQWDJH RI VXJDU WKDW FDQ EH H[WUDFWHG DV JUDQXODWHG VXJDU GXULQJ SURFHVVLQJ LV LQÀXHQFHG E\ VHYHUDO QRQVXFURVH FRPSRXQGVLQWKHEHHW7KHVHFRPSRXQGVDUHFKDUDFWHULVHGE\PHODVVLJHQLFSURSHUWLHV
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