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IGRDG Git4ndm2015 20234 International Geoinformatics Research and Development Journal An Integrated Remote Sensing and GIS Approach for Pre-Monsoon and Post-Monsoon Groundwater Quality Monitoring for Reclamation of Wasteland in Gomukhi Nadhi Sub Basin, South India Periyasamy P1*, Waleed M Qader2, Pirasteh S 3 *1Oil & Gas Construction Company (OGASCO), UAE *2Department of civil Engineering, Cihan University, Erbil, Iraq 3 Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Waterloo [email protected] Abstract India holds 17.5% of the world’s population but has only 2% of the total geographical area of the world where 27.35% of the area is categorized as wasteland due to lack of or less groundwater or poor groundwater quality. So there is a demand for monitoring groundwater quality to avoid further degradation of land and also for the effective management of wasteland to balance its growth rate. Taking this into consideration, an attempt has been made to find the groundwater quality in Gomukhi Nadhi sub basin of Vellar river basin, South India covering an area of 1146.6 Km2 consists of 9 blocks from Peddanaickanpalayam to Virudhachalam fall in the sub basin. To study the quality of groundwater, the geochemical results for both pre-monsoon and post-monsoon observation wells were collected and analyzed. For better assessment of groundwater quality, the adjoining wells were also considered. By integrating the thematic maps of chloride (Cl), magnesium ion concentration (Mg), incrustation, total hardness (TH) and total dissolved solids (TDS), the groundwater quality distribution maps were prepared on the basis of WHO [16] standards for both pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons and classified viz., suitable, moderately suitable, unsuitable with its aerial extent of 11.34, 67.41, 21.25 Km2 & 22.04, 70.15, 7.81 Km2 respectively. The wasteland map is prepared for the study area using IRS P6 [4] data. To identify the zones of reclamation of wasteland specifically in the suitable quality, the groundwater quality map of pre-monsoon and post-monsoon and the map of wasteland was integrated and classified. Results indicat- ed that water quality parameters have improved tremendously in post monsoon season when comparing to the pre-monsoon season of the study area which shows that the recharge of groundwater plays a major role in im- proving the quality of groundwater. Appropriate methods for reclaiming the wasteland in the affected areas have been suggested. Keywords: Groundwater, Wasteland, Water Quality, Recharge. Introduction For a sustainable development in every region, water is playing a major role for the people and society. To de- velop a resource based approach, water resources planning attain a self-sufficiency in food production. We as- sumed a rationale resource-based planning that enriches economic development for a region. However, it de- pends on natural resources available in the region as these are assumed to provide the main income opportunities for the population of that region. Being an agrarian State Tamil Nadu, India mainly depends on upon its water re- 1 Vol. 7, Issue 4, December 2016 Special Issue: GiT4NDM-EOGC2015 International Geoinformatics Research and Development Journal sources for agricultural activities, food production, and domestic uses. Groundwater has emerged as an im- portant and indispensable resource in every country during the absence of adequate potential surface water re- sources. Due to increased human population, industrialization, use of fertilizers in the agriculture and man-made ac- tivity; the aquatic natural resources are causing heavy and varied pollution in the aquatic environment leading to pollute water quality. Therefore, to check the quality of water is significant at regular interval. This present study assesses the groundwater quality by analyzing the essential and desirable water quality pa- rameters viz., pH, Cl, Mg, incrustation, TH and TDS for pre-monsoon and post-monsoon periods of the year 2012 using Arc GIS 10.2 Software. The water quality distribution map is then correlated with wasteland map for suggesting the remedial measures to reclaim the affected areas of wasteland in the sub-basin. Study Area The Vellar river basin is one of the seventeen major river basins of Tamil Nadu. The sub-basins of Vellar River Basin are Upper Vellar, Swetha Nadhi, Chinnar, Anaivari Odai, Gomukhi Nadhi, Manimuktha Nadhi, Lower Vellar. Out of the seven sub-basins, Gomukhi Nadhi sub basin was chosen so as to undergo a detailed groundwa- ter quality study to find out the suitable zones for wasteland reclamation. The basin is bounded by Pennaiyar and Paravanar basins in the north, Cauvery basin in the west and south and the Bay of Bengal in the east near PortNova (Fig. 1). The sub basin is situated in the coordinates of N latitude 11.86 to 11.52 and E longitudes 78.61 to 79.2 has the total geographical aerial extent of 1146.6 Km2 covering nine blocks from Peddhanaickanpalayam to Viru- dhachalam. Figure 1: Location map of the study area. Materials and Methods The methodology involves preparation of base map from Survey of India toposheet 58/I 9,10,13,14 on 1:50000 scale. Satellite data IRS P6 LISS III & pan merged data of 2012 (Fig. 2) was used to prepare wasteland map. Groundwater samples were collected for both pre-monsoon and post monsoon seasons. For better assessment of groundwater quality, the adjacent wells were also considered. The locations of the collected groundwater sam- 2 Vol. 7, Issue 4, December 2016 Special Issue: GiT4NDM-EOGC2015 International Geoinformatics Research and Development Journal ples are shown in figure 3. The groundwater samples were analyzed for various parameters and interpreted using standard methods [2]. Using ArcGIS 10.2 software, the groundwater quality distribution maps of chloride, magnesium concentration, incrustation problem, Total Hardness and Total Dissolved Solids were prepared for both pre- monsoon and post monsoon and classified for spatial analysis. Different classes in each parameter were assigned a knowledge-based hierarchy of weights ranged from 1 to 5, according to World Health Organization (WHO) and Indian Standards Institution (ISI) guidelines [14]. The highest weight is given to the class that is most favor- able to quality and suitability of use and lowest weight is given to the class that is least favorable. The zones of pre-monsoon and post-monsoon groundwater quality were classified into suitable, moderately suitable and un- suitable based on the added weight factors determined in the analysis. Finally, by integrating the maps of pre- monsoon and post-monsoon groundwater quality with the map of wasteland the areas suitable for the reclamation of wasteland were delineated. Figure 2: Satellite Image of the study area – IRS P6 – 2012 Figure 3: Locations of sampling points for pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. 3 Vol. 7, Issue 4, December 2016 Special Issue: GiT4NDM-EOGC2015 International Geoinformatics Research and Development Journal Results and Discussion The spatial and the attribute database were analyzed for the generation of spatial variation maps of major water quality parameters such as Chloride, magnesium ion concentration, incrustation, total hardness and total dis- solved solids for pre-monsoon and post monsoon seasons. Based on these spatial variation maps the existing condition of groundwater quality was identified which in turn correlate with the wasteland map to suggest the suitable measures for the reclamation of the wasteland in the sub basin in GIS environ. Wasteland Map National Wastelands Development Board [8] has developed 13 categories of wasteland classification system. Out of which Gomukhi sub basin comprises of 5 categories which are Forest Land/ Hill, Barren Land, Land af- fected by salinity and alkalinity, Rocky Outcrop and Shrub Land. Parameters Included in Water Quality Assessment The chemical quality of the groundwater largely depends on the nature of rock formations, Physiography, soil environment, recharge and draft conditions in which it occurs. The chemical composition of water is an im- portant factor to be considered before it is used for domestic, irrigation or industrial purposes [14]. The parame- ters analyzed in this assessment are shown in Table 1. PH A pH (potential of Hydrogen) measurement determines the acidic and alkaline nature of water. PH of the solution is taken as –ive logarithm of H2 ions for many practical practices. The value range of pH from 7 to14 is alkaline, from 0 to 7 is acidic, and 7 is neutral. Mainly drinking water pH lies from 4.4 to 8.5. The pH scale commonly ranges from 0 to 14. The acceptable limit is 6.5 to 8.5 and no relaxation for permissible limits in the absence of alternate source as per BIS 10500:2012 [6]. The result shows that the pH value varies from 7.8 to 8.5 during pre-monsoon season and 7.5 to 8.5 during post monsoon season. The value of pH is within the acceptable limit throughout the study area. Chloride All natural and raw water contains chlorides. It comes from activities carried out in an agricultural area, Industri- al activities and chloride stones. Its concentration is high because of human activities. In this study, the concen- tration of chloride was classified into three ranges 0-250, 250-1000 and >1000 mg/l as per BIS: 10500-2012 and based on these ranges the spatial variation map for chloride has been obtained and presented in fig. 4. Magnesium Ion Concentration According to WHO [16] standards for suitable drinking water, magnesium ion should be below 30 mg/l when sulphate is more than 250 mg/l, and if magnesium is more than 150 mg/l, then sulphate should be below 250 mg/l. The concentration of sulphate is lesser than 250mg/l throughout the study area both in pre-monsoon and post monsoon seasons. Based on this nearly 11% of the study area is unsuitable for drinking purposes (Table 2).
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