Towns East of Colombo District Water Supply Project)

Draft Initial Environmental Examination

July 2013

SRI: Greater Colombo Water and Wastewater Management Improvement Investment Program (Towns East of Colombo District Water Supply Project)

Prepared by the National Water Supply and Drainage Board Government of Sri Lanka for the Asian Development Bank.

CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 11 July 2013) Currency Unit – Sri Lanka rupees (SLRs) SLRs1.00 = $0.007645 $1.00 = SLRs. 130.80

ABBREVIATIONS

ADB – Asian Development Bank AP – affected person CEA – Central Environment Authority CCD – Coast Conservation Department CMC – Colombo Municipal Council DMA – district metering area EMP – environmental management plan GCWWMIIP – Greater Colombo Water and Wastewater Improvement Investment Program GN – Grama Niladhari GRC – grievance redressal committee GRM – grievance redress mechanism IEE – initial environmental examination MASC – management advisory and supervision consultant MWSD – Ministry of Water Supply and Drainage MLGPC – Ministry of Local Government and Provincial Council NRW – non-revenue water NWSDB – National Water Supply and Drainage Board O&M – operations and maintenance PMU – project management unit PPTA – project preparatory technical assistance PRO – public relations officer REA – rapid environmental assessment RSC – regional support center SPS – Safeguard Policy Statement WC – Western Central

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

km – kilometer km2 – square kilometer m2 – square meter mm – millimeter m3/day – cubic meter per day

NOTE{S}

In this report, "$" refers to US dollars. “SLRs” and “ ” refer to Sri Lankan rupees.

This initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.

In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, ADB does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

I. INTRODUCTION 1 II. POLICY, LEGAL, AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK 3 A. ADB Policy 3 B. National Laws 4 III. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT 7 A. Existing Condition and Need for the Project 7 B. Implementation Schedule 9 IV. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT 9 A. Methodology Used for the Baseline Study 9 B. Physical Characteristics 10 C. Ecological Characteristics 11 D. Socioeconomic Profile 12 E. Social and Cultural Characteristics 14 V. ANTICIPATED IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES 15 A. Anticipated Impacts – Planning and Design Phase 15 B. Anticipated Impacts – Construction Phase 19 C. Anticipated Impacts – Operations and Maintenance Phase 21 D. Mitigation Measures 22 E. Cumulative Impact Assessment 28 VI. INFORMATION DISCLOSURE, CONSULTATION, AND PARTICIPATION 30 A. Public Consultation Conducted 30 B. Future Consultation and Disclosure 30 VII. GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM 31 VIII. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 34 A. Institutional Arrangement 34 B. Capacity Building 38 C. Environmental Management Action Plan 39 D. Reporting 57 E. Environmental Costs 57 IX. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 60

APPENDIXES: 1. ADB REA Checklist 62 2. Details of Ambatale Project Investments 65 3. Records of Public Consultations 68 4. Sample Grievance Redress Form 80 5. Outline TOR for Environment Management Specialist (MASC) 81 6. Suggested Outline for the Environmental Monitoring Report 82 7. Summary of Procedure for Obtaining Written Permission from Department of 84 Archaeology

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1. The Greater Colombo Water and Wastewater Management Improvement Investment Program (GCWWMIIP) will complement the past and ongoing efforts of the government to improve water supply availability and wastewater services to the residents of Greater Colombo to unleash its economic growth potential. It will also assist the government in introducing institutional and regulatory reforms in the sector. The investment program uses a multitranche financing facility (MFF) and will be implemented from 2013 to 2020. Investments under the MFF will be delivered in four projects. As per ADB’s safeguard requirements, an environmental assessment and review framework (EARF) is prepared to guide environmental assessment throughout the entire MFF period.

2. Towns east of Colombo District water supply project is one of the projects proposed in GCWWMIIP. There are 44 Community-Based Water Supply Schemes (CBWSS) within the proposed project area serving population of 16,475. Sources of supply are dug wells for these CBWSS. Due to rapid development of the area, the reliability of these sources is very low and they become totally dry during drought. The issues with present system are; poor water quality, limited supply hours, no water supply during droughts, breakdowns in pumps and poor maintenance of distribution system. ADB requires the consideration of environmental issues in all aspects of the Bank’s operations, and the requirements for environmental assessment are described in ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS, 2009). This Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) addresses components proposed under GCWWMIIP which includes water supply and sewerage components.

3. Categorization. Towns east of Colombo District water supply project is classified as Environmental Category B as per ADB SPS, 2009 as no significant impacts are envisioned. Accordingly this IEE has been prepared and assesses the environmental impacts and provides mitigation and monitoring measures to ensure no significant impacts as a result of the subproject.

4. Project Scope. The project is formulated under GCWWMIIP to address gaps in water supply infrastructure in a holistic and integrated manner. The main objective of GCWWMIIP is to improve water and wastewater service and management efficiency, security and have an important effect on public health in 6 towns east of Colombo District. Investments under this project includes: (i) rehabilitation of water supply schemes based on non-revenue water concept in TEC; and (ii) building capacity to manage and implement the project successfully.

5. Implementation Arrangements. The executing agencies are the Ministry of Water Supply and Drainage (MWSD) and the Ministry of Local Government and Provincial Council (MLGPC). The implementing agencies are the National Water Supply and Drainage Board (NWSDB) for water supply projects and the Colombo Municipal Council for wastewater projects. Project management units (PMUs) will be established in each implementing agency. A team of senior technical, administrative and financial officials, including safeguards specialists, will assist the PMU in managing and monitoring implementation activities. Consultant teams are responsible for project planning and management and assuring technical quality of design and construction; and designing the infrastructure and supervising construction; and safeguards preparation.

6. Description of the Environment. Project components are located in 6 towns east of Colombo District urban areas or in its immediate surroundings which were converted into

agricultural or urban use for many years ago, and there is no natural habitat left at these sites. The sites, except for the ground reservoir, are located in existing right of ways (RoWs). The site for the ground reservoir will be acquired by the government from a private owner. 7. 1 There are no protected areas, wetlands, mangroves, or estuaries in or near the subproject location. There are no forest areas within or near Davanagere. Soils are deep, and do not require cutting of rocks for pipe laying. There are no protected, wetlands, mangroves, or estuaries in or near the project location. Pipe alignments will not pass through protected areas and forests. Soils are deep, and do not require cutting of rocks for pipe laying.

8. Environmental Management. An environmental management plan (EMP) is included as part of this IEE, which includes (i) mitigation measures for environmental impacts during implementation; (ii) an environmental monitoring program, and the responsible entities for mitigating, monitoring, and reporting; (iii) public consultation and information disclosure; and (iv) a grievance redress mechanism. A number of impacts and their significance have already been reduced by amending the designs. The EMP will be included in civil work bidding and contract documents.

9. Locations and siting of the proposed infrastructures were considered to further reduce impacts. These include (i) laying of pipes in RoWs alongside main/access roads, to reduce acquisition of land along the pipe alignment; and (ii) keeping the footprint of the ground reservoir to the minimum possible extent to avoid the need for large land acquisition.

10. Potential impacts were identified in relation to location, design, construction and operation of the improved infrastructure. Planning principles and design considerations have been reviewed and incorporated into the site planning process whenever possible. Various design-related measures suggested for the water treatment plant are: energy efficiency design, automation and Improvement to existing telemetry system, and sludge treatment and disposal system.

11. During the construction phase, impacts mainly arise from the need to dispose of moderate quantities of waste soil and disturbance of residents, businesses, and traffic. Mitigation measures have been developed in generic way to reduce all negative impacts to acceptable levels. These are common impacts of construction in urban areas, and there are well developed methods for their mitigation. Measures such as conducting work in lean season and minimizing inconvenience by best construction methods will be employed. Traffic management will be necessary during pipe-laying on busy roads. Temporary social impacts due to construction activities are not avoidable, as residential and commercial establishments exist along the project corridor. A resettlement plan has been developed in accordance with ADB SPS, 2009 and Sri Lankan laws and regulations.

12. In the operational phase, all facilities and infrastructure will operate with routine maintenance, which should not affect the environment. Facilities will need to be repaired from time to time, but environmental impacts will be much less than those of the construction period as the work will be infrequent, affecting small areas only.

1 Due diligence conducted in February 2013 reveals that the owner of the private land has given consent for acquisition. Details are discussed in the project’s Resettlement Plan prepared in accordance with ADB SPS, 2009 and Sri Lankan laws and regulations.

iii

13. Mitigation measures have been developed to reduce all negative impacts to acceptable levels. Mitigation will be assured by a program of environmental monitoring to be conducted during construction. The environmental monitoring program will ensure that all measures are implemented, and will determine whether the environment is protected as intended. It will include observations on- and off-site, document checks, and interviews with workers and beneficiaries. Any requirements for corrective action will be reported to the ADB.

14. The stakeholders were involved in developing the IEE through discussions on-site and public consultation, after which views expressed were incorporated into the IEE and in the planning and development of the subproject. The IEE will be made available at public locations in the towns and will be disclosed to a wider audience via the ADB and NWSDB websites. The consultation process will be continued and expanded during project implementation to ensure that stakeholders are fully engaged in the project and have the opportunity to participate in its development and implementation.

15. The citizens of the 6 towns east of Colombo District will be the major beneficiaries of this project. With the improved water supply, they will be provided with a constant supply of better quality water, piped into their homes. In addition to improved environmental conditions, the project will improve the over-all health condition of the towns.

16. The most noticeable net environmental benefits to the population of the towns will be positive and large as a result of improved: (i) water efficiency and security through the implementation of NRW reduction programs; and (ii) expansion and rehabilitation water supply infrastructure.

17. Consultation, Disclosure and Grievance Redress. Public consultations were done in the preparation of the project and IEE. Ongoing consultations will occur throughout the project implementation period with the assistance of the NGOs. A grievance redress mechanism is described within the IEE to ensure any public grievances are addressed quickly.

18. Monitoring and Reporting. The PMU, PIUs, and management and supervision consultants (MASC) will be responsible for monitoring. The MASC will submit monthly monitoring reports to PMU, and the PMU will send semi-annual monitoring reports to ADB. ADB will post the environmental monitoring reports on its website.

19. Conclusions and Recommendations. Therefore the proposed project is unlikely to cause significant adverse impacts. The potential impacts that are associated with design, construction and operation can be mitigated to standard levels without difficulty through proper engineering design and the incorporation or application of recommended mitigation measures and procedures. Based on the findings of the IEE, there are no significant impacts and the classification of the subproject as Category “B” is confirmed. No further special study or detailed environmental impact assessment (EIA) needs to be undertaken to comply with ADB SPS, 2009 or Sri Lankan EIA National Environmental Act and its amendments.

I. INTRODUCTION

1. Current infrastructure deficiencies and deteriorating levels of service in both water supply and wastewater are emerging as serious constraints to economic development, environmental management, and quality of life in Greater Colombo, and threaten to frustrate the Government of Sri Lanka's development plans.1 The Greater Colombo Water and Wastewater Management Improvement Investment Program (GCWWMIIP) will complement the past and ongoing efforts of the government to improve water supply availability and wastewater services to the residents of Greater Colombo to unleash its economic growth potential. It will also assist the government in introducing institutional and regulatory reforms in the sector.

2. The impact of GCWWMIIP will be improved urban environment and quality of life for the residents of Greater Colombo. The expected outcome will be improved water and wastewater service and management efficiency in Greater Colombo. The expected outputs are:

(i) Rehabilitated water supply network and reduced non-revenue water (NRW) in Colombo City: (a) network rehabilitation and replacement in critical areas2 of Central Colombo; (b) network rehabilitation and replacement outside critical areas of Central Colombo; and (c) NRW reduction mechanism in Colombo City. (ii) Improved wastewater services in Greater Colombo: (a) rehabilitation of 30 km of critical sewers, and expansion of collection sewers to unsewered areas (45 km) and unserved areas (400 km); (b) provision of sewer connections; and (c) construction of two wastewater treatment plants3, with total capacity of about 174,000 m3/day, to secondary treatment standard. (iii) Institutionally strengthened, reformed, and more capable service providers: For NWSDB: (a) establishment of an operations performance audit cell4 in NWSDB; (b) decentralization of all Colombo City operations to the Regional Support Center Western Central (RSC WC)5, including delegation of greater administrative and financial authority to the deputy general manager, RSC WC; (c) preparation of an asset management register for RSC WC; (d) provision of management advisory services to coordinate and manage all NRW reduction activities in Colombo City, including productivity-linked payments for physical water loss reduction; (e) implementation of an effective public awareness campaigns, and participation of women and nongovernment organizations (NGOs); and (f) enhancement of financial sustainability through increasing water tariffs to affordable levels, in line with the regional tariff study6, and progressively increasing the introductory tariff of SLRs. 3/m3 tariff7 levied on tenement gardens to the same level as the residential tariff. For CMC: (a) preparation of an inventory of wastewater assets; (b) establishment of an accounting system as a separate cost center, and preparation of financial projections for the wastewater service; (c) introduction of a wastewater charge to recover fully the operations

1 Government of Sri Lanka. 2010. Mahinda Chintana: Vision for a New Sri Lanka. 2010-2020. 2 The critical areas in Central Colombo are Kotahena, Mattakkuliya, Grandpass, and Modera. The Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) is currently implementing network rehabilitation in the adjacent area. 3 Two treatment plants at Mutwal/Madampitiya, 120,000 m3/day, and Welawatta, 54,000 m3/day. 4 The cell will monitor corporate performance indicators and audit NRW reductions in all RSCs. 5 Includes transfer of meter reading and billing of all customers, including priority customers, O&M, and NRW reduction in Colombo City, and planning, GIS map validation, and network model calibration. 6 ADB R-CDTA 45373. Promotion Financially Sustainable Regulatory Framework for Water Tariff in South Asia. 7 The tariff will be increased to the same level as the residential tariff by 2018.

and maintenance (O&M) cost of the wastewater services; and (d) preparation a bid document for a management contract to operate the wastewater treatment plants. (iv) A successfully managed and implemented investment program: (a) preparation of remaining projects; (b) improvement of staff operational performance capacity through training; and (c) program implementation support.

3. The executing agencies are the Ministry of Water Supply and Drainage (MWSD) and the Ministry of Local Government and Provincial Council (MLGPC). The implementing agencies are the National Water Supply and Drainage Board (NWSDB) for water supply components and the Colombo Municipal Council for wastewater components. The investment program uses a multitranche financing facility (MFF) and will be implemented from 2013 to 2020. Investments under the MFF will be delivered in four projects. Project 2 will be implemented in 2013 and will continue to focus on reducing NRW and improving water service efficiency in Colombo City. Projects 3 and 4 will be implemented in 2015 and 2016 respectively, and both will include improvements in wastewater services and expand the service coverage to other areas of Greater Colombo.8

4. ADB requires consideration of environmental issues in all aspects of its operations, and the requirements for environmental assessment are described in ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS), 2009. According to the SPS, environmental assessment is required for all projects under a MFF modality. An environmental assessment and review framework (EARF) is prepared to guide environmental assessment throughout the entire MFF period.

5. This initial environmental examination (IEE) is prepared for towns east of Colombo District water supply project which includes civil works, capacity building activities, and project management and implementation. A detailed description of the investments is provided in Section III. Under this project, the proposed project is expected to have the following benefits: (i) rehabilitation of distribution network, which will result in substantial reduction in water losses in the project area from the current 49% losses to 20% losses; and (ii) proper accounting for use of water and system losses by installation of metered connections.

6. The environmental impacts of the investments under Ambatale project have been identified and assessed as part of the planning and design process, and actions will be taken to reduce those impacts to acceptable levels. An environmental assessment using ADB’s Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist for Water Supply (Appendix 1) was conducted, and results of the assessment show that the project is unlikely to cause significant adverse impacts. Thus, this IEE has been prepared in accordance with ADB SPS’s requirements for environment category B projects and to meet the following objectives:

(i) to provide critical facts, significant findings, and recommended actions; (ii) to present the national and local legal and institutional framework within which the environmental assessment has been carried out; (iii) to provide information on the existing geographic, ecological, social, and temporal contexts, including associated facilities within the project’s area of influence;

8 Greater Colombo comprises 7 local authorities: 3 municipal councils (Colombo, Dehiwala-Mount Lavinia, and Sri Jayawardenepura-Kotte), 2 urban councils, and 2 Pradeshiya Sabhas (smallest political unit in peri-urban or rural areas).

(iv) to assess the project’s likely positive and negative direct and indirect impacts on physical, biological, socioeconomic, and physical cultural resources in the project’s area of influence; (v) to identify mitigation measures and any residual negative impacts that cannot be mitigated; (vi) to describe the process undertaken during project design to engage stakeholders, the planned information disclosure measures, and the process for carrying out consultation with affected people and facilitating their participation during project implementation; (vii) to describe the project’s grievance redressal mechanism for resolving complaints about environmental performance; (viii) to present the set of mitigation measures to be undertaken to avoid, reduce, mitigate, or compensate for adverse environmental impacts; (ix) to describe the monitoring measures and reporting procedures to ensure early detection of conditions that necessitate particular mitigation measures; and (x) to identify who is responsible for carrying out the mitigation and monitoring measures.

II. POLICY, LEGAL, AND ADMINIS TRATIVE FRAMEWORK

A. ADB Policy

7. ADB requires the consideration of environmental issues in all aspects of ADB’s operations, and the requirements for environmental assessment are described in ADB SPS, 2009. This states that ADB requires environmental assessment of all project loans, program loans, sector loans, sector development program loans, loans involving financial intermediaries, and private sector loans.

8. Screening and categorization. The nature of the environmental assessment required for a project depends on the significance of its environmental impacts, which are related to the type and location of the project; the sensitivity, scale, nature, and magnitude of its potential impacts; and the availability of cost-effective mitigation measures. Projects are screened for their expected environmental impacts, and are assigned to one of the following four categories:

(i) Category A. Projects could have significant adverse environmental impacts. An EIA is required to address significant impacts. (ii) Category B. Projects could have some adverse environmental impacts, but of lesser degree or significance than those in category A. An IEE is required to determine whether significant environmental impacts warranting an EIA are likely. If an EIA is not needed, the IEE is regarded as the final environmental assessment report. (iii) Category C. Projects are unlikely to have adverse environmental impacts. No EIA or IEE is required, although environmental implications are reviewed. (iv) Category FI. Projects involve a credit line through a financial intermediary or an equity investment in a financial intermediary. The financial intermediary must apply an environmental management system, unless all projects will result in insignificant impacts.

9. Environmental management plan. An EMP, which addresses the potential impacts and risks identified by the environmental assessment, shall be prepared. The level of detail and

4 complexity of the EMP and the priority of the identified measures and actions will be commensurate with the project’s impact and risks.

10. Public disclosure. ADB will post the following safeguard documents on its website so affected people, other stakeholders, and the general public can provide meaningful inputs into the project design and implementation:

(i) for environmental category A projects, draft EIA report at least 120 days before Board consideration; (ii) final or updated EIA and/or IEE upon receipt; and (iii) environmental monitoring reports submitted by the project management unit (PMU) during project implementation upon receipt.

B. National Laws

11. The implementation of the projects will be governed by Government of Sri Lanka environmental acts, rules, regulations, and standards. These regulations impose restrictions on the activities to minimize/mitigate likely impacts on the environment. It is the responsibility of the project executing and implementing agencies to ensure projects are consistent with the legal framework, whether national, state, or municipal/local. Compliance is required in all stages of the project, including design, construction, and operation and maintenance. The summary of environmental regulations and mandatory requirements for the proposed project is shown in Table 1.

Table 1: Applicable Environmental Regulations Policy, Legal, and Permit/ Required for the Administrative Description/ Salient Features Clearance Project? Framework Required National Environment Act The requirements for environmental Environmental Not applicable. No. 47 of 1980 and its assessment in Sri Lanka are clearance from amendments established by the National Central The project components Environment Act, and the procedures Environmental are not included in the are defined in the Environmental Authority prescribed activities, Impact Assessment Regulations and the project area (1993). The regulations specify does not fall within activities for which environmental sensitives areas. assessment is mandatory. Projects that fall within sensitive areas9 are also required to undergo environmental assessment. National Environment Act Applicable for industries/activities with Environmental Not applicable. No. 47 of 1980 and its potential to discharge effluents, protection license

9 Sensitive areas are defined in the EIA Regulations as: (i) any erodable area declared under the Soil Conservation Act (Chapter 540); (ii) any flood area declared under the Flood Protection Ordinance (1924, 1955); (iii) any flood protection area declared under the Land Reclamation and Development Corporation Act (1968, 1982); (iv) 60 m from the bank of a public stream as defined in the Crown Land Ordinance (Chapter 454) and having a width of more than 25 m at any point in its course; (v) any reservation beyond the full supply level of a reservoir; (vi) any archaeological reserve, ancient or protected monument as defined or declared under the Antiquities Ordinance (1965); (vii) any area declared under the Botanic Gardens Ordinance (1928, 1973); (viii) areas within or less than 100 m from the boundaries of any area declared under the Forest Ordinance and National Heritage and Wilderness Act (1988); (ix) areas within or less than 100 m from the boundaries of any area declared as a sanctuary under the Fauna and Flora Protection Ordinance (1937); (x) areas within or less than 100 m from the high flood level contour of a public lake, as defined by the Crown Lands Ordinance (1947, 1949, 1956), including those declared under Section 71 of the ordinance.

Policy, Legal, and Permit/ Required for the Administrative Description/ Salient Features Clearance Project? Framework Required amendments, Gazette deposit wastes, emit from Central The project is not Notification No: 1533/16 of smoke/gases/fumes/vapor or Environmental included in the Gazette 25 January 2008 excessive noise /vibration into the Authority Notification No: 1533/16 environment. Gazette Notification No: of 25 Jan 2008 1533/16 of 25 Jan 2008 prescribes the prescribed list of industries/activities required to obtain industries/activities. an environmental protection license. The Coast Conservation The law specifies that approval from Permit from the Required. Act No. 57 of 1981 the Coast Conservation Department Coast amended by Act No. 64 of must be obtained if a project is Conservation The project area 1988 located:(i) wholly or partly within the Department for includes sites11 which coastal zone (the area lying within a all works in the fall in prescribed areas limit of 300 m landwards of the mean coastal zone under the Coast high water line and a limit of 2 km Conservation Act; thus, seawards of the mean low water line; a permit is required. and (ii) in the case of rivers, streams, lagoons, or any other body of water connected to the sea, either permanently or periodically, the landward boundary shall extend to a limit of 2 km measured perpendicular to the straight baseline drawn between the natural entrance point thereof, and shall include waters of such rivers, streams, and lagoons or any other body of water connected to the sea).10 The Fauna and Flora Five categories of protected areas are Clearance from Not applicable. Protection Ordinance Act established: (i) strict nature reserves, Wildlife No. 49 of 1993 and its (ii) national parks, (iii) nature reserves, Conservation The project components amendments (iv) jungle corridors, and (v) Department will not be located within intermediate zones including a national reserve or sanctuaries. Any development activity within 1 mile (1.6 km) within a national reserve or within 1 from the boundary of mile (1.6 km) from the boundary of any any national reserve. national reserve is required to be subjected to EIA/IEE, and written approval shall be obtained from the director general, Department of Wildlife Conservation, prior to project implementation. The Mines and Mineral Act Mining and exploitation for minerals, Permit from Required. No. 33 of 1992 including sand, must be licensed Geological under the act by the Geological Survey Survey and Construction contractors and Mines Bureau. Permit is required Mines Bureau are required to obtain

10 In consideration of the tsunami event of December 2004, the government declared that “A 100-m buffer zone from the permanent vegetation line of the beach front should be delineated for any new construction in the west and south coast from Kala Oya river mouth (Gange Wadiya) to Kinindi Oya river mouth, and a 200-m buffer zone from the permanent vegetation line of the beach front should be delineated for any new construction in the east and the north coast from Kinindi Oya river mouth to Kala Oya (Gange Wadiya).” All permits for the development activities within the buffer zone will be issued by the director, Coast Conservation. 11 Lunupokuna, Modara, Aluth Mawatha, and Mattakkuliya Grama Niladhari (GN) Divisions are areas (i) lying within the limit of 300 m landwards of the mean high water line and a limit of 2 km seawards of the mean low water line; and (ii) landward boundary shall extend to a limit of 2 km measured perpendicular to the straight baseline drawn between the natural entrance point thereof, and shall include waters of such rivers, streams, and lagoons or any other body of water connected to the sea. There are no environmentally sensitive features in these areas.

Policy, Legal, and Permit/ Required for the Administrative Description/ Salient Features Clearance Project? Framework Required for earth and quarry material for permit from the construction of buildings etc., either Geological Survey and directly or through contractors. Mines Bureau and/or Alternatively, project contractors can procure materials from procure the material from the open licensed market, but they will have to make sources/traders. sure that such sources/traders are operating with valid licenses. Gazette No. 1152/14 dated Written permission from the Permit from the Required. 4 Oct 2000 to be read with Department of Archaeology must be Department of the Section 43(b) of the obtained before conduct of Archaeology Construction contractors Antiquities (Amendment) excavations exceeding 500 m in length are required to obtain Act No. 24 of 1998. These for laying pipes and conduits for written permission from orders are called drainage, water, gas, electricity, and the Department of procedural orders of No. 01 telephone facilities. Archaeology prior to Projects of 2000. excavation works.12 Occupational Health and This manual includes requirements for No permit or Required as part of the Safety – Sri Lankan Manual traffic control devices and signing of clearance is environmental on Traffic Control Devices roadwork areas during trenching of required. management plan (Part II - Road Work Areas) roads. It also prescribes the essential safety measures to ensure the safety of road users and workmen during day and night. National Environmental These regulations provide maximum Written consent All activities shall (Noise Control) permissible noise levels for activities to from the Central comply with noise Regulations No.1 1996 be conducted during daytime and Environment standards prescribed in nighttime. Authority Schedules I, III, and V. Manual on Traffic Control The regulations publish in the No permit or All traffic signs, Devices, 2nd Edition, 2007 Government Gazette (Extraordinary) clearance barricades, and lighting by the Ministry of Roads No. 444/19 dated 13 March 87under required devices to be used and Highways and the Section 237 along with Section 164 of during excavation shall Road Development the Motor Traffic Act is the basis for comply with the manual. Authority providing traffic control devices. These regulations were gazetted to amend the existing traffic signs and to incorporate international traffic signs agreed upon for adoption at the UN Conference on Road Traffic held in Vienna on 8 November 1968. Sri Lanka is a signatory to the convention for adoption of international traffic signs. The traffic control devices that are being adopted in Sri Lanka are those that were agreed upon at the convention for adoption in the Asian region.

12 A summary of procedure to obtain the written permission is summarized in Appendix 7.

III. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT

A. Existing Condition and Need for the Project

1. Project area

12. The proposed project area includes six towns under Colombo District within Homagama, Padukka, Kaduwela and Seethawaka Divisional Secretary (DS) divisions that include 72 Grama Niladari (GN) divisions.

13. The project area covers an area of 130 km2. The present population is approximately 165,00013 and projected population in the project area will be 238,000 in year 2030 and 282,000 in year 2040. Present population density varies from125 person/km2 to projected figure of 4,500 person/km2 in 2030.

2. Existing condition and need for the project

14. Presently there are 9 existing water supply schemes within the proposed project area. They are Kaluaggala, Kahahena, Hanwella, Jayaweeragoda, Padukka, Jalthara, Templeburg, Habarakada, and Godagama. Source of supply for these schemes are from the direct tapping from the existing transmission lines that supply water originally to Colombo City from Labugama and Kalatuwawa treatment plants. The total length of existing distribution networks is about 80km and the number of connections is 5,097. The present water supply coverage by NWSDB schemes is 13%.

15. There are 44 Community-Based Water Supply Schemes (CBWSS) within the proposed project area serving population of 16,475. Sources of supply are dug wells for these CBWSS. Due to rapid development of the area, the reliability of these sources is very low and they become totally dry during drought. Further, many customer complaints are received by RSC WC office due to unsatisfactory service of CBWSS. The issues with present system are poor water quality, limited supply hours, no water supply during droughts, breakdowns in pumps and poor maintenance of distribution system.

16. To overcome these issues RSC WC has requested the Planning and Design (P&D) section of NWSDB to carry out feasibility studies to augment all existing schemes. Based on that, P&D section has submitted a feasibly report and in the process of planning to rehabilitate all nine existing nine water supply schemes within the six towns.

17. The present water supply to Colombo City and suburbs are from Ambatale, Labugama and Kalatuwawa Water Treatment Plants. With the future enhancement of production capacities, the total demand of the Colombo City and suburbs will be fulfilled mainly from Ambatale treatment plant. The proposed project is planned to utilize the excess gravity water to the system from the enhanced Labugama and Kalatuwawa treatment plants to serve the proposed areas. The other objective of the proposed project is to save energy by utilizing water to these surrounding areas using available heads in gravity transmission mains from the Labugama and Kalatuwawa treatment plants.14

13 As per report submitted by NWSDB on 23 April 2013. 14 The sources available to supply water to the proposed area are Labugama and Kalatuwawa impounded reservoirs of Wak Oya in the Kelani basin. There are five main transmission mains form Labuama and Kalatuwawa treatment plants. They are named as O30, O20, N30, D20 which were laid on Low Level Road and N33 transmission main

18. Based on funding availability from the Agence Française de Développement (AFD), the P&D section of NWSDB will complete design works for all nine proposed schemes.

3. Proposed Project Components

19. Under the proposed augmentation of the water supply schemes source will be Labugama and Kalatuwawa treatment plants (91.5 m mean sea level). It is proposed to construct a 18,000 cubic meter capacity ground reservoir at 65 m MSL (bottom water level) and 8 km length, 1000mm diameter transmission main to feed the proposed TEC area.

20. The outputs under TEC are as follows:

Output 1: Rehabilitated water supply schemes based on NRW concept in TEC. To achieve this output, the Project will support the following contracts:

(i) Supply and laying 8 km of 1000 mm diameter transmission main from proposed lower level reservoir (close to Waga Junction) up to Meepe Junction; (ii) Supply and laying of 360 km length different sizes of PE pipes for distribution network; (iii) Construction of 18,000 m3 capacity low level (ground) reservoir; (iv) Construction of three office buildings - one Area Engineers Office and two for OIC of O&M section; and (v) Supply of vehicles and equipment to O&M section.

Output 2: Project managed and implemented successfully. To achieve this output, the Project will provide design and construction supervision cost.

21. The project will involve the following types of physical works:

Table 2: Summary of Project Components Package Item Description Unit Quantity Location 1 1.0 Water supply scheme system Area covered 9 schemes Towns East of rehabilitation in 6 towns Colombo (TEC) 2.0 Supply & laying of pipes, fittings & specials 2.1 Supply & laying of DI pipes, fittings & specials for feeder main 2.11 1000 mm m 8,000 TEC 2.2 Supply & laying of HDPE(PE 100- SDR17 PN10) pipes, fittings & specials for distribution & feeder mains 2.21 500mm diameter m 1,500 TEC 2.22 450mm diameter m 7,500 TEC 2.23 400mm diameter m 2,300 TEC 2.24 355mm diameter m 6,300 TEC 2.25 315mm diameter m 14,700 TEC 2.26 225mm diameter m 34,200 TEC 2.27 160mm diameter m 94,300 TEC

laid on High Level road. The length of pipe line on Low Level Road is 27 km from Labugama up to Kaduwela junction. The length of pipe line on High Level Road is 33 km from Kalatuwawa up to Maharagama. The frequencies of bursts of these pipe lines are very rare. These lines have been scarped and lined at different times.

Package Item Description Unit Quantity Location 2.28 110mm diameter m 200,000 TEC Total 360,800 2 3.0 Ground Reservoir construction 3.1 Construction of ground reservoir cu m 18,000 Labugama 4.0 Building construction 4.1 Construction of office buildings - one building 3 (i) One Area Area Engineers Office and two for OIC Engineers of O&M section Office and one OIC of O&M Section at TEC – Homagama; (ii) One OIC of O&M Section at Padukka, Galagedara

22. Provision of the above water supply facilities will envisage the following benefits: (i) enhance the quality of the living standards in the 6 towns; (ii) reduction of water borne diseases due to improved water quality and as a result the reduction of health cost; (iii) allow water infrastructure to probable industrial zones and centers; (iv) attraction of small scale investors; (v) increase in the land value and optimizes utilization of lands; (vi) increase revenue to NWSDB; and (vii) allow this area to meet its full economic capacity.

B. Implementation Schedule

23. The project is to be implemented over a period of 4 years including procurement period. The detailed design stage is expected to commence in 2014, and the construction period will cover 36 months.

IV. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

A. Methodology Used for the Baseline Study

24. Data collection and stakeholder consultations. Data for this study has been primarily collected through comprehensive literature survey, discussion with stakeholder agencies, and field visits to the proposed subproject sites.

25. The literature survey broadly covered the following:

(i) project details, reports, maps, and other documents available with the ADB Project Preparatory Technical Assistance (PPTA) consultants, NWSDB, and Urban Development Authority; (ii) National Environment Act, Extra Ordinary Gazettes, its relevant guidelines and standards; (iii) other relevant acts, extraordinary gazettes, and guidelines issued by other Government of Sri Lanka agencies; and (iv) literature on land use, soil, geology, hydrology, climate, socioeconomic profiles, and environmental planning documents collected from Government of Sri Lanka agencies and websites.

26. The team of engineers from P&D Section studied the details with the assistance of RSC WC. In addition, other available details like maps, drawings, flow meter readings, details of

community water supply schemes, etc were used for this study. The O&M staffs attached to the relevant areas contribute more to build up the project by providing existing scheme data and identification of lands and related information.

27. Several visits to the project sites were made in December 2012 and February 2013 to assess the existing environment (physical, biological, and socioeconomic) and gather information with regard to the proposed sites and scale of the proposed project. A separate socioeconomic study was conducted to determine the demographic information, archeological and religious places, densely populated pockets, and settlements.

28. Data analysis and interpretation. The data collected was analyzed and interpretations made to assess the physical, biological, and socioeconomic features of the project area. The relevant information is presented in the succeeding paragraphs.

B. Physical Characteristics

29. Location. The project implementing areas consist of 235 km2 enclosing Homagama, Padukka, Kaduwela and Hanwella Divisional Secretariat (DS) Divisions in the Colombo district and few Grama Niladari Divisions (GND) in Horana DS Division in Kalutara district. The following local authorities are within the project are, Homagama Pradeshiya Sabha, Kaduwela Pradeshiya Sabha, Seethawaka Pradeshiya Sabha and Seethawaka Urban Council. The project towns east of Colombo District are composed of: (i) Jaltara covering 22 GNDs; (ii) Godagama covering 7 GNDs; (iii) Kahahena covering 13 GNDs; (iv) Kaluaggala covering 3 GNDs; (v) Hanwella covering 7 GNDs; and (vi) Jayaweeragoda covering 5 GNDs.

30. Geology and geomorphology. The project area falls in the pre-Cambrian South Western group (600 million years old) lowest peneplain of Sri Lanka. This coastal peneplain rises to a maximum elevation of less than 500 ft from the sea coast. The underlying geological formations of the present coastal plain consist of gneisses and granites, predominantly of the Vijayan complex of the pre-Cambrian era. As a consequence of the sea level rising during the Holocene period, this old basement is covered by more recent coastal deposits.

31. Soil. According to the Sri Lankan Survey Department soil maps, the main soil types in the project area are as follows: (i) red yellow podzolic soils with soft or hard laterite: undulating and rolling terrain; (ii) bog and half-bog soils: flat terrain; (iii) alluvial soils of variable texture and drainage: flat terrain; and (iv) regosols on recent beach and sand sands: flat terrain.

32. Topography. This area has geographical variation in terrain (0 to 135 m mean sea level).The towns’ topography is a mix of flat and marshy land. The project area is more or less flat to gradual undulating. The east and southeast areas are bordered by marshy land. The towns have many canals. On the north and the northeast borders flow the Kelani River. The river meets the sea in part of the city known as the “Modera” in Sinhala, which literally means “delta.”

33. Hydrology and drainage. Apart from Kelani River the other water-bodies in the study area are the streams that are draining to the river. “Wak Oya” is such a main stream. The drainage pattern is characterized by a complex system of tributaries that is controlled not only by northward trend in geological formation but also by transverse and oblique faults. In the flat plain where the project sites are located, river flows with bends and kinks, following northward trend geological structures. Small tributaries which join the main river in the flat plain are dendritic in pattern.

34. In the project area there are number of drainage canals and streams that drain to the Kelani River. During heavy rains the river swells causing reverse flow from the river to these canals and streams. As a results river flood moves along these canals/streams inundating the upland areas. To protect the upland areas sluice gates are fixed to the canals/streams just upstream of the locations where they join the river. The smooth functioning of these gates is important for flood protection of those areas.

35. Climate. The climate is classified as tropical monsoon, having a wet season and a short dry season. The project area is located in the southwestern quarter of the island, which is classified as a wet zone. The climate is characterized by the northeast monsoon from December to February, and the southwest monsoon from May to September. Heavy rainstorms occur mainly in the southwest monsoon period from May to September and occasionally in the two intermonsoon periods (March-April and October-November), as well. The average annual rainfall is around 2,000–3,000 mm. There are two peaks of monthly rainfall in a year, May and October. The mean daily maximum temperature ranges from 31.1 oC in April to 29.3 oC in August, while the mean daily minimum temperature ranges from 25.3 oC in May to 22.2 oC in January.

36. Water quality. Surface water pollution is the most serious issue among the environmental problems in the project area. Pollution of urban water bodies by domestic wastewater and industrial wastewater causes environmental problems as well as health hazards. The main causes of surface water pollution are: (i) discharge of urban drainage water mixed with waste of industrial and domestic origin into natural streams; (ii) runoff from open markets and garbage dumps; (iii) unauthorized connections of domestic wastewater pipes into drainage canals; (iv) direct discharge of industrial wastewater into rivers, lakes, canals, and lowlands; (v) uncontrolled and illegal dumping of waste of industrial and domestic origin in waterways, embankments, and lowlands; (vi) discharge of sewage into canal/surface water bodies mainly by shanty settlements along canals and around the lowlands such as marshes; and (vii) insufficient maintenance and cleaning of watercourses and embankments resulting in siltation, blockage, and aquatic plant growth

37. Air quality. The project area is generally along roadsides, which are experiencing low to moderate traffic. Vehicle emissions are considered the major contributor for air pollution in the six towns. Based on monitoring conducted by CEA, the ambient air quality in the project area is within the prescribed standards.

38. Noise levels. The project area is in the built-up part of the six towns, with residential, commercial, and institutional establishments. The volume of traffic that passes through the 6 towns are not significant as compared with the urban settings of Colombo City therefore there are no frequent traffic jams. Traffic movement is considered the major cause of noise pollution.

C. Ecological Characteristics

39. Forests and ecological sensitive areas. As the 6 towns are built-up areas, there are no protected forests or ecologically sensitive areas in the project area. The nearest eco- sensitive area is the catchment of the Labugama and Kalatuwawa reservoirs which is demarcated as a reserve areas. There are also a few waterfalls in the area as Kumari Ella and Ranmudu Ella. However, the project components are not located within or near these eco- sensitive areas.

40. Flora and fauna. Animals and plants in the project area are those commonly found in urban and built-up areas. There are no rare or endangered animal or plant species reported in the project area.

41. Wetlands. The definition given for wetlands in the Sri Lankan National Wetland Policy 15 is “areas of marsh, fen, peat land or water, whether natural or artificial, permanent or temporary with water that is static or flowing, fresh, brackish or salty, including areas of marine water, the depth of which at low tide does not exceed 6 m and may incorporate riparian and coastal zones adjacent to the wetlands and islands or bodies of marine water deeper than 6 m at low tide within the wetlands.” One of the most important functions of wetlands is their capacity to act as a drainage basin for temporary storage of storm water, acting as kidneys, purifying wastes entering into the wetland systems and safeguarding human health.

42. The wetlands located within the project area are mostly inland systems16 and are not categorized as protected wetlands or wildlife sanctuaries. It has also been observed during the field visits conducted for this IEE that the wetlands in the project area were drained or used to dump refuse and urban waste.

D. Socioeconomic Profile

43. The population of the area comprises 163,805 persons living in 42,038 housing units as given in Table 1below.

Table 3: Population and Housing Data of the Towns East of Colombo Urban centre Divisional Secretary area No. of GN Divisions Population No of Housing Units Godagama Homagama 18 62,605 16,052 Godagama Padukka 11 19,977 5143 Jaltara Kaduwela 05 11,848 3610 Jaltara Homagama 15 38,939 9258 Jayaweeragoda Hanwella 09 13,280 3291 Kahahena Padukka 05 4794 1355 Kahahena Hanwella 04 4136 1168 Kaluaggala Hanwella 05 8226 2161 Total 72 163,805 42,038 Source: Department of Census and Statistics, 2011

44. A social survey has been conducted in the six town areas and focus group discussions were held with the communities of the project area to collect baseline data on the socioeconomic situation households, their access to water and sanitation and their perception on water use and their willingness to adapt to water supply systems. The survey data reveals that 54.7% households live in urban/semi-urban areas while 45.4% live in rural areas.

45. The area is predominantly Sinhalese, comprising 97.4% of the total population. Of the population, 12.7% are female headed and 4.5% are physically handicapped. The population

15 The National Policy and Strategies on Wetlands (2005) seeks to give effect to the National Environment Policy and other relevant national policies, while respecting national commitments towards relevant international conventions, protocols, treaties, and agreements on wetland protection to which Sri Lanka is a party. Among the international conventions, the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (1971), the Convention on Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (1979), and the Convention on Biological Diversity (1992) are significant. 16 There are three major types of wetlands in Sri Lanka, namely: (i) offshore and marine systems; (ii) coastal systems; and (iii) inland systems.

density per hectare in the six urban areas is - 1473 in Jaltara, 1373 in Godagama, 1250 in Hanwella, 1025 in Jayaweeragoda, 510 in Kaluaggala and 486 in Kahahena. The age group between 15 to 60 comprises 66% of the population, while 13 % are above 60 years and the remaining 21% below 15 years. The average family size is 4.1. The level of education in the area is high with 93% literacy, 20.9% with primary education, 41% having completed secondary education and 21% post-secondary education. The education level of the males is higher than females up to grade 11 while females have performed better in Grades 11-12 and in obtaining degrees and diplomas.

46. According to the survey, the median household expenditure is Rs 24,058 and mean expenditure is Rs.26,849. The mean monthly income of a household is Rs 30,500. Those earning less than Rs 15,568 per month which is around 20% of the households, fall below the poverty line including 12.9% receiving Samurdhi benefits. Only one member is employed in 76.7% households, three members are employed in 1.7% households while 7.8% families have no employed members. Around 12.7% of the Chief Wage Earners are women. Female labor force participation in the project area is around 35%, which is similar to the national level percentage of 35% in the formal sector and 32% in the informal sector (Labour Force Survey, Department of Census, 2012). Survey data reveals that 4.7% of the households receive remittances from abroad.

47. Nearly one third of the chief wage earners are employed in the private sector, 20.6% in the government sector, with 13.8% self-employed, and a lesser number of 3.2% engaged in agriculture. Unemployment among males is 15.5% while half of the females are reported to be unemployed. House ownership is very high, with 97% households owning houses.

48. Access to water supply. The survey data reveals that only 17% households have individual connections, 6% have shared connections, while 82.4% are without connections. The majority of those connected, use well water as an alternate source. Of the unconnected households, 75.7% use well water, followed by 22.4% accessing community supply schemes and a negligible percentage using tube wells and other sources. There are 21 community water supply schemes spread out in the project area. An average of 14,760 liters are required for a family per month and the highest percentage (44% households) fall within the group using 16-20 cubic liters per month. The average water bill per month is Rs 574.

49. About 4.7% of the households reported incidences of water borne diseases or vector borne diseases, mainly dengue and leptospirosis. Average health related opportunity costs reported/estimated for such diseases per month is Rs. 1169.67. As a large proportion of houses have their own wells, well water is used for purposes other than drinking and therefore storage of water may not be perceived necessary by such households. Only 4.3% of households reported water leaks in taps. A large proportion (65.6%) use water directly from the tap without purification. Of those who purify water, 68.8% boil it while the rest filter the water.

50. Among those who are connected, 67% have expressed willingness to pay an additional amount for an improved system with adequate pressure, improved quality and availability. The average amount the householders are willing to pay is around Rs 100.

51. The survey reveals that 75.7% of unconnected households who use well water and access community water are willing to connect to the NWSDB water supply system to overcome severe water shortages. Due to fragmentation of land for house construction, space is not adequate for construction of dug wells and septic tanks in the same land. The reasons for the 24.3% who are not willing to obtain the connection could be the availability of adequate water

from the water sources, satisfaction with the supply of community water system which is cheaper, and the inability to pay for a household water connection and subsequent payment of water bills.

52. Of the unconnected households, 17.2% belong to the low affordability category, 52.8% moderate and 30.0% fall into the high affordability category, which is calculated based on ownership of assets. Of the vulnerable households the Samurdhi beneficiaries, female head headed households and disabled, comprise 3% of the unconnected households.

53. Women are more concerned and play a major role in accessing household water supply in the project area. In most of the Community Supply Schemes, women’s participation is high and 40% of the positions are held by women. Some of the Community Water Schemes have been constructed with the initiatives of women through their labor and financial contributions, as revealed at the FGD discussions held in the Kahahena town area.

54. Death Donation Society is the most prominent in the project area with 69.2% having obtained membership in the societies. Only 15.5% have taken up water related issues with the authorities. The respondents have expressed positive views of the project such as essential, important for those without water sources, able to get quality water, can get water during drought period, and could overcome the problems of community water supply schemes, good alternative for existing water problems, uninterrupted supply and development of the area.

55. Land use. In general project area very urbanized. Accordingly land-use is dominated by residential, business, commercial and industrial uses. The land use also include social infrastructure such as schools, religious and cultural places. There are rubber and coconut plantations and home gardens.

56. Access to sanitation. Except for 0.9% of households, the rest have access to individual toilets ranging from water seal, flush toilets to protected pit latrines. Except for 1.3% households, the rest dispose sewage into soak pits constructed by individual households. More than half of the residents divert waste water to underground drains, 20.3% to open drains and 27% to nearby open plots. Households are aware of the important health habits mainly through television but they are hardly practiced. Around 70% of the households have expressed willingness to participate in project-related work but less than half are willing to learn plumbing and become involved in project activities.

57. Access to solid waste disposal. Solid waste collection is done by the local authority in the 6 towns, whereas in the closer by residential areas, solid waste is dumped in the home gardens and bio degradable kitchen waste undergo composting.

58. Availability of storm water drainage and wastewater disposal. Storm water of the towns drains to Kelani river and to small scale waterways through natural drainage paths whereas waste water collected in the towns also drains into the Kelani river.

E. Social and Cultural Characteristics

59. Existing public areas. There are no such major public areas in the 6 towns and small scale play grounds and recreational areas maintained by the Pradeshiya Sabha can be identified as the public areas.

60. Historical and archaeological sites. The project area has evidence dating back to 3 - 4000 years before the present as an area where the pre-historic man had lived. Asmadala, Korathota, Samanabedda and Varana are some of the places where Archaeologists have found this evidence close to Hanwella. From very early times to later periods when foreign powers such as the Portuguese, Dutch and British arrived in Sri Lanka, Hanwella was one of the main travel routes used for crossing the river to precede to Kandy. The old ford (Thotupola) used to cross the river may be the one still used which is next to the Rest House at Hanwella.

61. In 1521 when King Mayadunne (1521 – 1581 A. D.) started the Sitawaka Kingdom at Avissawella he fortified Hanwella to guard against the Kotte Kingdom and the Portuguese Invaders who were occupying the Fort of Colombo. Therefore this area has a number of archeologically important places as it was one of the kingdoms in ancient Sri Lanka. Following are few of archeologically important places of the project area which are gazette as protected monuments. However, the project components are not located in or near and excavation works will not be conducted in the vicinities of these archaeological sites.

Table 4: Historical and Archaeological Sites in the Towns East of Colombo Hanwella Akaravita temple Hanwella Lenawara temple Hanwella town ruins of old Dutch port Hanwella Gira imbula ruins of wooden bridge Korathota temple Nawagamuwa Dewalaya/ temple Hanwella Sitha cave Henpita Embulgama temple Kahatapitiya Asmndala cave Hanwella rest house

V. ANTICIP ATED IMP ACTS AND MITIGATION MEAS URES

62. The present report assesses the impacts of the proposed activities on various environmental attributes of the project site.

63. Methodology. Issues for consideration have been raised by the following means: (i) input from interested and affected parties; (ii) desktop research of information relevant to the proposed project; (iii) site visit and professional assessment by environment specialist engaged by the implementing agency; and (iv) evaluation of proposed design scope and potential impacts based on the environment specialist’s past experience. Categorization of the project and formulation of mitigation measures have been guided by ADB’s REA Checklist for Water Supply (Appendix 1) and ADB SPS 2009.

A. Anticipated Impacts – Planning and Design Phase

64. Planning principles and design considerations have been reviewed and incorporated into the site planning process whenever possible. The concepts considered in design of the water supply project are: (i) substantial reduction of NRW; (ii) augmentation in adequacy of drinking water supply at the user end; (iii) enhancing the efficiency of existing water treatment plant; (iv) providing adequate infrastructure facilities for production and storage of water in deficient areas; (v) most suitable construction methodology; and (vi) site constraints.

65. The winning contractor will bid based on the concept and details included in the bid documents. The bidders will be advised to make their own diligence study prior to the bidding.

Necessary documents and studies will be made available to them for their evaluation. It will be up to the bidders to maximize the use of resources made available to them. The following design criteria which are the criteria for the Projects 1 and 2 will also be applied in the implementation of Ambatale project. Salient design features are presented in Table 5.

Table 5: Salient Design Features of the Project. Parameter Design Consideration Design criteria 1. Per capita demand is 120 lpcd and peak factors of 1.6. Design period of 20 years. 2. The pipe materials will be T1000 unplastized polyvinyl chloride (UPVC). 3. Existing pipes shallower than 600 mm will be laid deeper than 600 mm. The cover to pipes will be 900 mm minimum, whereas the cover to service connections will be 600 mm minimum. 4. All the spaghetti pipes on narrow allies will be replaced with one pipe having larger bore, and the connections will be transferred accordingly. 5. All the malfunctioning valves will be replaced and necessary sections valves will be introduced. 6. Additional valves will be introduced to facilitate district metering area (DMA) creation where possible, using single entry point. 7. Consumer meters will be repaired and or replaced with new meters. 8. A DMA will be selected and installed with remote readers on the meters as a pilot project for automation of meter reading. 9. Consumer connection pipes will be replaced with high density polyethylene (HDPE) pipes. Construction Replacement of pipes can be done using several materials. However, the cost and quality of materials the pipes play key roles in selection of material. PVC has been used in water supply in the country for several decades and no significant defects or complaints from the operation and maintenance people have been reported. The material is locally produced and much cheaper compared to other materials. People are trained to use the materials, and this is the biggest benefit of using the material for the pipe network. The closest relative of PVC, the HDPE, is expensive and therefore not considered as a material for the pipe network. However, the HDPE will be used for service connections to minimize water theft through illegal connections. Customization of pipe Roads more than 4 m in width will be provided with rider mains facilitating easy service replacement connection provision as well as maintenance. The bundle pipes will be replaced with an equivalent diameter. The principle in going for one to one diameter is that the new pipes are the right size, as against reduced bores of existing pipes, which limit the passage of water. Location The civil works for pipe replacement will be carried within the available ROW, and no acquisition is required beyond the ROW. Land ownership of the office buidlings in TEC Homagama is with the government; hence no land acquisition is envisaged. Land ownership for the ground reservoir is to be acquired by the government; acquisition will follow the project’s Resettlement Plan prepared in accordance with ADB SPS, 2009 and Sri Lankan laws and regulations. Climatic conditions Rainfall and its runoff in the project area may cause disruption/damage to ongoing works and public inconvenience. Furthermore, climatic conditions play an important role during dispersion of noise and air pollutants. Seasonal climatic conditions have been considered for scheduling of construction activities. Air quality17 During construction, some emissions of dust are anticipated during various transportation, excavation, and construction activities. Certain volumes of dust and gaseous emissions will also be generated during the construction period from machineries like excavators, vehicles engaged in transportation of construction materials, etc. However, transportation of construction materials will be confined to adequate trips per day depending upon extent of

17 Roadside pollution is often localized and generally only affects a narrow band of roads along the sides of the road. The major source of roadside pollutants is vehicle exhaust emissions. Other pollution sources emanate from combustion of hydrocarbon fuels in air, producing carbon dioxide (CO2) and secondary pollutants such as hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), and sulfur dioxide (SO2). Emissions depend on the volume of traffic, the type of vehicle (including age, technology, and maintenance levels of the vehicle), fuel consumption and quality, engine temperature, and road geometry. The highest emission rates are encountered in congested, slow-moving traffic, and whenever vehicles shift gears, decelerate, accelerate, or travel over steep gradients. There is also a tendency for emission rates to increase at high speeds.

Parameter Design Consideration construction activity. Proper mitigation methods will be adopted to control obnoxious gases and dust generated, if any. Drainage and The project components are not expected to have any negative impact on the drainage and hydrology hydrology of the area. Runoff from the project will produce a highly variable discharge in terms of volume and quality, and in most instances will have no discernable environmental impact. Ecological diversity The project is situated within an existing built-up area of the towns. No areas of ecological diversity occur within the project location. Due to the nature and locality of the project, it is unlikely to have any impacts on biodiversity within the area. Land use and The land use in the project corridor comprises built-up areas and transportation areas. The livelihoods built-up areas consist of residential complexes, government/private offices and buildings, educational institutes, religious places, and commercial establishments such as shops, hotels, and restaurants. The transportation area constitutes existing roads in the project area. Traffic flow and Due to the location and nature of the project, there will be interference with accesses to the access adjoining properties. Local communities will be continuously consulted regarding location of construction camps, access and hauling routes, and other likely disturbances during construction. The road closure, together with the proposed detours, will be communicated via advertising, pamphlets, road signages, etc. The implementation of the road detours will also be dependent on advance road signages, indicating the road detour and alternative routes. NWSDB will coordinate with the traffic police for the implementation of the traffic management plan. Infrastructure and There are a number of existing infrastructure and services (roads, telecommunication lines, services power lines, and various pipelines) within the vicinity of the project. To mitigate the adverse impacts due to relocation of the utilities, NWSDB will (i) identify and include locations and operators of these utilities in the detailed design documents to prevent unnecessary disruption of services during construction phase; and (ii) require construction contractors to prepare a contingency plan. Noise and vibrations During construction phase, some noise and vibration will be generated from the various activities like construction works, operation of construction equipment, and vehicles engaged in transportation of construction materials. However, these will be confined to the work sites only and will be temporary in nature. Aesthetics, landscape The project is considered to be compatible with the surrounding landscape, and is not character, and sense expected to negatively impact the existing visual quality or landscape character of the area. of place18

66. During construction phase, it is expected that some problems are to be encountered because many of the streets are narrow, with no sidewalks which can be used to lay different utilities. Careful planning and extensive coordination with various government agencies must be established. A massive information campaign must precede any construction activity in order to make the public aware of the extent of the problem that might be present during the period of construction.

18 Aesthetics refer to the visual quality of an area as imparted by the physical properties of an area, such as scale, color, texture, landform, level of enclosure, and in particular, the land use occurring within an area. Landscape character refers to an area’s intrinsic appeal and is not dependent on its visual quality, but rather on its specific situation as determined by the following: its level of accessibility or remoteness, level of naturalness, lack of disturbance, current and potential use, rarity, cultural or historic importance, and potential value to people. The landscape character determines the extent of visual compatibility of the water supply structures with their immediate surroundings. Impacts are not restricted to the vicinity, but the entire viewshed (area from where the infrastructure will be visible). The spirit or sense of place (genius loci) can be defined as the extent to which a person can recognise or recall a place as being distinct from other places and as having a vivid, unique, or at least a recognizable character. It is indicates the intrinsic value that a community places on the aesthetic, therapeutic, or emotional qualities and character of an area. Aesthetics, landscape character, and sense of place are all subjective concepts that are often influenced by individuals’ perceptions.

67. The following table (Table 6) outlines the guidelines the ADB PPTA design engineers recommend to be considered in the final design and implementation schedule for the pipe replacement activities. As a result, some measures have already been included in the project designs. This means that the impacts and their significance have already been reduced.

Table 6: Guidelines and Techniques for Pipe Replacement Parameter Planning Guidelines and Techniques Trench width Most of the replacement pipes will have diameters of 160 mm and 225 mm. During the preparation excavation of the trenches, allowance of 150 mm shall be made on each side of the pipe. Thus, for 160 mm, the minimum trench excavation width shall be 460 mm and 525 mm for the 225-mm diameter pipe. This action will make a wider portion of the road available to car and pedestrian traffic. Hauling of All excavated materials shall be hauled away from the excavation site and deposited in an area excavated designated by NWSDB. This will result in cleanliness in the area and avoid accidents. The materials stockpile shall be processed where it is deposited so that it can be brought back to the trenches as selected filling material. Hauling vehicles must always be present at the excavation site. Closure of Careful planning and scheduling of the activities shall be ensured. Work in areas shall be limited to areas 24 hours. This will mean that excavation, pipe-laying, and installation of service connections, installation of valves and hydrants, interconnection with existing pipelines, hydro-testing, backfilling, and pavement restoration shall be completed within 24 hours. The contractor must maintain all the materials necessary in his inventory so that these can be easily hauled to the construction site when needed. Barricades and Easily transportable barricades and warning signs, such as those made of high reflector plastic warning signs materials, shall be used. Aluminized rolled warning signs can also be used to warn the public regarding the ongoing works and deep excavation. Reuse of Use quarry dust, sand, or processed excavated material as trench backfill materials. Quarry dust is excavated widely available and can be used as backfill material for trenches. The contractor can also process materials the excavated materials at the disposal site and use these as selected backfill materials. If readily available, local sand can be mixed with the backfill material to ensure pipe integrity. The backfill material must not contain pointed broken stones, since these might affect the plastic pipe and cause breakage. Road crossings Manual borings are recommended for road crossings in narrow streets to minimize traffic. The technology applies local knowledge and minor equipment such as augers, galvanized iron pipes, and high-pressure water pumps to deliver the water to the tip of the auger. This method can easily make bores to be able to install 225-mm diameter pipes. Horizontal drilling machines may also be used after making sure that no other utilities are in the way of drilling equipment. Equipment Use small mechanical excavators. In areas where there are few utilities buried under the ground as verified from the results of the survey and NWSDB GIS mapping, the contractor shall use small mechanical excavators to attain faster trenching progress. The excavator shall be immediately followed by skilled workers who will trim and clean the trenches to proper size and depth as required in the plan. They shall see to it that the trenches are ready for pipe installation as soon as they move away from them. Access The contractor shall make available in his stock steel plates and wooden planks which will be deployed on top of trench excavation to provide temporary access to building carports and garages, street crossings, and other areas where these will be necessary. Workers Employ workers with adequate experience, training and know-how. It is always advantageous for the contractor to employ workers with adequate experience, training, and know-how in the line of work that they are doing. These people are usually reliable and can be counted upon to exercise good judgment in the field. These workers shall be led by an experienced supervisor or engineer, who will provide the leadership in daily activities. Community and Careful planning and extensive coordination with various government agencies must be public established. A massive information campaign must precede any construction activity in order to awareness make the public aware of the extent of the problem that might be present during the period of construction. Surveys The following surveys must be completed prior to start of construction: (i) Existing service connection survey – This is a house-to-house survey of all existing houses in the project area by the officers/engineers of NWSDB and the contractor. The objectives are to obtain present water supply service level, collect details of the present customers, identify new service provision requirements, and communicate benefits of the project to the customers. (ii) Road surveys – This is to be carried out collectively by the staff/engineers of NWSDB and the contractor. The objectives are to collect information on the traffic condition of the roads during

Parameter Planning Guidelines and Techniques daytime and nighttime, road width, surface condition, existing structures along the roads, road users and their usage pattern, parking areas, and open spaces. (iii) Land surveys – This is to be carried out by a licensed surveyor of the contractor. The objective is to conduct control level survey, control traverse survey, conduct trace survey of the longitudinal section along the pipeline, and detailed road surveying and plotting. (iv) Initial status photography and video – This is to be carried out by the staff/engineers of NWSDB and the contractor. The objectives are to record all existing conditions of structures on both sides of the roads, all buildings, towers, boundary walls, fences, temporary structures, and visible details of utilities on road surface. Any damage that may happen to structures during construction phase can be accurately identified and compensated using this information. (v) Existing utilities survey (tracing and/or excavation of trial pits) – This is to be carried out by the contractor. Tracing of existing utilities can be conducted using a magnetic-type pipe and cable locator. Excavation of trial pits can be used to obtain existing line details at connection points and existing underground utility details. The results of the trial pits shall be used to decide the pipeline trace along the road. A trial pit shall have an area of approximately 1–2 m2 and depth of up to 2 m. As much as possible, excavate trial pits during nighttime to avoid disrupting traffic flow. The trial pits must be backfilled and road conditions must be reinstated on the same night up to before 5 a.m.

B. Anticipated Impacts – Construction Phase

68. Construction method. Tasks to be performed for the transmission pipe works are listed in the order of priority as:

(i) obtain excavation permits; (ii) mobilize and establish site offices; (iii) arrange road closure, finalize detours, inform police, and inform public transport agencies and affected road users; (iv) inform NWSDB of required water supply interruptions for interconnection to existing system; (v) excavate trial pits and identify existing utilities; (vi) set out pipe routes, prepare shop drawings, and obtain PMU approval; (vii) identify bad soil areas to ascertain backfill material requirement; (viii) identify borrow pits; (ix) identify disposal sites for excess and unsuitable excavated materials; (x) transport pipes to nearby locations; (xi) close roads and implement detours; (xii) excavate trenches, lay pipes, provide anchor blocks, backfill trenches, and construct chambers, and provide special bedding where specified; (xiii) inform affected NWSDB customers; (xiv) complete interconnection to existing pipeline; (xv) carry out pressure test; (xvi) flush and disinfect; (xvii) coordinate with NWSDB operations for closing down of transmission main tappings; (xviii) close down transmission main tappings; (xix) open supply to existing pipeline; (xx) reinstate road; and (xxi) hand over to NWSDB.

69. The pipes will be buried in trenches on or immediately adjacent to roads. Trenches will be dug by backhoe digger, supplemented by manual digging where necessary. Excavated soil will be placed nearby, and the pipes (brought to site on trucks and stored on unused land

nearby) will be placed in the trench by crane or using a small rig. After the pipes are joined, loose soil will be shoveled back into the trench, and the surface layer will be compacted by hand-operated compressor. Any excavated road will be reinstated.

70. Tasks to be performed for the ground water reservoir construction are listed in order of completion as follows. There is sufficient space for a staging area, construction equipment, and stockpiling of materials. However, the contractor will need to remove all construction and demolition wastes on a daily basis.

(i) site clearing and soil excavation; (ii) laying of foundations; (iii) construction of frames, beams and support structures; (iv) construction of walls, roof beams and roofing; (v) waterproofing; and (vi) commissioning.

71. Tasks to be performed for the building construction are listed in order of completion as follows. The sites for the buildings are on land owned by NWSDB. There is sufficient space for a staging area, construction equipment, and stockpiling of materials. The contractor will also need to remove all construction and demolition wastes on a daily basis.

(i) site clearing; (ii) laying of foundations; (iii) casting of ground floor slab; (iv) construction of floor beams and floor slabs; (v) construction of roof beams and roofing; (vi) installation of doors and windows; (vii) installation of architectural components and finishes; (viii) ordering, procurement, and installion of building services; and (ix) relocation of NWSDB staff to the new buildings.

72. Table 7 summarizes the activities and facilities that are likely to be undertaken during construction of the project, including the associated inputs and outputs.

Table 7: Activities and Facilities, Resource Use, and Produced Outputs during Construction Phase Activities and Facilities Inputs/Resource Use Outputs/Waste Production • Construction camp and its • Bitumen • Old asphalt (removed from road associated facilities (including • Cement carriageway during laying of 19 lay-down areas) • Chemical additives used in pipelines) • Storage camps and lay-down concrete • Waste concrete and other areas • Chemical blasting agents construction rubble 20 − Materials and equipment • Paving blocks • Waste bitumen

19 The water supply rehabilitation works affecting roads may involve the stripping and demolition of old asphalt layers. Ideally, old asphalt shall be reused during construction of the new road in order to avoid large quantities of waste being produced. However, depending on the availability and cost of virgin aggregate in the area through which the road is aligned, reusing the old asphalt may be more costly than using virgin aggregate. 20 Bitumen has relatively low levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and is largely inert. However, certain other potentially hazardous chemical may be added to the bitumen or to the aggregate during the construction process in order to render the compound more workable. The objective is to use the least hazardous chemicals

Activities and Facilities Inputs/Resource Use Outputs/Waste Production stockpiles • Aggregate (sand and stone) • Materials from pipe descaling − Handling and storage of • Gravel (fill material and selected and re-lining hazardous materials material for sub-base and base • Used fuels, lubricants, solvents including chemicals layers) and other hazardous waste additives, gravel, cement, • Water • General waste concrete, and lubricants − Drinking, cooking, and • Contaminated soil • Source of water sanitation at construction − Soil contaminated with • Vegetation clearance camps bitumen • Bulk earthworks, grading, and − Water for dust suppression − Soil contaminated with contouring − Water applied to base and petrochemicals (i.e. oils and • Drilling sub-base layers during − lubricants) and other • Movement of construction staff, compaction chemicals equipment, and materials − Water for application to sub- • Sewage and gray water • Importation of selected materials base and base layers prior (temporary construction camp for construction to compaction sanitation) • Temporary detours • Petrochemicals • Spoil material (excess soil • Noise and vibrations • Other removed during excavations) • Dust suppression chemicals/lubricants/paints • Noise and vibrations • Waste production and temporary • Construction vehicles, (construction vehicles and storage/disposal, i.e. used fuels, machinery, and equipment machinery) waste concrete and bitumen, • Temporary energy supply to • Lighting at construction camps, spoil materials, and general construction camps equipment yards, and lay-down waste • Labor areas • Use of bitumen/asphalt − Recruitment of construction • Plant material removed from • Erosion prevention work force servitude/right-of-way during • Concrete batching plant (and − Skills training vegetation clearance associated storage and mixing • Public movement control • Smoke and fumes areas, chemicals) − need barriers (not just − Burning of waste • Rehabilitation of disturbed areas danger tape) to protect − Burning of vegetation cover • Interaction between construction people from trenches during − Fires used for cooking and workforce and local communities construction space heating (construction • Management of the passing camps) pedestrians and points of − Vehicle exhaust emissions congestion • Implementation of the resettlement plan prior to start of construction • Reminders to affected people of construction with time frames

C. Anticipated Impacts – Operations and Maintenance Phase

73. The main operations and maintenance (O&M) activities of the rehabilitated pipes will be detection and repair of leaks and pipe bursts. These are, however, likely to be minimal as proper design and selection of good quality pipe material shall mean that leaks are minimal. Leak repair work will be similar to the pipe-laying work as earlier explained. Trenches will be dug to reveal the leaking area and the faulty connection will be refitted, or the pipe will be removed and replaced if necessary.

74. Table 8 presents an indication of what activities and facilities are likely to be undertaken during operation and maintenance of the project, including the associated inputs and outputs.

available and to locate asphalt plants, aggregate stockpiles, and mixing areas where they do not pose a significant environmental risk.

Table 8: Activities and Facilities, Resource Use, and Produced Outputs during Operation and Maintenance Phase Activities and Facilities Inputs/Resource Use Outputs/Waste Production • Signages • Labor • Vehicle exhaust emissions • Safety barriers • Vehicles and equipment used • Waste/worn-out material • Lighting for inspections and maintenance removed during maintenance • Noise and vibrations • Aggregate and other material • Litter collection used during repairing and • Maintenance activities (repairing maintenance of pipelines. and maintenance of pipelines)

D. Mitigation Measures

75. There are no impacts that are significant or complex in nature, or that need an in-depth study to assess the impact. Thus, the project is unlikely to cause significant adverse impacts. The potential adverse impacts that are associated with design, construction, and O&M can be mitigated to acceptable levels with the following mitigation measures (Table 9).

Table 9: Recommended Mitigation Measures Parameter Mitigation Measures Planning phase Work schedule and - Ensure careful planning and scheduling of the activities. closure of areas - To minimize impact on traffic flow, businesses, and road users, as much as possible schedule trenching works during nighttime. - Consider low-traffic and non-sensitive areas (other than schools, religious places, and commercial/business) for daytime trenching works. - Increase workforce in areas to be excavated during daytime. - Limit work time in areas to 24 hours. - Prepare a traffic management plan and road safety plan.21 Barricades and warning - Use easily transportable barricades and warning signs such as those made of high signs reflector plastic materials. 22 - Also use aluminized rolled warning signs to warn the public. Reuse of excavated - Use quarry dust as backfill material as it is widely available. materials - If readily available, mix local sand with the backfill material to ensure pipe integrity. - Ensure backfill materials do not contain pointed broken stones, since these might affect the plastic pipe and cause breakage. Road crossings - Manual borings are recommended for road crossings in narrow streets to minimize traffic. - Apply local technology, knowledge, and minor equipment such as augers, galvanized iron pipes, and high-pressure water pumps to deliver the water to the tip of the auger. This method can easily make bores to be able to install 225-mm diameter pipes. - Use horizontal drilling machines after making sure that no other utilities are in the way of drilling equipment. Equipment - In areas where there are few utilities buried under the ground as verified from the results of the surveys, trial pits, and NWSDB GIS mapping, the contractor shall use small mechanical excavators to attain faster trenching progress. - For rock and concrete breaking, use non-explosive blasting chemicals, silent rock cracking chemicals, and concrete breaking chemicals.23

21 Traffic management plan and road safety plan for roadside excavation for trenching along road edges should be prepared as suggested by the “Construction Manual” by the Road Development Authority, Ministry of Transport and Highways. 22 Manual on Traffic Control Devices Second Edition, 2007 by Ministry of Highways and Road Development and Road Development Authority regulations published in the Sri Lanka Government Gazette (Extraordinary) No. 444/19 dated 13 March 1987 under Section 237 along with Section 164 of the Motor Traffic Act is the basis for providing traffic control devices.

Parameter Mitigation Measures Workers - Employ workers with adequate experience, training, and know-how. It is always advantageous for the contractor to employ workers with adequate experience, training, and know-how in the line of work that they are doing. These people are usually reliable and can be counted upon to exercise good judgment in the field. Community and public - Establish extensive coordination with various government agencies. awareness - A massive information campaign must precede any construction activity in order to make the public aware of the extent of the problem that might be present during the period of construction. The road closure together with the proposed detour, needs to be communicated via advertising, pamphlets, radio broadcasts, road signage, etc. - Open liaison channels shall be established between NWSDB, the contractors, and interested and affected parties such that any queries, complaints, or suggestions can be dealt with quickly and by the appropriate persons. Surveys - Complete the following surveys prior to start of construction: (i) Existing service connection survey – ehis is a house-to-house survey of all existing houses in the project area by the officers/engineers of NWSDB and the Contractor. The objectives are to obtain present water supply service level, collect details of the present customers, identify new service provision requirements, and communicate benefits of the project to the customers. (ii) Road surveys – This is to be carried out collectively by the staff/engineers of NWSDB and the contractor. The objectives are to collect information on the traffic condition of the roads during daytime and nighttime, road width, surface condition, existing structures along the roads, road users and their usage pattern, parking areas, and open spaces. (iii) Land surveys – This is to be carried out by a licensed surveyor of the contractor. The objective is to conduct control level survey, control traverse survey, conduct trace survey of longitudinal section along pipeline, and detailed road surveying and plotting. (iv) Initial status photography and video – This is to be carried out by the staff/engineers of NWSDB and the contractor. The objectives are to record all existing conditions of structures on both sides of the roads, all buildings, towers, boundary walls, fences, temporary structures, and visible details of utilities on road surface. Any damage that may happen to structures during construction phase can be accurately identified and compensated using this information. (v) Existing utilities survey (tracing and/or excavation of trial pits) – This is to be carried out by the contractor. Tracing of existing utilities can be conducted using a magnetic-type pipe and cable locator. Excavation of trial pits can be used to obtain existing line details at connection points and existing underground utility details. The results of the trial pits shall be used to decide the pipeline trace along the road. A trial pit shall have an area of approximately 1–2 m2 and depth of up to 2 m. As much as possible, excavate trial pits during nighttime to avoid disrupting traffic flow. The trial pits must be backfilled and road conditions must be reinstated at the same night up to before 5 a.m. (vi) Resettlement inspection and/or survey – Transect inspection walk will be done by management advisory and supervision consultant (MASC) and resettlement specialist on all sections prior to construction to determine if any resettlement is necessary. Survey will be done in the event temporary or permanent impacts are anticipated as a result of the construction in relevant sections. Compensation will be paid prior to displacement. Legislation, permits, and - In all instances, NWSDB, service providers, contractors and consultants must remain agreements in compliance with relevant local and national legislation. - A copy of the IEE must be kept on-site and disclosed in NWSDB and ADB website Access to site - Access to site will be via existing roads. The contractor will need to ascertain the existing condition of the roads and repair damage due to construction. - The local Traffic Police Department shall be involved in the planning stages of the road closure and detour and shall be available on-site for the monitoring of traffic in the early stages of the operations during road closure. - The Local Traffic Department must be informed at least a week in advance if the traffic

23 These products come in powder forms, and once mixed with water (being the catalyst) simply expand, and crack the rock from hole to hole. This product is environmentally friendly and can be washed away after it has been used.

Parameter Mitigation Measures in the area will be affected. - No trees, shrubs, or groundcover may be removed or vegetation stripped without the prior permission of the environment management specialist. Setting up of construction - Choice of site for the contractor’s camp requires the environment management camp24 specialist’s permission and must take into account location of local residents, businesses, and existing land uses, including flood zones and slip/unstable zones. A site plan must be submitted to the environment management specialist for approval. - If the contractor chooses to locate the camp site on private land, he must get prior permission from the environment management specialist and the landowner. - Under no circumstances may open areas or the surrounding bushes be used as a toilet facility. - Recycling and the provision of separate waste receptacles for different types of waste shall be encouraged. Establishing equipment - Storage areas shall be secure so as to minimize the risk of crime. They shall also be lay-down and storage safe from access by children, animals, etc. area25 - The contractor shall submit a method statement and plans for the storage of hazardous materials (fuels, oils, and chemicals) and emergency procedures. Materials management – - The contractor shall prepare a source statement indicating the sources of all materials sourcing26 (including topsoil, sands, natural gravels, crushed stone, asphalt, clay liners, etc), and submit these to the environment management specialist for approval prior to commencement of any work. - Where materials are mined, proof must be provided of authorization to utilize these materials from GSMB. Education of site staff on - Ensure that all site personnel have a basic level of environmental awareness training. general and environmental - Staff operating equipment (such as excavators, loaders, etc.) shall be adequately conduct27 trained and sensitized to any potential hazards associated with their task. - No operator shall be permitted to operate critical items of mechanical equipment without having been trained by the xontractor. - All employees must undergo safety training. Construction phase Trench width excavation - During the preparation of the trenches, allowance of 150 mm shall be made on each side of the pipe. - For the interconnections, a wider trench or “bell holes” shall be required to be within the minimum allowable size without sacrificing the quality of work. - For concrete breaking, use non-explosive blasting chemicals, silent rock cracking chemicals, and concrete breaking chemicals. - The excavated earth shall always be dumped on the side opposite the carriageway as this will not restrict the vehicular movement on the carriageway and not create bottlenecks on the roadway. - In the event that excavated trenches are to be kept open overnight, lights, high visibility warning signs, and barricades shall be provided. 28 Hauling of excavated - The contractor shall haul away all excavated materials from the excavation site and materials deposit these in an area designated by NWSDB. - The stockpile shall be processed where it is deposited so that it can be brought back to the trenches as selected filling material. - Hauling vehicles must always be present at the excavation site. Pipe descaling and relining - The contractor shall ensure all water materials from the descaling and relining activities are collected in a tanker and deposited in an area designated by NWSDB. - The contractor shall provide water supply to all affected persons during disruptions.

24 Careful planning of the construction camp can ensure that time and costs associated with environmental management and rehabilitation are reduced. 25 Storage areas can be hazardous and unsightly and can cause environmental pollution if not designed and managed carefully. 26 Materials must be sourced in a legal and sustainable way to prevent offsite environmental degradation. 27 These points need to be made clear to all staff on site before the project begins. 28 Layout of traffic control devices, number of traffic signs, traffic cones, barricade boards, and lighting requirement should follow the Manual on Traffic Control Devices Second Edition, 2007 by Ministry of Highways and Road Development and Road Development Authority.

Parameter Mitigation Measures Closure of areas - Excavation, pipe laying, and installation of service connections, installation of valves and hydrants, interconnection with existing pipelines, hydro-testing, backfilling, and pavement restoration shall be completed within 24 hours. - The contractor must maintain all the materials necessary in his inventory so that these can be easily hauled to the construction site when needed. - Advance signage for affected parking areas must indicate duration and alternative parking arrangements. Reuse of excavated - The contractor can process the excavated materials at the disposal site and use these materials as selected backfill materials. - If excavated materials are not suitable for reuse, the contractor shall deposit these in an area designated by NWSDB. Equipment - The contractor shall use small mechanical excavators in areas where there are few utilities buried under the ground as verified from the results of the existing utilities survey and NWSDB GIS mapping. - The excavator shall be immediately followed by skilled workers who will trim and clean the trenches to proper size and depth as required in the plan. They shall see to it that the trenches are ready for pipe installation as soon as they move away from them. Access - The contractor shall make available in his stock steel plates and wooden planks which will be deployed on top of trench excavation to provide temporary access to building carport and garages, street crossings, and other areas where these will be necessary. - Advance road signage must indicate the road detour and alternative routes. Provide sign boards for pedestrians to inform them of nature and duration of construction works and contact numbers for concerns/ complaints. Occupational health and - Employ workers with adequate experience, training, and know-how. safety - These workers shall be led by an experienced supervisor or engineer, who will provide the leadership in daily activities. - A general regard for the social and ecological well-being of the site and adjacent areas is expected of the site staff. Workers need to be made aware of the following general rules: (i) no alcohol/drugs on site; (ii) prevent excessive noise; (iii) construction staff are to make use of the facilities provided for them, as opposed to ad hoc alternatives (e.g. fires for cooking, the use of surrounding bushes as a toilet facility); (iv) no fires permitted on site except if needed for the construction works; (v) trespassing on private/commercial properties adjoining the site is forbidden; (vi) other than pre- approved security staff, no workers shall be permitted to live on the construction site; and (vii) no worker may be forced to do work that is potentially dangerous or that he/she is not trained to do. - The contractor must monitor the performance of construction workers to ensure that the points relayed during their induction have been properly understood and are being followed. If necessary, the EE and/or a translator shall be called to the site to further explain aspects of environmental or social behavior that are unclear. - The rules that are explained in the worker conduct section must be followed at all times. Community health and - Contractor’s activities and movement of staff will be restricted to designated safety construction areas. - Should the construction staff be approached by members of the public or other stakeholders, staff shall assist them in locating the environment management specialist or contractor, or provide a number through which they may contact the environment management specialist or contractor. - The conduct of the construction staff when dealing with the public or other stakeholders shall be in a manner that is polite and courteous at all times. Failure to adhere to this requirement may result in the removal of staff from the site by the environment management specialist. - Disruption of access for local residents, commercial establishments, institutions, etc. must be minimized and must have the environment management specialist’s permissions. - Provide walkways and metal sheets where required to maintain access for people and vehicles. - Consult businesses and institutions regarding operating hours, and factor this in work schedules. - The contractor is to inform neighbors in writing of disruptive activities at least 24 hours beforehand. This can take place by way of leaflets placed in the postboxes giving the

Parameter Mitigation Measures environment management specialist’s and contractor’s details or other method approved by the environment management specialist. Provide sign boards for pedestrians to inform them of nature and duration of construction works and contact numbers for concerns/complaints. - The contractor will ensure that there is provision of alternate access to business establishments during the construction, so that there is no closure of these shops or any loss of clientage. - The contractor will ensure that any damage to properties and utilities will be restored or compensated to pre-work conditions. - Lighting on the construction site shall be pointed downwards and away from oncoming traffic and nearby houses. - The site must be kept clean to minimize the visual impact of the site. - If screening is being used, this must be moved and re-erected as the work front progresses. - Machinery and vehicles are to be kept in good working order for the duration of the project to minimize noise nuisance to neighbors. - Notice of particularly noisy activities must be given to residents/businesses adjacent to the construction site. Examples of these include: noise generated by jackhammers, diesel generator sets, excavators, etc. - Noisy activities must be restricted to the times given in the project specification or general conditions of contract. - The environment management specialist and contractor are responsible for ongoing communication with those people who are interested in or affected by the project. - A complaints register (refer to the grievance redressal mechanism) shall be housed at the site office. This shall be in carbon copy format, with numbered pages. Any missing pages must be accounted for by the contractor. This register is to be tabled during monthly site meetings. - Interested and affected parties need to be made aware of the existence of the complaints book and the methods of communication available to them. - The contractor must address queries and complaints by: (i) documenting details of such communications; (ii) submitting these for inclusion in complaints register; (iii) bringing issues to the environment management specialist’s attention immediately; and (iv) taking remedial action as per environment management specialist’s instruction. - The contractor shall immediately take the necessary remedial action on any complaint/grievance received by him and forward the details of the grievance along with the action taken to the environment management specialist within 48 hours of receipt of such complaint/grievance. Community and public - Storage facilities and other temporary structures on-site shall be located such that awareness they have as little visual impact on local residents as possible. - Special attention shall be given to the screening of highly reflective materials on site. - In areas where the visual environment is particularly important (e.g. along commercial/ tourism routes) or privacy concerns for surrounding buildings exist, the site may require screening. This could be in the form of shade cloth, temporary walls, or other suitable materials prior to the beginning of construction. Construction camps and - The contractor is to ensure that open areas or the surrounding bushes are not being storage areas used as toilet facility. - The contractor shall ensure that all litter is collected from the work and camp areas daily. - Bins and/or skips shall be emptied regularly and waste shall be disposed of at the pre- approved site. Waybills for all such disposals are to be kept by the contractor for review by the environment management specialist. - The contractor shall ensure that his camp and working areas are kept clean and tidy at all times. - After construction work, all structures comprising the construction camp are to be removed from site or handed over to the property owner/community as per mutual agreement (if established on private/community land). - The area that previously housed the construction camp is to be checked for spills of substances such as oil, paint, etc. and these shall be cleaned up. - All hardened surfaces within the construction camp area shall be ripped, all imported materials removed, and the area shall be topsoiled and regrassed using the guidelines set out in the revegetation specification that forms part of this document.

Parameter Mitigation Measures - The contractor must arrange the cancellation of all temporary services. Dust and air pollution - Vehicles travelling to and from the construction site must adhere to speed limits so as to avoid producing excessive dust. - Access and other cleared surfaces, including backfilled trenches, must be dampened whenever possible and especially in dry and windy conditions to avoid excessive dust. - Vehicles and machinery are to be kept in good working order and to meet manufacturer’s specifications for safety, fuel consumption, etc. - The contractor is to have the equipment seen to as soon as possible should excessive emissions be observed, Noise levels - Noise-generating equipment must be fitted with silencers. - Maximum permissible noise levels in silent zones29 must be less than or equal to 50 Leq T30 during day time and 45 Leq T during night time. - Maximum permissible noise levels for construction activities must be less than or equal to 75 Leq T during day time and 50 Leq T during nighttime. - For noise sensitive areas (silent zones) in which background noise level exceeds or is marginal to the given level, there must be no increase of +3 dB(A) from the measured background level - For mixed residential or commercial areas in which the background noise level exceeds or is marginal to the given level, there must be no increase of +5 dB(A) from the measured background level during daytime and +3 dB(A) from the measured background level during nighttime. - If a worker is exposed to noise above a noise exposure limit, the contractor must investigate options for engineered noise control such as using low-noise excavators, jackhammers, drills, and power generators. - If it is not practicable to reduce noise levels to or below noise exposure limits, the contractor must post warning signs in the noise hazard areas. Workers in a posted noise hazard area must wear hearing protection. Utilities - Prepare a list of affected utilities and operators - Prepare a contingency plan to include actions to be done in case of unintentional interruption of services. Water quality31 - Every effort shall be made to ensure that any chemicals or hazardous substances do not contaminate the soil or water on-site. - Care must be taken to ensure that runoff from vehicle or plant washing does not enter the surface/ground water. - Site staff shall not be permitted to use any stream, river, other open water body, or natural water source adjacent to or within the designated site for the purposes of bathing, washing of clothing, or for any construction or related activities. Municipal water (or another source approved by the environment management specialist) shall instead be used for all activities such as washing of equipment or disposal of any type of waste, dust suppression, concrete mixing, compacting etc. - All concrete mixing must take place on a designated, impermeable surface. - No vehicles transporting concrete to the site may be washed on-site. - No vehicles transporting, placing, or compacting asphalt or any other bituminous product may be washed on-site. - All substances required for vehicle maintenance and repair must be stored in sealed containers until they can be disposed of removed from the site. - Hazardous substance/ materials are to be transported in sealed containers or bags. Waste management - Wastes must be placed in the designated skips/bins which must be regularly emptied. These shall remain within demarcated areas and shall be designed to prevent wastes from being blown out by wind.

29 National Environmental (Noise Control) regulations No. 1 1996 defines silent zone as area covered by a distance of 100 m from the boundary of a courthouse, hospital, public library, school, zoo, sacred areas, and areas set apart for recreation or environmental purposes. 30 Leq T means the equivalent continuous, A-weighted sound pressure determined over a time interval T (in decibels). 31 Water quality is affected by the incorrect handling of substances and materials. Soil erosion and sediment are also detrimental to water quality. Mismanagement of polluted runoff from vehicle and plant washing and wind dispersal of dry materials into rivers and watercourses are detrimental to water quality.

Parameter Mitigation Measures - Littering on-site is forbidden and the site shall be cleared of litter at the end of each working day/night period. - Recycling is to be encouraged by providing separate receptacles for different types of wastes and making sure that staff is aware of their uses. - All waste must be removed from the site and transported to a disposal site or as directed by the environment management specialist. Waybills proving disposal at each site shall be provided for the environment management specialist’s inspection. - Construction rubble shall be disposed of in pre-agreed, demarcated spoil dumps that have been approved by the environment management specialist, or at disposal sites. Conservation of natural - As the work front progresses, the contractor is to check that vegetation clearing has environment the prior permission of the environment management specialist. - Only trees that have been marked beforehand are to be removed, if cutting of trees is required. Cultural and historical - All the staff and laborers of the contractor are to be informed about the possible items environment of historical or archaeological value, which include old stone foundations, tools, clayware, jewelry, remains, fossils etc. - If something of this nature is uncovered, Department of Archaeology shall be contacted and work shall be stopped immediately. Safeguards supervisors - The contractor shall appoint one environment safeguard supervisor and one resettlement supervisor who will be responsible for assisting the contractor in implementation of EMP, coordinating with the MASC, environment management specialist, and resettlement specialist, community liaison, consultations with interested/affected parties, reporting, and grievance redressal on a day-to-day basis. Operation and maintenance phase Detection and repair of - Leak repair work will be similar to the pipe-laying work as earlier explained. Trenches leaks and pipe bursts will be dug to reveal the leaking area and the faulty connection will be refitted, or the pipe will be removed and replaced if necessary. - Although impact is likely to be minimal due to new and well-designed efficient system, it must be ensured that leak detection and restoration time are minimized to the extent possible.

76. The potential adverse environmental impacts are mainly related to the construction period, which can be minimized by the mitigating measures and environmentally sound engineering and construction practices.

E. Cumulative Impact Assessment

77. The cumulative impact assessment (CIA) examined the interaction between the project’s residual effects (i.e., those effects that remain after mitigation measures have been applied) and those associated with other past, existing, and reasonably foreseeable future projects or activities. The interaction of residual effects associated with multiple projects and/or activities can result in cumulative impacts, both positive and negative. The project’s potential cumulative effects were considered with respect to valued components (VCs) in environmental and socioeconomic categories, in four areas:

(i) of any potential residual project effects that may occur incrementally over time; (ii) consideration of other known relevant projects or activities within the specified study area boundaries, even if not directly related to the project; (iii) potential overlapping impacts that may occur due to other developments, even if not directly related to the proposed project; and (iv) future developments that are reasonably foreseeable and sufficiently certain to proceed.

78. The project has identified the VCs as water quality, noise, traffic management, socioeconomic and socio-community components, and human health. There are no foreseeable

projects that will overlap with the project. The spatial boundary of the project is the area along the pipe alignment, existing right of ways, and building sites. The temporal boundary can be considered as all the 6 towns east of Colombo District.

79. Given the water supply requirement in the 6 towns will be met and the sources considered adequate, there are no significant cumulative impacts expected on the future water supply.

80. Air quality effects will occur during construction. Consequently, although emissions of common air contaminants and fugitive dust may be elevated in proximity to active work sites, this impact will be short-term and localized to the immediate vicinity of the alignment. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions may increase as a result of project activities (i.e., vehicle and equipment operation, concrete production, disposal of excavated material, landfilling of residual wastes). Given the project’s relatively minor contribution to common air contaminants and GHG emissions during construction, the overall significance rating of both these potential residual effects is considered to be negligible.

81. Noise levels during construction in the immediate proximity of most work sites are expected to increase. The duration of this exposure will be relatively brief. This exposure represents a temporary, localized, adverse residual effect of low to moderate significance for affected receptors. While building damage due to ground vibrations is unlikely, there may be annoyance to spatially located receptors during construction. Noise levels associated with the project O&M will be largely imperceptible, as the buildings are located in relatively small sites within the city proper.

82. Land use/traffic management concerns will occur spatially during construction. Site- specific mitigation measures will be implemented to address temporary disruptions to land use and access, traffic delays and detours, parking modifications, and increased volumes of construction-related traffic. Traffic movement along the alignment will be improved once construction is completed. Since the project will be the rehabilitation of existing pipelines and a building to be constructed adjacent to existing water supply facilities, it will not conflict with existing or planned land use. However, following improvement in infrastructures and services, added residential developments, commercial, and business facilities and increased densities are expected to develop and enhance the project area. This can be considered a long-term cumulative benefit of the project.

83. Upon completion of the project, the sociocommunity will benefit from improved water supply system. This is considered a long-term cumulative benefit.

84. No adverse residual effects to human health will occur as a result of project construction or operation. While exposure to elevated noise levels and fugitive dust and common air pollutants will occur in proximity to project work sites during construction, due to their short-term, localized nature, these effects are expected to be minor and insignificant with no measurable effects on human health.

85. Therefore the project will benefit the general public by contributing to the long-term improvement of water supply system and community livability in the 6 towns east of Colombo.

VI. INFORMATION DISCLOSURE, CONS ULTATION, AND P ARTICIP ATION

A. Public Consultation Conducted

86. The public participation process included (i) identifying interested and affected parties (stakeholders); (ii) informing and providing the stakeholders with sufficient background and technical information regarding the proposed development; (iii) creating opportunities and mechanisms whereby they can participate and raise their viewpoints (issues, comments, and concerns) with regard to the proposed development; (iv) giving the stakeholders feedback on process findings and recommendations; and (v) ensuring compliance to process requirements with regards to the environmental and related legislation.

87. The following methodologies have been used for carrying out public consultation:

(i) Local communities, individuals, and owners and employees of commercial establishments who are directly or indirectly affected were given priority while conducting public consultation. (ii) Walk-through informal group consultations were held in the proposed project area. (iii) The local communities were informed through public consultation, with briefing on project interventions, including its benefits. (iv) The environmental concerns and suggestions made by the participants were listed, and discussed, and suggestions accordingly incorporated in the EMP.

88. Different techniques of consultation with stakeholders were used during project preparation (interviews, public meetings, group discussions, etc). A questionnaire was designed and environmental information was collected. Apart from this, a series of public consultation meetings were conducted during the project preparation. Various forms of public consultations (consultation through ad hoc discussions on-site) have been used to discuss the project and involve the community in planning the project design and mitigation measures.

89. Key respondents included project-affected persons, who only include owners of houses/residences and commercial shops/establishments who will suffer temporary access disruptions during project implementation due to the laying of pipelines, shopkeepers/businessmen from the project area, and daily commuters consulted randomly. In addition to a number of informal consultations conducted regularly in the project corridor, a total of 72 people, selected on a stratified basis to ensure diversified representation, were consulted in January 2013. Issues discussed and feedback received along with details of date, time, location, and list of participants are given in Appendix 3.

B. Future Consultation and Disclosure

90. The IEE and other relevant documents will be made available at public locations in the city and posted on the NWSDB and ADB websites. The consultation process will be continued and expanded during the project implementation through a nongovernment organization (NGO), to ensure stakeholders participate fully in project execution, as well as to implement comprehensive information, education, and communication plan.

91. The public consultation and disclosure program with all interested and affected partied will remain a continuous process throughout the project implementation, and shall include the following:

(i) Consultations during construction phase: (a) public meetings with affected communities to discuss and plan work programs and allow issues to be raised and addressed once construction has started; and (b) smaller-scale meetings to discuss and plan construction work with individual communities to reduce disturbance and other impacts, and to provide a mechanism through which stakeholders can participate in project monitoring and evaluation. (ii) Project disclosure: (a) public information campaigns (via newspaper, TV, and radio) to explain the project to the wider city population and prepare them for disruptions they may experience once construction is underway; (b) public disclosure meetings at key project stages to inform the public of progress and future plans, and to provide copies of summary documents in local language; (c) formal disclosure of completed project reports by making copies available at convenient locations in the study areas, and informing the public of their availability; and (d) providing a mechanism through which comments can be made.

92. For the benefit of the community, the summary of the IEE will be translated in the local language and made available at (i) NWSDB office, (ii) area offices, and (iii) contractor’s campsites. It will be ensured that the hard copies of IEE are kept at places which are conveniently accessible to citizens, as a means to disclose the document and at the same time creating wider public awareness. An electronic version of the IEE will be placed in the official website of NWSDB and the ADB website after approval of the IEE by ADB.

VII. GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANIS M

93. A project-specific grievance redress mechanism (GRM) will be established to receive, evaluate, and facilitate the resolution of AP’s concerns, complaints, and grievances about the social and environmental performance at the level of the project. The GRM will aim to provide a time-bound and transparent mechanism to voice and resolve social and environmental concerns linked to the project. Figure 1: Grievance Redress Process

94. Common GRM. A common GRM will be in place for social, environmental, or any other grievances related to the investment program; the RP and IEE will follow the grievance redress

mechanism described below, which is developed in consultation with key stakeholders. The GRM will provide an accessible and trusted platform for receiving and facilitating resolution of affected persons’ grievances related to the project. The multi-tier GRM for the project is outlined below, each tier having time-bound schedules and with responsible persons identified to address grievances and seek appropriate persons’ advice at each stage, as required.

95. The citywide public awareness campaign will ensure that awareness on grievance redress procedures is generated, using electronic, radio, and print media. The implementing NGO will ensure that poor and vulnerable households are made aware of grievance redress procedures and entitlements, and will help ensure that their grievances are addressed.

96. APs will have the flexibility of conveying grievances/suggestions by dropping grievance redress/suggestion forms in complaints/suggestion boxes, or through telephone hotlines at accessible locations, by e-mail, by post, or by writing in a complaints register in the NWSDB Area Engineer’s Office (Appendix 4 has the sample grievance registration form). Careful documentation of the name of the complainant, date of receipt of the complaint, address/ contact details of the person, location of the problem area, and how the problem was resolved, will be undertaken. The PMU social development/safeguards officer will be responsible for timely grievance redressal on environmental and social safeguards issues, registration of grievances, related disclosure, and communication with the aggrieved party.

97. Grievance redress process. In case of grievances that are immediate and urgent in the perception of the complainant, the contractor and supervision personnel from the PMU/MASC on-site will provide the most easily accessible contact for quick resolution of grievances. Contact phone numbers and names of the PMU social development and safeguards officer, MASC safeguards specialists32, and contractor site engineer will be posted at all constructions sites in visible locations. In tenement gardens, the point of contact will be the contractor/supervision personnel or the project NGO personnel that will be involved in community mobilization and awareness generation among such communities. The contractors and supervision personnel of PMU/MASC and/or the project NGO can immediately resolve issues on-site in consultation with each other, and will be required to do so within 7 days of receipt of a complaint/grievance. If required, the advice of the area engineer and/or the concerned Grama Niladhari (GN) officer as well as the advice or assistance of PMU social development and safeguards officer and MASC safeguards specialists will be sought, for resolution of the issue by any one or all of them jointly.

98. All grievances that cannot be redressed within 7 days at field level will be jointly reviewed by the PMU social development/safeguards officer and MASC safeguards specialists, who will attempt to resolve them within 15 days, enlisting the assistance of the local representative of CEA and other concerned stakeholders, as required.

99. The project director will refer major issues to the grievance redressal committee (GRC)33, which will resolve them within 30 days, and very major issues that are beyond the jurisdictional authority of the GRC, or those that have the potential to cause social conflicts or

32 MASC environment management specialist and resettlement specialist. 33 The grievance redress committee (GRC) will have the following as members: divisional secretary as chairperson, CWSSIP project director, PMU social development/safeguards officer as the convener, project public relations officer, director of the project NGO, concerned NWSDB deputy general manager (DGM) for the Western Central Region, assistant general manager (AGM) in charge of NRW, the area engineer, NWSDB, representatives of APs, community-based organizations (CBOs), and eminent citizens. The GRC must have at least two women members.

environmental damage, will be referred directly to the program steering committee (PSC)34. Grievances which the GRC is unable to resolve within 30 days will also be referred to the PSC. All paperwork (details of grievances) needs to be completed by the PMU social development and safeguards officer, facilitated by the project public relations officer, and circulated to the respective GRC and PSC members at least a week in advance of the scheduled meetings. All decisions taken by the GRC and PRC will be communicated to the APs by the project public relations officer.

100. Despite the project GRM, an aggrieved person shall have access to the country's legal system at any stage, and accessing the country's legal system can run parallel to accessing the GRM and is not dependent on the negative outcome of the GRM.

101. Composition of GRC and PSC. The grievance redress committee (GRC) will have the project director, safeguards officer of the PMU (convener), the PRO (PMU), the divisional secretary (chairperson), the director of the implementing NGO in tenement gardens, the concerned deputy general manager (DGM) NWSDB for the Western Central region, assistant general manager (AGM) in charge of NRW, the area engineer, NWSDB, representatives of affected persons, community-based organizations (CBOs), and eminent citizens as members. The GRC must have at least two women members.

102. The local representative of CEA and representatives of Road Development Authority (RDA), Provincial Road Development Authority (PRDA), CMC, and concerned GN Officers may be invited to GRC meetings as and when required. Presence of at least five members, including one AP/civil society representative, is necessary for resolutions to be passed.

103. Recordkeeping. Records will be kept by the PMU of all grievances received, including contact details of complainant, date the complaint was received, nature of grievance, agreed corrective actions and the date these were effected, and final outcome.

104. The number of grievances recorded and resolved and the outcomes will be displayed/disclosed in the offices of the PMU, NWSDB’s NRW office, and the area engineer’s office and website, as well as reported in monitoring reports submitted to ADB on a semiannual basis.

105. Periodic review and documentation of lessons learned. The safeguards officer will periodically review the functioning of the GRM and record information on the effectiveness of the mechanism, especially on the project’s ability to prevent and address grievances. Lessons learned will be shared with the CEA and Ministry of Land Development as required under the National Involuntary Resettlement Policy (NIRP), 2001.

106. Costs. All costs involved in resolving the complaints (meetings, consultations, communication, and information dissemination) will be borne by the PMU; cost estimates for grievance redress are included in resettlement cost estimates.

34 The program steering committee responsible for grievance redress will have the following as members: Ministry of Finance and Planning (MOFP), with the Secretary to Treasury (ST) as the chairperson, the Secretary of the MWSD, the Secretary of MLGPC and senior officials from Department of External Resources (DER) and Department of National Planning (DNP), Ministry of Defense and Urban Development, NWSDB, and CMC as members. Representatives of concerned government ministries such as Ministry of Land and Land Development, Health etc. may be invited to participate as and when required.

VIII. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT P LAN

107. The purpose of the environmental management plan (EMP) is to ensure that the activities are undertaken in a responsible, non-detrimental manner with the objectives of: (i) providing a proactive, feasible, and practical working tool to enable the measurement and monitoring of environmental performance on-site; (ii) guiding and controlling the implementation of findings and recommendations of the environmental assessment conducted for the project; (iii) detailing specific actions deemed necessary to assist in mitigating the environmental impact of the project; and (iv) ensuring that safety recommendations are complied with.

108. A copy of the EMP must be kept on work sites at all times. The EMP will be made binding on all contractors operating on the site and will be included in the contractual clauses. Non-compliance with, or any deviation from, the conditions set out in this document constitutes a failure in compliance.

A. Institutional Arrangement

109. Executing and implementing agencies. The executing agencies are the Ministry of Water Supply and Drainage (MWSD) and Ministry of Logal Government and Provincial Council (MLGPC). The implementing agencies are NWSDB and CMC. PMUs will be established in each implementing agency.

110. The executing agencies will provide all the necessary logistic support (vehicle, computers, support staff, etc.) to the PMUs for carrying out the related activities for environmental and social safeguard implementation and monitoring. The implementing agencies will ensure that bidding and contract documents include specific provisions requiring contractors to comply with all applicable labor laws and core labor standards on (i) prohibition of child labor as defined in national legislation for construction and maintenance activities; (ii) equal pay for equal work of equal value regardless of gender, ethnicity, or caste; (iii) elimination of forced labor; and (iv) the requirement to disseminate information on sexually transmitted diseases including HIV/AIDS to employees and local communities surrounding the project sites.

111. The program steering committee (PSC). At the central level, a program steering committee (PSC) will be established at the Ministry of Finance and Planning (MOFP), with the Secretary to Treasury (ST) as the chairperson, the Secretary of MWSD, the Secretary of MLGPC and senior officials from the Department of External Resources (DER) and Department of National Planning (DNP), the Ministry of Defense and Urban Development, the NWSDB, and CMC, as members. The PSC will be the apex decision-making body for the investment program. The PSC will meet quarterly, review progress, provide policy guidance, resolve inter- agency issues that impede program progress, and advice on necessary action, particularly with respect to scope, cost, and reform agenda of the investment program, and facilitate inter- agency coordination. The PSC will be responsible for: (i) providing sanctions and approvals under the investment program; (ii) making all important decisions on the investment program implementation; and (iii) ensuring timely investment program implementation.

112. For water supply investments, MWSD will be the executing agency and NWSDB will be the implementing agency. The PMU in the RSC WC has been established and headed by a full- time project director. The PMU will be responsible for: (i) preparation and implementation of the investment program; (ii) management of loan consultants; (iii) disbursement of funds and recovery of loan repayments; and (iv) conducting overall investment program monitoring and

evaluation, including preparation of necessary investment program reports, with the help of loan consultants.

113. The PMU will also be responsible for implementing and monitoring safeguards compliance activities, public relations activities, gender mainstreaming activities, and community participation activities. The PMU will have a social development and safeguards officer who will be responsible for safeguards functions. The responsibilities of the PMU social development and safeguards officer are to: (i) ensure that the EARF provisions are observed, such as ensuring that works are selected according to the environmental criteria for project selection; (ii) review and approve project IEEs and EMPs; (iii) confirm existing IEE and EMP are updated based on detailed designs; (iv) confirm whether the EMP are included in bidding documents and civil works contracts; (v) provide oversight on environmental management aspects of the project and ensure EMP is implemented by contractors; (vi) establish a system to monitor environmental safeguards of the project, including monitoring the indicators set out in the monitoring plan of the EMP; (vii) facilitate and confirm overall compliance with all government rules and regulations regarding site and environmental clearances, as well as any other environmental requirements, as relevant; (viii) review, monitor, and evaluate the effectiveness with which the EMP is implemented, and recommend necessary corrective actions to be taken as necessary; (ix) consolidate monthly environmental monitoring reports from MASC and submit semiannual monitoring reports to ADB; (x) ensure timely disclosure of final IEE/EMP in locations and form accessible to the public; and (xi) address any grievances brought about through the GRM in a timely manner. The monitoring report will focus on the progress of implementation of the IEE and RP, issues encountered and measures adopted, follow-up actions required, if any, as well as status of compliance with relevant loan covenants.

114. MASC. The MASC will be engaged to work closely with and advise the PMU, to build capacity on NRW reduction, and to be involved in project supervision including construction. The MASC will have an environment management specialist and a resettlement specialist. For environmental related work, the MASC environment management specialist will (i) ensure design and location of works are selected according to the environmental criteria for project selection; (ii) prepare project IEEs and EMPs; (iii) conduct environmental compliance audit of existing facilities as per Item F, Appendix 4 of ADB SPS, 2009; (iv) update the IEE/EMP during detailed design stage; (v) include EMP in bidding documents and civil works contracts; (vi) ensure all requisite government approvals are in place to allow implementation, and that these are renewed in a timely fashion where required; (vii) oversee implementation of EMP during construction, including environmental monitoring of contractors; (viii) take corrective actions when necessary to ensure no environmental impacts; (ix) review monthly reports by contractors and submit monthly environmental monitoring reports to the PMU; and (x) address any grievances brought about through the GRM in a timely manner as per IEEs. The outline TOR for the MASC environment management specialist is attached as Appendix 5.

115. Contractor. The contractor will have an environment supervisor to (i) coordinate with MASC on updating the IEE/EMP based on detailed designs, and (ii) and ensure implementation of EMP during civil works..

116. NGO. The project NGO, which will be responsible for formation of water user groups in tenement gardens, will also help the PMU/MASC ensure poor and vulnerable APs in tenement gardens are identified, and receive benefits of the project and any entitlements. The NGO will collect and analyze data as required to help the MASC/PMU monitor impacts on the poor and vulnerable. The NGO will (i) put forth grievances of APs/vulnerable groups in tenement gardens to the PMU/MASC and GRC; (ii) generate awareness among APs and vulnerable groups about

36 opportunities for employment in project-related activities, rights, entitlements, and grievance redress process, and help them make informed choices; (iii) assist the PMU in providing assistance to APs in tenement gardens, if required/applicable; (iv) participate in public meetings and consultations as and when required; (v) document lessons learned each year; (vi) identify follow-up actions to ensure sustainability of water user groups formed; (vii) follow up on WASH program35; (viii) follow up on key messages of awareness campaign among tenement garden communities; and (ix) analyze and report on gender impacts of project interventions. The success of NGO inputs will largely depend on their liaison with APs and other concerned government agencies.

117. Organizational procedures/institutional roles and responsibilities for thesafeguards implementation are described in Table 10 and Figures 2 and 3.

Table 10: Institutional Roles and Responsibilities for Safeguards Implementation Activities Agency Responsible Disclosure of proposed project and anticipated social and environmental ADB impacts on website NWSDB Disclosure of proposed project, social/environmental impacts, proposed NWSDB entitlements/mitigation measures in local languages Disclosure of grievance redress mechanism/process NWSDB PMU MASC Nongovernment organization Finalization of sites and alignments NWSDB PMU MASC Identification of roads for closure, existing utilities, road conditions NWSDB PMU MASC Updating of safeguard documents (IEE and RP) based on detailed design MASC Review of updated RP/IEE and send to ADB for approval prior to contract NWSDB PMU award Clearance and disclosure of updated safeguard documents ADB NWSDB Conducting transect walks through road stretches to identify extent of impacts MASC Contractor NGO (in case of road in tenement garden) Conducting meetings at community/household level with affected persons MASC (APs) Contractor NGO (in case of road in tenement garden) Design/implementation of detailed measurement survey (DMS)36 on roads MASC identified for full/partial closure; identification of poor and vulnerable APs Nongovernment organization Computation of entitlements NWSDB PMU Categorization of APs for finalizing entitlements MASC NGO Conducting focus group discussions/meetings/consultations/workshops during MASC DMS survey and updating safeguards documents Finalizing entitlements and rehabilitation packages for all APs NWSDB PMU MASC Disclosure of final entitlements and rehabilitation packages NWSDB PMU MASC NGO Delivery of entitlements/award of checks NWSDB PMU NGO

35 Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Program 36 Detailed measurement survey to be carried out during detailed design, to record and quantify resettlement impacts and entitled persons.

Activities Agency Responsible Implementation of mitigation and rehabilitation measures NWSDB PMU MASC Contractor Consultations with APs during rehabilitation activities MASC Contractor NGO Grievance redressal NWSDB PMU Grievance redressal committee MASC NGO Contractor Internal monitoring NWSDB PMU MASC

Figure 2: Project Implementation Arrangement

Figure 3: Safeguards Implementation Arrangement

B. Capacity Building

118. A training program has been developed to build the capability of PMU. This will be conducted by the MASC.

119. PMU and the MASC will organize an induction course for the training of contractors, preparing them on: (i) EMP implementation, including environmental monitoring requirements related to mitigation measures; and (ii) taking immediate actions to remedy unexpected adverse impacts or ineffective mitigation measures found during the course of implementation. The contractor will be required to conduct environmental awareness and orientation of workers prior to deployment to work sites. The suggested outline of the training program is presented in Table 11.

Table 11: Indicative Capacity Building and Training Program (GCWWMIIP) Description Contents Schedule Participants Program 1 Module 1 – Orientation 1 day MWSD and NWSDB Orientation workshop ADB Safeguards Policy Statement officials involved in the Sri Lankan Environmental Laws project implementation and Regulations PMU Module 2 – Environmental Assessment Process ADB environmental process, identification of impacts and mitigation measures, formulation of an environmental management plan (EMP), implementation, and monitoring requirements Review of environmental assessment report to comply with ADB requirements

Description Contents Schedule Participants Incorporation of EMP into the project design and contracts Program 2 Environmental issues during 1 day PMU Orientation program/ construction contractors workshop for contractors and Implementation of EMP supervisory staff Monitoring of EMP implementation Reporting requirements Program 3 Experiences on EMP 1 day on a regular PMU Experiences and best implementation – issues and period to be MASC practices sharing challenges determined by PMU Contractors Best practices followed and MASC Nongovernment organization

C. Environmental Management Action Plan

120. The EMP will guide the environmentally sound construction of the project and ensure efficient lines of communication between the PMU, MASC, and contractors. The EMP identifies activities according to the following three phases: (i) site establishment and preliminary activities, including finalizing IEE/EMP; (ii) construction stage; and (iii) post- construction/operational stage. Table 14 outlines the mitigation measures and persons responsible for implementation and monitoring. The EMP will be updated by MASC during the detailed design stage. Note that the final IEE/EMP should be reviewed and cleared by NSWDB and ADB at time of detailed design and prior to commencement of construction work.

121. Environmental monitoring program. Prior to commencement of any civil work, the contractor will submit a compliance report37 to the MASC ensuring that all identified preconstruction environmental impact mitigation measures as detailed in the EMP will be undertaken. The MASC will review the report, and thereafter PMU will allow commencement of civil works. PMU and the MASC will be responsible for monitoring.

37 This compliance report will include information on (i) barricades and warning signs; (ii) area for setting up of construction camps; (iii) methodology for surveys; (iv) area for establishing lay-down and storage; (v) sources of materials; (vi) records of environmental awareness, safety training, and orientation of workers prior to deployment to work sites; (vii) contact information of the environmental and resettlement supervisors; and (viii) construction method statement.

Table 12: Environmental Mitigation Measures Action Plan Responsible Responsible Parameter to Frequency of Guidelines/ Parameter Mitigation Measures for for Monitoring Monitor Monitoring Standards Implementation Planning phase Work - Ensure careful planning and scheduling of the MASC PMU safeguards Plan and Prior to start of Detailed Design schedule activities. environment officer to schedule for civil works documents and closure - To minimize impact on traffic flow, businesses, management approve road closures of areas and road users, as much as possible schedule specialist to schedule and trenching works during nighttime. coordinate with areas - Consider low-traffic and non-sensitive areas contractor (other than schools, religious places, and commercial/business) for daytime trenching works. - Increase workforce in areas to be excavated during daytime. - Limit time in areas to be worked on to 24 hours. - Prepare a traffic management plan and road safety plan.38 Barricades - Use easily transportable barricades and Contractor to MASC Lists and Prior to start of Detailed design and warning warning signs, such as those made of high submit environment samples of civil works documents signs reflector plastic materials.39 information to management warning signs - Also use aluminized rolled warning signs to MASC as part of specialist and barricades warn the public. compliance report and construction method statement Reuse of - Use quarry dust as backfill material as it is Contractor to MASC Lists of sources Prior to start of Standards excavated widely available. submit sources environment civil works prescribed by materials - If readily available, mix local sand with the of materials to management the Geological backfill material to ensure pipe integrity. MASC specialist to Survey and - Ensure backfill materials do not contain pointed check permit Mines Bureau broken stones since these might affect the from Geological plastic pipe and cause breakage. Survey and Mines Bureau Pipe - The contractor shall ensure all water materials Contractor to MASC Construction Prior to start of Detailed design

38 Traffic management plan and road safety plan for roadside excavation for trenching along road edges should be prepared as suggested in the construction manual” of the Road Development Authority, Ministry of Transport and Highways. 39 Manual on Traffic Control Devices, Second Edition, 2007 by Ministry of Highways and Road Development and Road Development Authority, regulations published in the Sri Lanka Government Gazette (Extraordinary) No. 444/19 dated 13 March 1987 under Section 237 along with Section 164 of the Motor Traffic Act is the basis for providing traffic control devices.

Table 12: Environmental Mitigation Measures Action Plan Responsible Responsible Parameter to Frequency of Guidelines/ Parameter Mitigation Measures for for Monitoring Monitor Monitoring Standards Implementation descaling from the descaling and relining activities are submit environment method civil works documents and relining collected in a tanker and deposited in an area information to management statement designated by NWSDB. MASC as part of specialist - The contractor shall provide water supply to all compliance affected persons during disruptions. report and construction method statement Road - Manual borings are recommended for road Contractor to MASC Construction Prior to start of Detailed design crossings crossings in narrow streets to minimize traffic. submit environment method civil works documents - Apply local technology, knowledge, and minor information to management statement equipment such as augers, galvanized iron MASC specialist pipes, and high-pressure water pumps to deliver the water to the tip of the auger. This method can easily make bores to be able to install 225- mm diameter pipe. - Use horizontal drilling machines after making sure that no other utilities are in the way of drilling equipment. Workers - Employ workers with adequate experience, Contractor Contractor’s Workers list (for Prior to start of Detailed design training, and know-how. It is always environmental internal civil works documents advantageous for the contractor to employ supervisor monitoring) workers with adequate experience, training, and know-how in the line of work that they are doing. These people are usually reliable and can be counted upon to exercise good judgment in the field. Community - Careful planning and extensive coordination Contractor in PMU safeguards Communication Prior to start of No complaints and public with various government agencies must be coordination officer and and participation civil works received awareness established. with the MASC strategy - Massive information campaign must precede nongovernment environment any construction activity in order to make the organization (in management public aware of the extent of the problem that tenement specialist and might be present during the period of gardens) and resettlement construction. The road closure, together with the media contractor specialist proposed detour, needs to be communicated via advertising, pamphlets, radio broadcasts, road signage, etc. - Open liaison channels shall be established between NWSDB, the contractors, and

Table 12: Environmental Mitigation Measures Action Plan Responsible Responsible Parameter to Frequency of Guidelines/ Parameter Mitigation Measures for for Monitoring Monitor Monitoring Standards Implementation interested and affected parties such that any queries, complaints, or suggestions can be dealt with quickly and by the appropriate persons. Surveys - The following surveys must be completed prior Contractors PMU safeguards (i) Existing Prior to start of Detailed design to start of construction: officer and service civil works and documents (i) Existing service connection survey – This MASC connection as necessary is a house-to-house survey of all existing houses environment survey in the project area by the officers/engineers of management (ii) Road NWSDB and the contractor. The objectives are specialist and surveys to obtain present water supply service level, resettlement (iii) Land collect details of the present customers, identify specialist surveys new service provision requirements, and (iv) Initial status communicate benefits of the project to the photography customers. and video (ii) Road surveys – This is to be carried out (v) Existing collectively by the staff/engineers of NWSDB utilities survey and the contractor. The objectives are to collect (tracing and/or information on the width of roads, potential for excavation of closure, traffic condition during daytime and trial pits) nighttime, road width, surface condition, existing structures along the roads, road users and their usage pattern, parking areas, and open spaces. (iii) Land surveys – This is to be carried out by a licensed surveyor of the contractor. The objective is to conduct control level survey, control traverse survey, trace survey of longitudinal section along pipeline, and detailed road surveying and plotting. (iv) Initial status photography and video – This is to be carried out by the staff/engineers of NWSDB and the contractor. The objectives are to record all existing conditions of structures on both sides of the roads, all buildings, towers, boundary walls, fences, temporary structures, and visible details of utilities on road surface. Any damage that may happen to structures during construction phase can be accurately identified and compensated using this information. (v) Existing utilities survey (tracing and/or

Table 12: Environmental Mitigation Measures Action Plan Responsible Responsible Parameter to Frequency of Guidelines/ Parameter Mitigation Measures for for Monitoring Monitor Monitoring Standards Implementation excavation of trial pits) – This is to be carried out by the contractor. Tracing of existing utilities can be conducted using a magnetic-type pipe and cable locator. Excavation of trial pits can be used to obtain existing line details at connection points and existing underground utility details. The results of the trial pits shall be used to decide the pipeline trace along the road. A trial pit shall have an area of approximately 1 to 2 m2 and depth of up to 2 m. As much as possible, excavate trial pits during nighttime to avoid disrupting traffic flow. The trial pits must be backfilled and road conditions must be reinstated the same night, up to before 5 a.m. (vi) Resettlement inspection and/or survey – Transect inspection walk to be done by MASC resettlement specialist on all sections prior to construction to determine if any resettlement is needed Survey to be done in the event temporary or permanent impacts are anticipated as a result of the construction in relevant sections Compensation to be paid prior to displacement Legislation, - In all instances, NWSDB, service providers, Contractor PMU safeguards All applicable Prior to award of Permit for permits, and contractors, and consultants must remain in officer and permits and contract and as excavation, agreements compliance with relevant local and national MASC approvals necessary permit from legislation. environment Coast - A copy of the IEE must be kept on-site and management Conservation disclosed in NWSDB and ADB website specialist Department, permit from Geological Survey and Mines Bureau, excavation permit from the Minister of Cultural and Religions Affairs, written consent from the

Table 12: Environmental Mitigation Measures Action Plan Responsible Responsible Parameter to Frequency of Guidelines/ Parameter Mitigation Measures for for Monitoring Monitor Monitoring Standards Implementation Central Environment Authority, tree- cutting permits, permit for use of non- explosive/chemi cal rock breakers, etc. (Excavation permit to be obtained from (i) Department of Archaeology for excavation works of more than 500 m in length; (ii) police office; (iii) Road Development Authority (RDA) for excavation of roads belonging to RDA; and (iv) CMC for excavation of roads belonging to CMC) Access to - Access to site will be via existing roads. The Contractor MASC Traffic Prior to start of No complaints site contractor will need to ascertain the existing environment management civil works received condition of the roads and repair damage due to management plan construction. specialist and Minimal traffic - The Local Traffic Police Department shall be resettlement disturbance involved in the planning stages of the road specialist closure and detour, and shall be available on- site for the monitoring of traffic in the early stages of the operations during road closure. - The Local Traffic Department must be informed at least a week in advance if the traffic in the area will be affected.

Table 12: Environmental Mitigation Measures Action Plan Responsible Responsible Parameter to Frequency of Guidelines/ Parameter Mitigation Measures for for Monitoring Monitor Monitoring Standards Implementation Setting up of - Choice of site for the contractor’s camp Contractor MASC Location plan Prior to start of Approved construction requires the environment management environment civil works location plan camp40 specialist’s permission and must take into management account location of local residents, businesses specialist Construction and existing land uses, including flood zones method and slip/unstable zones. A site plan must be submitted to the environment management No complaints specialist for approval. received - If the contractor chooses to locate the campsite on private land, he must get prior permission from both the environment management specialist and the landowner. - Under no circumstances may open areas or the surrounding bushes be used as a toilet facility. - Recycling and the provision of separate waste receptacles for different types of waste shall be encouraged. - No trees, shrubs, or groundcover may be removed or vegetation stripped without the prior permission of the engineer. Establishing - Storage areas shall be secured so as to Contractor MASC Location plan Approved equipment minimize the risk of crime. They shall also be environment location plan lay-down safe from access by children, animals, etc. management and storage - The contractor shall submit a method specialist Construction area41 statement and plans for the storage of method hazardous materials (fuels, oils, and chemicals) and emergency procedures. No complaints received Materials - The contractor shall prepare a source Contractor to MASC Lists of sources Prior to start of Standards manage- statement indicating the sources of all materials submit sources environment civil works prescribed by ment – (including topsoil, sands, natural gravels, of materials to management the Geological sourcing42 crushed stone, asphalt, clay liners, etc.), and MASC specialist and Survey and submit these to the environment management resettlement Mines Bureau specialist for approval prior to commencement of specialist to any work. check permit

40 Careful planning of the construction camp can ensure that time and costs associated with environmental management and rehabilitation are reduced. 41 Storage areas can be hazardous and unsightly and can cause environmental pollution if not designed and managed carefully. 42 Materials must be sourced in a legal and sustainable way to prevent offsite environmental degradation.

Table 12: Environmental Mitigation Measures Action Plan Responsible Responsible Parameter to Frequency of Guidelines/ Parameter Mitigation Measures for for Monitoring Monitor Monitoring Standards Implementation - Where materials are mined, proof must be from Geological provided of authorization to utilize these Survey and materials from GSMB. Mines Bureau Education of - Ensure that all site personnel have a basic Contractor PMU safeguards Records of Prior to start of Environmental site staff on level of environmental awareness training. officer and training civil works and management general and - Staff operating equipment (such as excavators, MASC every new plan (capacity environment loaders, etc.) shall be adequately trained and environment employee building) al conduct43 sensitized to any potential hazards associated management with their task. specialist - No operator shall be permitted to operate critical items of mechanical equipment without having been trained by the contractor. - All employees must undergo safety training. Construction phase Trench width - During the preparation of the trenches, Contractor MASC Construction As work Construction excavation allowance of 150 mm shall be made on each environment method progresses method side of the pipe. management statement - For 160 mm, the minimum trench excavation specialist Detailed design width shall be 460 mm, and 525 mm for the 225- documents mm diameter pipe. - For the interconnections, a wider trench or “bell holes” shall be required to be within the minimum allowable size without sacrificing the quality of work. - For rock and concrete breaking, use non- explosive blasting chemicals, silent rock cracking chemicals, and concrete breaking chemicals. - The excavated earth shall always be dumped on the side opposite the carriageway as this will not restrict the vehicular movement on the carriageway and not create bottlenecks on the roadway. - In the event excavated trenches are to be kept open overnight, lights, high visibility warning signs, and barricades shall be provided.44

43 These points need to be made clear to all staff on-site before the project begins. 44 Layout of traffic control devices, number of traffic signs, traffic cones, barricade boards, and lighting requirement should follow the Manual on Traffic Control Devices, Second Edition, 2007 by Ministry of Highways and Road Development and Road Development Authority.

Table 12: Environmental Mitigation Measures Action Plan Responsible Responsible Parameter to Frequency of Guidelines/ Parameter Mitigation Measures for for Monitoring Monitor Monitoring Standards Implementation Hauling of - The contractor shall haul away all excavated Contractor MASC Construction As work Construction excavated materials from the excavation site and deposited environment method progresses method materials in an area designated by NWSDB. management statement - The stockpile shall be processed where it is specialist Detailed design deposited so that it can be brought back to the documents trenches as selected filling material. - Hauling vehicles must always be present at the excavation site. Closure of - Excavation, pipe-laying, installation of service Contractor MASC Construction As work Construction areas connections, installation of valves and hydrants, environment method progresses method interconnection with existing pipelines, hydro- management statement and testing, backfilling, and pavement restoration specialist inventory Detailed design shall be completed within 24 hours. documents - The contractor must maintain all the materials necessary in his inventory so that these can be Zero complaints easily hauled to the construction site when from community needed. Reuse of - The contractor can process the excavated Contractor MASC Construction As work Construction excavated materials at the disposal site and use these as environment method progresses method materials selected backfill materials. management statement specialist Detailed design documents Equipment - The contractor shall use small mechanical Contractor MASC Construction As work Construction excavators in areas where there are few utilities environment method progresses method buried under the ground as verified from the management statement results of the GIS mapping.45 specialist Detailed design - The excavator shall be immediately followed by documents skilled workers who will trim and clean the trenches to proper size and depth as required in the plan. They shall see to it that the trenches are ready for pipe installation as soon as they move away from them.

Access - The contractor shall make available in his stock Contractor MASC Construction As work Construction steel plates and wooden planks which will be environment method progresses method deployed on top of trench excavation to provide management statement and temporary access to building carport and specialist and inventory Detailed design

45 Included as Output 4 of the project.

Table 12: Environmental Mitigation Measures Action Plan Responsible Responsible Parameter to Frequency of Guidelines/ Parameter Mitigation Measures for for Monitoring Monitor Monitoring Standards Implementation garages, street crossings, and other areas resettlement number of documents where these will be necessary. specialist warning signs - Advance road signage indicating the road and baricades Zero complaints detour and alternative routes. Provide sign from community boards for pedestrians to inform them of nature and duration of construction works and contact numbers for concerns/ complaints. - Expedite works in front of businesses with increased manpower to limit time of disruption. Occupatio- - Employ workers with adequate experience, Contractor MASC Occupational As work Construction nal health training, and know-how. environment health and progresses method and safety - These workers shall be led by an experienced management safety plan supervisor or engineer, who will provide the specialist Detailed design leadership in daily activities. Number of documents - A general regard for the social and ecological accidents and wellbeing of the site and adjacent areas is work-related Zero accident expected of the site staff. Workers need to be injuries and work-related made aware of the following general rules: (i) no injuries alcohol/drugs on-site; (ii) prevent excessive Complaints from noise; (iii) construction staff are to make use of community Zero complaints the facilities provided for them, as opposed to ad from community hoc alternatives (e.g. fires for cooking, the use of and workers surrounding bushes as a toilet facility); (iv) no fires permitted on-site except if needed for the construction works; (v) trespassing on private/commercial properties adjoining the site is forbidden; (vi) other than pre-approved security staff, no workers shall be permitted to live on the construction site; and (vii) no worker may be forced to do work that is potentially dangerous or that he/she is not trained to do. - The contractor must monitor the performance of construction workers to ensure that the points relayed during their induction have been properly understood and are being followed. If necessary, the EE and/or a translator shall be called to the site to further explain aspects of environmental or social behavior that are unclear. - The rules that are explained in the worker conduct section must be followed at all times.

Table 12: Environmental Mitigation Measures Action Plan Responsible Responsible Parameter to Frequency of Guidelines/ Parameter Mitigation Measures for for Monitoring Monitor Monitoring Standards Implementation Community - Storage facilities and other temporary Contractor in MASC Complaints from As work Zero complaints and public structures on-site shall be located, such that they coordination environment community progresses from community awareness have as little visual impact on local residents as with the NGO (in management and workers possible. tenement specialist and Activities based - Special attention shall be given to the garden) and resettlement on the screening of highly reflective materials on-site. media contractor specialist communication - In areas where the visual environment is and participation particularly important (e.g. along commercial/ strategy tourism routes) or privacy concerns for surrounding buildings exist, the site may require screening. This could be in the form of shade cloth, temporary walls, or other suitable materials prior to the beginning of construction. Construction - The contractor is to ensure that open areas or Contractor MASC Approved Monthly Approved camps and the surrounding bushes are not being used as environment location plan location plan storage toilet facility. management areas - The contractor shall ensure that all litter is specialist Complaints from Zero complaints collected from the work and camp areas daily. community from community - Bins and/or skips shall be emptied regularly and workers and waste shall be disposed of at the pre- approved site. Waybills for all such disposals are to be kept by the contractor for review by the environment management specialist. - The contractor shall ensure the material safety data sheets of chemicals are posted in conspicuous areas. - The contractor shall ensure that his camp and working areas are kept clean and tidy at all times. Dust and air - Vehicles travelling to and from the construction Contractor MASC Vehicle As work No visible pollution site must adhere to speed limits so as to avoid environment emission testing progresses increase in dust producing excessive dust. management records and particulate - Access and other cleared surfaces, including specialist matters backfilled trenches, must be dampened Complaints from whenever possible and especially in dry and community Zero complaints windy conditions to avoid excessive dust. from community - Vehicles and machinery are to be kept in good working order and to meet manufacturer’s specifications for safety, fuel consumption, etc. - The contractor is to have the equipment seen

Table 12: Environmental Mitigation Measures Action Plan Responsible Responsible Parameter to Frequency of Guidelines/ Parameter Mitigation Measures for for Monitoring Monitor Monitoring Standards Implementation to as soon as possible should excessive emissions be observed. Water - Every effort shall be made to ensure that any Contractor MASC Complaints from As work No visible quality46 chemicals or hazardous substances do not environment community progresses increase in contaminate the soil or water on site. management water pollution - Care must be taken to ensure that runoff from specialist Waste disposal due to the vehicle or plant washing does not enter the manifest/record project surface/ground water. - Site staff shall not be permitted to use any Zero complaints stream, river, other open water body, or natural from community water source adjacent to or within the designated site for the purposes of bathing, washing of clothing, or for any construction or related activities. Municipal water (or another source approved by the environment management specialist) shall instead be used for all activities such as washing of equipment or disposal of any type of waste, dust suppression, concrete mixing, compacting etc. - All concrete mixing must take place on a designated, impermeable surface. - No vehicles transporting concrete to the site may be washed on-site. - No vehicles transporting, placing, or compacting asphalt or any other bituminous product may be washed on site. - All substances required for vehicle maintenance and repair must be stored in sealed containers until they can be disposed of/ removed from the site. - Hazardous substances/materials are to be transported in sealed containers or bags. Noise levels - Noise-generating equipment must be fitted with Contractor MASC Complaints form As work National silencers. As much as possible, use noise environment community progresses Environmental buffering equipment. management (Noise Control) - Maximum permissible noise levels in silent specialist Noise level Regulations No.

46 Water quality is affected by the incorrect handling of substances and materials. Soil erosion and sediment are also detrimental to water quality. Mismanagement of polluted runoff from vehicle and plant washing and wind dispersal of dry materials into rivers and watercourses are detrimental to water quality.

Table 12: Environmental Mitigation Measures Action Plan Responsible Responsible Parameter to Frequency of Guidelines/ Parameter Mitigation Measures for for Monitoring Monitor Monitoring Standards Implementation zones47 must be less than or equal to 50 Leq T48 monitoring 1, 1996 during daytime and 45 Leq T during nighttime. record - Maximum permissible noise levels for construction activities must be less than or equal to 75 Leq T during daytime and 50 Leq T during nighttime. - For noise sensitive areas (silent zones) in which background noise level exceeds or is marginal to the given level, there must be no increase of +3 dB(A) from the measured background level. - For mixed residential or commercial areas in which the background noise level exceeds or is marginal to the given level, there must be no increase of +5 dB(A) from the measured background level during daytime and +3 dB(A) from the measured background level during nighttime. - If a worker is exposed to noise above a noise exposure limit, the contractor must investigate options for engineered noise control such as using low-noise excavators, jackhammers, drills, and power generators. - If it is not practicable to reduce noise levels to or below noise exposure limits, the contractor must post warning signs in the noise hazard areas. Workers in a posted noise hazard area must wear hearing protection. - Use non-explosive blasting chemicals, silent rock cracking chemicals, and concrete breaking chemicals. Utilities - Obtain the list of affected utilities and operators Contractor MASC Number of As work No disrupted from MASC and confirm during existing utilities environment affected utilities progresses service survey, management - Prepare a contingency plan to include actions specialist Length of time to Before 5 a.m. or

47 National Environmental (Noise Control) Regulations No. 1, 1996 defines a silent zone as area covered by a distance of 100 m from the boundary of a courthouse, hospital, public library, school, zoo, sacred area, and areas set apart for recreation or environmental purposes. 48 Leq T means the equivalent continuous, A-weighted sound pressure determined over a time interval T (in decibels).

Table 12: Environmental Mitigation Measures Action Plan Responsible Responsible Parameter to Frequency of Guidelines/ Parameter Mitigation Measures for for Monitoring Monitor Monitoring Standards Implementation to be done in case of unintentional interruption of restore completion of services. disrupted works - Water supply must be provided to affected services people if disruption will be more than 24 hours. Waste - Wastes must be placed in the designated Contractor MASC Complaints from As work No dumped manage- skips/bins which must be regularly emptied. environment community progresses wastes and litter ment These shall remain within demarcated areas and management at work sites at shall be designed to prevent wastes from being specialist Waste disposal all times blown out by wind. manifest/record - Littering on-site is forbidden, and the site shall Zero complaints be cleared of litter at the end of each working from community day/night period. - Recycling is to be encouraged by providing separate receptacles for different types of wastes, and making sure that staff is aware of their uses. - All waste must be removed from the site and transported to a disposal site or as directed by the environment management specialist. Waybills proving disposal at each site shall be provided for the environment management specialist’s inspection. - Construction rubble shall be disposed of in pre- agreed, demarcated spoil dumps that have been approved by the environment management specialist, or at disposal sites. Conserva- - As the work front progresses, the contractor is Contractor MASC Permit for tree- As required Only allowed tion of to check that vegetation clearing has the prior environment cutting trees to be natural permission of the environment management management cleared environment specialist. specialist - Only trees that have been marked beforehand are to be removed, if cutting of trees is required. Community - Contractor’s activities and movement of staff to Contractor MASC Complaints from As work Zero compliant health and be restricted to designated construction areas environment community progresses from community safety - Should the construction staff be approached by management members of the public or other stakeholders, the specialist Notification to staff shall assist them in locating the affected persons environment management specialist or 1 week and 24 contractor, or provide a number by which they hours prior to may contact the environment management start of

Table 12: Environmental Mitigation Measures Action Plan Responsible Responsible Parameter to Frequency of Guidelines/ Parameter Mitigation Measures for for Monitoring Monitor Monitoring Standards Implementation specialist or contractor. excavation - The conduct of the construction staff when dealing with the public or other stakeholders shall be in a manner that is polite and courteous at all times. Failure to adhere to this requirement may result in the removal of staff from the site by the environment management specialist. - Disruption of access for local residents, commercial establishments, institutions, etc. must be minimized and must have the environment management specialist’s permission. - Provide walkways and metal sheets where required to maintain access for people and vehicles. - Consult businesses and institutions regarding operating hours, and factor this in work schedules. - The contractor is to inform neighbors in writing of disruptive activities at least 24 hours beforehand. This can take place by way of leaflets placed in the postboxes giving the environment management specialist’s and contractor’s details or other method approved by the environment management specialist. Provide signboards for pedestrians to inform them of nature and duration of construction works and contact numbers for concerns/complaints. - The contractor will ensure that there is provision of alternate access to business establishments during the construction so that there is no closure of these shops or any loss of clientele. - The contractor will ensure that any damage to properties and utilities will be restored or compensated to pre-work conditions. - Lighting on the construction site shall be pointed downwards and away from oncoming traffic and nearby houses. - The site must be kept clean to minimize the

Table 12: Environmental Mitigation Measures Action Plan Responsible Responsible Parameter to Frequency of Guidelines/ Parameter Mitigation Measures for for Monitoring Monitor Monitoring Standards Implementation visual impact of the site. - If screening is being used, this must be moved and re-erected as the work front progresses. - Machinery and vehicles are to be kept in good working order for the duration of the project to minimize noise nuisance to neighbors. - Notice of particularly noisy activities must be given to residents/businesses adjacent to the construction site. Examples of these include noise generated by jackhammers, diesel generator sets, excavators, etc. - Noisy activities must be restricted to the times given in the project specification or general conditions of contract. - The environment management specialist and contractor are responsible for ongoing communication with those people interested in/ affected by the project. - Contact information of PMU, MASC, and contractor shall be posted visibly at each construction site. - A complaints register (refer to the grievance redressal mechanism) shall be housed at the site office. This shall be in carbon copy format, with numbered pages. Any missing pages must be accounted for by the contractor. This summary of the register shall be included in the monthly report to be submitted by the contractor to MASC. - Interested and affected parties’ need to be made aware of the existence of the complaints book and the methods of communication available to them. - The contractor must address queries and complaints by: (i) documenting details of such communications; (ii) submitting these for inclusion in complaints register; (iii) bringing issues to environment management specialist’s attention immediately; and (iv) taking remedial action as per environment management

Table 12: Environmental Mitigation Measures Action Plan Responsible Responsible Parameter to Frequency of Guidelines/ Parameter Mitigation Measures for for Monitoring Monitor Monitoring Standards Implementation specialist’s instruction. - The contractor shall immediately take the necessary remedial action on any complaint/grievance received by him and forward the details of the grievance, along with the action taken, to the environment management specialist within 48 hours of receipt of such complaint/grievance. Cultural and - All the staff and laborers of the contractor be Contractor MASC Chance finds As necessary All chance finds historical informed about the possible items of historical or environment shall be reported environment archaeological value, which include old stone management and turned over foundations, tools, clayware, jewelry, remains, specialist to the fossils, etc. Department of - If something of this nature is uncovered, the Archaeology. Department of Archaeology shall be contacted and work shall be stopped immediately. Safeguards - The contractor shall appoint one environment Contractor MASC Hiring and As work Continuous work supervisors safeguard supervisor and one resettlement environment actual work progresses output and supervisor who will be responsible for assisting management reporting contractors in implementation of EMP, specialist and records coordinating with the MASC environment resettlement management specialist and resettlement specialist specialist, community liaison, consultations with interested/affected parties, reporting, and grievance redressal on a day-to-day basis. Post-construction phase (prior to turnover to NWSDB) Access - All excavated roads shall be reinstated to Contractor MASC Road conditions Prior to turn- Pre-existing original or better condition. environment over conditions management specialist Utilities and - All disrupted utilities restored Contractor MASC All affected Immediately All disrupted other - All affected structures environment utilities after civil works services existing rehabilitated/compensated management restored infrastruc- specialist ture Construction - After construction work, all structures Contractor MASC General Prior to end of Pre-existing camps and comprising the construction camp are to be environment condition of the construction condition storage removed from site or handed over to the management areas period/demobiliz areas property owner/community as per mutual specialist ation agreement (if established on private/community

Table 12: Environmental Mitigation Measures Action Plan Responsible Responsible Parameter to Frequency of Guidelines/ Parameter Mitigation Measures for for Monitoring Monitor Monitoring Standards Implementation land). - The area that previously housed the construction camp is to be checked for spills of substances such as oil, paint, etc. and these shall be cleaned up. - All hardened surfaces within the construction camp area shall be ripped, all imported materials removed, and the area shall be topsoiled and regrassed using the guidelines set out in the revegetation specification that forms part of this document. - The contractor must arrange the cancellation of all temporary services. Waste - All wastes shall be removed from the site and Contractor MASC General Prior to end of Pre-existing manage- transported to a disposal site or as directed by environment condition of the construction condition ment the environment management specialist. management areas period/demobiliz Waybills proving disposal at each site shall be specialist ation provided for the environment management specialist’s inspection. Operation and maintenance phase Detection - Leak repair work will be similar to the pipe- NWSDB NWSDB Number of As part of Standards set and repair of laying work as earlier explained. Trenches will reported leaks operations and by NWSDB leaks and be dug to reveal the leaking area and the faulty and replacement maintenance of pipe bursts connection will be refitted, or the pipe will be NRW the improved removed and replaced if necessary. system - Although impact is likely to be minimal due to new and well-designed, efficient system, it must be ensured that leak detection and restoration time is minimized to the extent possible.

D. Reporting

122. The MASC will submit monthly monitoring reports to PMU, and the PMU will send semiannual monitoring reports to ADB. ADB will post the environmental monitoring reports on its website. The format of the monthly report is given in Appendix 6.

E. Environmental Costs

123. The contractor’s cost for site establishment, preliminary activities, construction, defect liability activities, and environmental mitigation measures related to EMP implementation during planning, design, and construction will be incorporated into the contractual agreements and engineers costs, which will be binding on him for implementation. The survey will be conducted by the contractor.

124. The operation phase mitigation measures are again of good operating practices, which will be the responsibility of the implementing agency (NWSDB). All monitoring during the operation and maintenance phase will be conducted by NWSDB; therefore, there are no additional costs.

125. The activities identified in the EMP mainly include site inspections and informal discussions with workers and local community, and this will be the responsibility of PMU with the assistance of MASC, costs of which are part of project management.

126. Table 13 presents the estimated cost to implement the EMP.

Table 13: Indicative Cost for EMP Implementation Cost per Unit Cost Component Description Number Source of Funds (USD) (USD) Legislation, permits, and Permit for excavation, permit from As required Not Applicable Not Applicable These consents are to agreements Coast Conservation Department, permit be obtained by from Geological Survey and Mines contractor at his own Bureau, excavation permit from the expense. Minister of Cultural and Religions Affairs, written consent from the Central Environment Authority, tree-cutting permits, permit for use of non- explosive/chemical blasting for rock breaking (excavation permit to be obtained from (i) Department of Archaeologyfor excavation works of more than 500 m in length; (ii) police office; (iii) Road Development Authority (RDA) for excavation of roads belonging to RDA; and (iv) CMC for excavation of roads belonging to CMC) Public consultations and Information disclosure and As per requirement Lump sum $150,000 Covered under MASC information disclosure consultations during preconstruction contract, NGO, and and construction phase, including public media packages awareness campaign through media Capacity building (i) Orientation workshop for the MWSD Three modules, 1 $500 per module $3,000 Covered under MASC and NWSDB officials involved in the day per module per tranche contract project implementation on ADB Safeguards Policy Statement, Sri Lankan Environmental Laws and Regulations, and environmental assessment process; (ii) induction course for the training of contractors, preparing them on EMP implementation and environmental monitoring requirements related to mitigation measures; and taking immediate actions to remedy unexpected adverse impacts or ineffective mitigation measures found during the course of implementation; and (iii) Lessons learned information sharing Providing access to Providing access, in case of access As per requirement Contractor’s Not applicable Covered under commercial establishments disruptions, to affected properties liability engineering design and properties and cost – contractor

Cost per Unit Cost Component Description Number Source of Funds (USD) (USD) Dust suppression at work Application of dust suppression As required Contractor’s $5,000 Covered under sites measures during construction phase liability engineering design and cost – contractor Traffic management Safety signboards, delineators, traffic Wherever required Contractor’s Not applicable Covered under regulation equipments, flagmen, throughout the liability engineering design temporary diversions, etc. project corridor and cost – contractor Baseline monitoring for Once before start of construction works Two samples $100 per sample $200 for each Covered under noise at specified corridor per work day (daytime and work area per engineering design nighttime) per work start of excavation and cost – contractor day

Construction monitoring for Ongoing at two locations near pipe Portable noise Contractor’s Not applicable Covered under noise replacement corridors meters liability engineering design and cost – contractor Surveys Ongoing before start of construction Lump sum Contractor’s $5,000 Covered under work along pipe replacement corridors liability engineering design and cost – contractor Any unanticipated impact Mitigation of any unanticipated impact Lump sum Contractor’s As per insurance Covered under due to project arising during construction phase and liability requirement engineering design implementation defect liability period and cost – contractor’s insurance

IX. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

127. The process described in this document has assessed the environmental impacts of all elements of the project in Colombo City. All potential impacts were identified in relation to preconstruction, construction, and operation phases.

128. Planning principles and design considerations have been reviewed and incorporated into the site planning process whenever possible; thus, environmental impacts as being due to the project design or location were not significant. However, social impacts due to construction activities are unavoidable, as the residential and commercial establishments exist along the project corridor. A resettlement plan has been developed in accordance with ADB SPS 2009 and Sri Lankan laws and regulations.

129. Anticipated impacts during the construction period include (i) temporary disruption of services during realignment of existing utilities along the corridor; (ii) temporary closure of roads for laying of pipelines; (iii) interference with accesses to properties and businesses due to construction works; (iv) risk of accidents associated with vehicular traffic and transport of materials; (v) increased volume of construction vehicles on the roads that may lead to increased wear and tear of roads in the vicinity of the project sites; and (vi) exposure to increased noise, dust, vibrations, hazardous chemicals (oils and lubricants), and waste materials. The EMP will assist the PMU, MASC, and contractors in mitigating the environmental impacts, and guide them in the environmentally sound execution of the proposed project. The EMP will also ensure efficient lines of communication between the implementing agency, project management unit, and contractors.

130. Anticipated impacts during operation and maintenance will be related to detection and repair of leaks and pipe bursts. These are, however, likely to be minimal, as proper design and selection of good quality pipe material shall mean that leaks are minimal. Leak repair work will be similar to the pipe-laying work.

131. The public participation processes undertaken during project design ensured stakeholders are engaged during the preparation of the IEE. The planned information disclosure measures and process for carrying out consultation with affected people will facilitate their participation during project implementation.

132. The project’s grievance redressal mechanism will provide the citizens with a platform for redressal of their grievances, and describes the informal and formal channels, time frame, and mechanisms for resolving complaints about environmental performance.

133. A copy of the EMP shall be kept on-site during the construction period at all times. The EMP shall be made binding on all contractors operating on the site, and will be included in the contractual clauses. Non-compliance with, or any deviation from, the conditions set out in this document shall constitute a failure in compliance.

134. The project will benefit the general public by contributing to the long-term improvement of water supply system and community livability in Colombo City. The potential adverse environmental impacts are mainly related to the construction period, which can be minimized by the mitigating measures and environmentally sound engineering and construction practices.

135. Therefore the proposed project is unlikely to cause significant adverse impacts. The potential impacts that are associated with design, construction and operation can be mitigated

61 to standard levels without difficulty through proper engineering design and the incorporation or application of recommended mitigation measures and procedures. Based on the findings of the IEE, there are no significant impacts and the classification of the subproject as Category “B” is confirmed. No further special study or detailed environmental impact assessment (EIA) needs to be undertaken to comply with ADB SPS, 2009 or Sri Lankan EIA National Environmental Act and its amendments.

62 Appendix 1

APPENDIX 1: ADB REA CHECKLIST

Screening Questions Yes No Remarks A. Project siting Is the project area… • Densely populated?  The population distribution shows that the project area is not densely populated. • Heavy with development activities?  Adjacent to or within any environmentally sensitive Towns east of Colombo District water areas? supply project components are not within or near sensitive/valuable ecosystems. • Cultural heritage site  • Protected area  • Wetland  • Mangrove  • Estuarine  • Buffer zone of protected area  • Special area for protecting biodiversity  • Bay  B. Potential environmental impacts Will the project cause… • Pollution of raw water supply from  The sources available to supply water to the upstream wastewater discharge from communities, proposed area are Labugama and industries, agriculture, and soil erosion runoff? Kalatuwawa impounded reservoirs of Wak Oya in the Kelani basin. Water is treated at Labugama water treatment plant. The existing environmental condition of the water sources is good. Soil erosion runoff draining towards the water source is insignificant. • Impairment of historical/cultural  Not applicable monuments/areas and loss/damage to these sites? • Hazard of land subsidence caused by  Not applicable excessive groundwater pumping? • Social conflicts arising from displacement  No displacement of communities is required of communities? in this project. • Conflicts in abstraction of raw water for  Water quantity is sufficient and there is no water supply with other beneficial water uses for additional abstraction. surface and ground waters? • Unsatisfactory raw water supply (e.g.,  Raw water is being treated prior to excessive pathogens or mineral constituents)? distribution. Water quality of treated water complies with the Sri Lankan standards for drinking water. • Delivery of unsafe water to distribution  The project will provide treated water system? through new pipes to prevent leakages and contamination. • Inadequate protection of intake works or  The intake/reservoirs are secured and wells, leading to pollution of water supply? accessible only to authorized persons. It is regularly monitored by NWSDB to ensure only treated and unpolluted water are distributed. • Overpumping of groundwater, leading to  Not applicable salinization and ground subsidence? • Excessive algal growth in storage  Not anticipated. The storage reservoirs are reservoir? fully enclosed structures. In addition, treated water will only be stored for a short period of time. • Increase in production of sewage beyond  Sewerage system improvements will be capabilities of community facilities? undertaken by the respective municipal councils. Projects 3 and 4 of the investment

Appendix 1 63

Screening Questions Yes No Remarks program include wastewater management improvement components. • Inadequate disposal of sludge from water  Not applicable treatment plants? • Inadequate buffer zone around pumping  Not applicable and treatment plants to alleviate noise and other possible nuisances and protect facilities? • Impairments associated with transmission  Anticipated during construction activities. lines and access roads? However, impacts are temporary and short in duration. The EMP includes measures to mitigate the impacts. • Health hazards arising from inadequate  Not applicable design of facilities for receiving, storing, and handling chlorine and other hazardous chemicals? • Health and safety hazards to workers from  Personal protective equipment will be handling and management of chlorine used for provided to workers. Regular training will disinfection, other contaminants, and biological and also be conducted to ensure that workers physical hazards during project construction and are aware of the health hazards of working operation? in excavation and construction sites. • Dislocation or involuntary resettlement of  No displacement of communities is required people? in this project. • Disproportionate impacts on the poor,  Not applicable women and children, indigenous peoples, or other vulnerable groups? • Noise and dust from construction  Anticipated during construction activities. activities? However, impacts are temporary and short in duration. The EMP includes measures to mitigate the impacts. • Increased road traffic due to interference  Anticipated during construction activities. of construction activities? However, impacts are temporary and short in duration. The EMP ensures measures are included to mitigate the impacts. Construction contractors will be required to coordinate with the local traffic police. • Continuing soil erosion/silt runoff from  Not anticipated, as topography of Colombo construction operations? is plain. However, the EMP still includes measures to mitigate the impacts. Construction contractors will be required to include channelization where required. • Delivery of unsafe water due to poor O and  Not anticipated M treatment processes (especially mud accumulations in filters) and inadequate chlorination due to lack of adequate monitoring of chlorine residuals in distribution systems? • Delivery of water to distribution system,  Not anticipated. Water quality is being which is corrosive due to inadequate attention to regularly monitored by NWSDB. feeding of corrective chemicals? • Accidental leakage of chlorine gas?  Not anticipated • Excessive abstraction of water affecting  Not anticipated. Water quantity is sufficient downstream water users? and there is no additional abstraction. • Competing uses of water?  Not anticipated • Increased sewage flow due to increased  Sewerage system improvement will be water supply? undertaken by respective municipal councils. • Increased volume of sullage (wastewater  Sewerage system improvement will be from cooking and washing) and sludge from undertaken by municipal councils. wastewater treatment plant? • Large population influx during project  Improved water supply management construction and operation that causes increased systems through capacity building and

64 Appendix 1

Screening Questions Yes No Remarks burden on social infrastructure and services (such institutional development will ensure as water supply and sanitation systems)? reduced burden on services and infrastructure. • Social conflicts if workers from other  Priority in employment will be given to local regions or countries are hired? residents. • Risks to community health and safety due  Not applicable. Trenching will be done to the transport, storage, and use and/or disposal of manually. Construction will not involve use materials such as explosives, fuel, and other of explosives. For concrete breaking, chemicals during operation and construction? contractors will be required to use non- explosive blasting chemicals, silent rock cracking chemicals, and concrete breaking chemicals. These products come in powder form, and once mixed with water (being the catalyst), simply expand and crack the rock/concrete from hole to hole. Chemical material safety data sheets will be posted in conspicuous areas. The EMP ensures measures are included for the storage areas. • Community safety risks due to both  Operational area will be clearly demarcated accidental and natural hazards, especially where and access will be controlled. Only workers the structural elements or components of the project and project concerned members will be are accessible to members of the affected allowed to visit the operational sites. community, or where their failure could result in injury to the community throughout project construction, operation, and decommissioning?

Climate Change and Disaster Risk Questions Yes No Remarks The following questions are not for environmental categorization. They are included in this checklist to help identify potential climate and disaster risks. • Is the project area subject to hazards such  Environmental factors like lithology, regolithic as earthquakes, floods, landslides, tropical cyclone characteristics have very limited or no influence winds, storm surges, tsunami, volcanic eruptions, on the foundation, which are already found to be and climate changes (see Appendix I)? suitable, and the area is free from landslide problems. Any proposed facility will require compliance with government rules for seismic design. • Could changes in temperature,  precipitation, or extreme events patterns over the Project lifespan affect technical or financial sustainability (e.g., increased extreme rainfall increases flooding, damaging proposed infrastructure)? • Are there any demographic or socio-  Proposed project will not impact any marginalized economic aspects of the Project area that are population, rural-urban migrants, illegal already vulnerable (e.g., high incidence of settlement, etc. marginalized populations, rural-urban migrants, illegal settlements, ethnic minorities, women or children)? • Could the Project potentially increase the  climate or disaster vulnerability of the surrounding area (e.g., by paving vulnerable groundwater recharge areas, or using water from a vulnerable source that is relied upon by many user groups, or encouraging settlement in earthquake zones)?

Appendix 2 65

APPENDIX 2: Maps of Towns East of Colombo Water Supply Project

A. Proposed Project Area

66 Appendix 2

B. Showing Ecologically Sensitive Areas near the Project Area

Note: Pipe alignments will not pass through forest and proposed reserves. The site for the ground reservoir and buildings are not within or near these forest and proposed reserves.

Appendix 2 67

C. Showing Historically and Aestetically Important Sites near the Project Area

Note: Pipe alignments will not pass through, the locations of the ground reservoir and office buildings are not within or near these historically and aesthetically important sites.

68 Appendix 3

APPENDIX 3: RECORDS OF PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS

A. Summary of Public Consultations and Focus Group Discussions – Towns East Of Colombo Specific concerns of Overall Key people who Suggestions No. of concerns Willingness to safeguards are presently from people S.No. Town Area Date Venue participants expressed participate in issues dependent for the & gender related to project discussed on non- project project NWSDB sources 01 Hanwella 26.01.2013 Grama M= 3 The previous People have The ground The People will Niladhari F= 9 pipe lines might no objections water table is respondents support for the Office, T= 12 be laid on the for the project fluctuating said that project by Hanwella centre of the as it is for the with the water there is a giving their road and improvement level of the abandoned assistance and excavation of of quality of river and water tower tolerating the road in day life. there are in Hanwella temporary time would There is no some periods town and if inconveniences cause for heavy issue regarding that people that place caused due to traffic existing water cannot can make the congestion in supply in terms depend on utilize, then it improvement. the town area. of pressure the ground would be a This might affect and the quality water supply. optimal use for the but they Hence the of resources community life mentioned that reliability of that are and hence, if in Mondays the community available. the major works water smells based water Take the are carry out in more chlorine supply alignment as non-peak hours and the water schemes is much as that would gives get mud color not adequate towards the some sort of after a repair in in this interior form relief for this the water context. the River problem. supply line. band. Proper There are no damage convenient recovery for alternative the roads. roads for closure of the Low level Road and hence, above action is very much

Appendix 3 69

During the construction period it should take measures to make sure that the line has no any leakage, since a leakage might lead to erosion of the River banks where the road is close proximity to the river edge.

There are places that the drainages are stagnated due to the water supply pipes and caused for flash flood in those areas (i.e.: Bataeliya – Hali Ela Culvert) 02 Jalthara 27.01.2013 A participants M= 5 There are no There are no The existing The Jalthara Community House, F= 1 roads that are considerable community Main road is support for the Welipillewa T= 6 less than 10 ft sensitive areas based water only before project can be and No areas or supply 7.30 AM and easily obtained. that are archeologically schemes are after 5.00 People like to susceptible for important sites not PM, hence give security the natural that might successful the and spaces for disasters such affect due to since the contraction the

70 Appendix 3

Specific concerns of Overall Key people who Suggestions No. of concerns Willingness to safeguards are presently from people S.No. Town Area Date Venue participants expressed participate in issues dependent for the & gender related to project discussed on non- project project NWSDB sources as landslides. the water sources works can be construction construction are not carried out materials. works of the reliable during the water supply throughout day time. distribution the year. line. There are People were problems not aware pertaining to about the maintenance, project, but pressure, and they are much quality of the willing to water. support for the project and even they would like to give their land sides to lay pipes. 03 Jayaweeragoda 27.01.2013 Sri Samadi Pre- M= 6 There are no The people The The new pipe The labour school, F= 0 disaster prone pointed out the community laying should support for the Jayaweeragoda T= 6 areas or necessity of based water not destruct project would archeologically such a project supply or disturb the be difficult in important areas to have a schemes are community this area. located close reliable and not reliable all based water People willing proximity to the continuous the time. supply pipe to support for road side. water supply. Through the network. the project by People are not community information It should be aware about based water dissemination. given the project supply consideration previously but schemes, it when pipes are they regarded cannot give lying across the this as a time the water culvers since needs to supply the pipe might improve the connections block the social well match with culvert. being of the the demand.

Appendix 3 71

Specific concerns of Overall Key people who Suggestions No. of concerns Willingness to safeguards are presently from people S.No. Town Area Date Venue participants expressed participate in issues dependent for the & gender related to project discussed on non- project project NWSDB sources community. Water supply has to limit in certain time periods for specific uses only. 04 Kaluaggala 27.01.2013 Kaluaggala M= 10 Kahatapitiya The The existing People asked People, will Temple F= 10 road and other respondents community to include give their T= 20 secondary road willing to start water supply Gira Imbula maximum are not carpeted the project project would GND to the support to this due to this from this area be failed in project that proposed project and if and they would next five suffers with project is to the project like to engage years due to water supply. cater for their implements in in the project the change of burning need. this area activities in a ground water immediately/ way other table. soon, then the areas follow. There is no other reliable water developments in supply during the area can be dry season enjoyed without and the water any disturbance. supply is only available There is no during 6.00 environmentally AM to 6.00 sensitive areas PM. or The existing archeologically water supply important sites has the which are problems located close regarding proximity to the color and road way. taste and this is a indicator for the quality of the water supply.

72 Appendix 3

Specific concerns of Overall Key people who Suggestions No. of concerns Willingness to safeguards are presently from people S.No. Town Area Date Venue participants expressed participate in issues dependent for the & gender related to project discussed on non- project project NWSDB sources 05 Kahahena 25.01.2013 Kahahena M= 3 There are areas Improve the There are Disturbances People are Temple F= 17 that take low pressure areas that or destruction willing to T= 20 undulating due to the suffer with the to the participate for terrain, and lower elevation water supply community the project by hence it is need of existing since those based water information to make sure water tank of areas are supply dissemination. the excavation NWSDB in located higher schemes that works are Kahahena. elevations are carried out with and water functioning in proper technical supply the area methods. network should be cannot cater taken place. There are no with a Commence identified adequate the Resettlement pressure. construction and land Existing before the acquisitions due community road to the particular based water construction proposed supply in the area is project. schemes are started. unable to give water supply connection match with the demand. 06 Godagama 28.01.2013 A participants M= 7 There are no People pointed The existing Disturbances Community House, F= 1 identified out that this community or destruction support for the Godagama T= 8 Resettlement project is the based water to the project can be and land most needed supply community easily obtained. acquisitions due project for the schemes are based water People like to to the particular area, as this not supply give security proposed caters for the successful schemes that and spaces for project. main problem since the are the of the area. water sources functioning in construction During the are not the area materials. constriction reliable should be works throughout taken place.

Appendix 3 73

74 Appendix 3

B. Attendence Sheets of Public Consultations and Focus Group Discussions – Towns East Of Colombo

Appendix 3 75

76 Appendix 3

Appendix 3 77

78 Appendix 3

Appendix 3 79

80 Appendix 4

APPENDIX 4: SAMPLE GRIEVANCE REDRESS FORM

(To be made available in Sinhala, Tamil, and English)

The ______Project welcomes complaints, suggestions, queries, and comments regarding project implementation. We encourage persons with grievance to provide their name and contact information to enable us to get in touch with you for clarification and feedback. Should you choose to include your personal details but want that information to remain confidential, please inform us by writing/typing *(CONFIDENTIAL)* above your name. Thank you.

Date Place of Registration

Contact Information/Personal Details Name Gender * Male Age * Female Home Address Place Phone no. E-mail Complaint/Suggestion/Comment/Question Please provide the details (who, what, where, and how) of your grievance below:

If included as attachment/note/letter, please tick here: How do you want us to reach you for feedback or update on your comment/grievance?

FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Registered by: (Name of Official registering grievance)

Mode of communication: Note/Letter E-mail Verbal/Telephonic Reviewed by: (Names/Positions of Officials Reviewing Grievance)

Action Taken:

Whether Action Taken Disclosed: Yes No Means of Disclosure:

Appendix 5 81

APPENDIX 5: OUTLINE TOR FOR ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT SPECIALIST (MASC)

The MASC environment management specialist will:

(i) organize an orientation workshop for the MWSD and NWSDB officials involved in the project implementation on ADB Safeguards Policy Statement, Sri Lankan environmental laws and regulations, and environmental assessment process;

(ii) organize an induction course for the training of contractors, preparing them on EMP implementation, environmental monitoring requirements related to mitigation measures, and taking immediate action to remedy unexpected adverse impacts or ineffective mitigation measures found during the course of implementation;

(iii) ensure design and location of works are selected according to the environmental criteria for project selection;

(iv) conduct rapid environmental assessment as per ADB REA checklist and submit to PMU;

(v) conduct environmental compliance audit of existing facilities as per Item F, Appendix 4 of ADB SPS, 2009;

(vi) prepare project IEEs and EMPs;

(vii) update the initial environmental examination (IEE) and environmental management plan (EMP) during detailed design stage;

(viii) Include the EMP in bidding documents and civil works contracts;

(ix) comply with all government rules and regulations regarding site and environmental clearances as well as any other environmental requirements (e.g., permit from Coast Conservation Department, permit from Geological Survey and Mines Bureau, excavation permit from Department of Archaeology, written consent from the Central Environment Authority, tree-cutting permits, use of non-explosive/chemical blasting agents for rock breaking, etc.), as relevant;

(x) oversee implementation of the EMP during construction, including environmental, health and safety monitoring of contractors;

(xi) coordinate with the MASC resettlement specialist, NGO, and media contractors on mitigation measures involving the community and affected persons;

(xii) take corrective actions when necessary to ensure no environmental impacts;

(xiii) review compliance reports by contractors and submit monthly environmental monitoring reports to the PMU; and

(xiv) address any grievances through the grievance redress mechanism in a timely manner as per the IEEs.

82 Appendix 6

APPENDIX 6: SUGGESTED OUTLINE FOR THE ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING REPORT

A. Component and Status of Implementation Package Physical Completion (%) Date of Award Expected Date of Completion

B. Environmental Permits and Status of Compliance/Approvals Conditions Provided in Particulars Date Obtained Compliance/Remarks the Permit

C. Field Visits, Ocular Inspections, and Trainings Conducted Date Site Visited Persons Met Remarks Field Visits/ Ocular Inspections

Date Location Nature of Training Participants

Training

D. Environmental Management Plan Implementation Compliance Particulars of Non- Actions Particulars (Yes/No) Compliance Required Prior to commencement of civil works (mitigation measure 1) (mitigation measure 2) (mitigation measure …)

Construction phase (mitigation measure 1) (mitigation measure 2) (mitigation measure …)

Occupational health and safety Social impacts Others

E. Grievance Redressal Date of Grievance Details Nature of Grievance Action taken

Appendix 6 83

F. Criticial Issues for Immediate Action and Recommendations Issues/Deviations for Immediate Action Corrective Actions to be taken

G. Status of Corrective Actions for Past Criticial Issues Issues/Deviations Reported for Corrective Actions Taken Remarks/Status Immediate Action

Period covered: from to

Prepared by:

Checked and verified by:

84 Appendix 7

APPENDIX 7: SUMMARY OF PROCEDURE FOR OBTAINING WRITTEN PERMISSION FROM DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY

Legislation Regulatory Agency Summary of Procedure Time Frame Under Section 47 read with Department of 1. Proponent to submit During feasibility stage Section 43(b) of Antiquities Archaeology (DA) application to DA (Amendment) Act No. 24 of 2. DA regional office to About 30 days 1998; Gazette Notification No. conduct preliminary 1152/14 dated 04 Oct 2000 observation and submit report to DA Item 4: To make excavations 3. (i) If there are no exceeding 500 meters in length antiquities according to for purposes of laying conduit the recommendation and pipes for drainage, water, gas, observation report, land electricity, and telephones will be released for the project. http://www.archaeology.gov.lk/ (ii) If the preliminary 30 days observation report has proposed to carry out an archaeological impact assessment survey, steps will be taken to conduct the survey, including scoping with other agencies. 4. DA to call for quotations and award contract for archaeological impact assessment (AIA) survey 5. Selected agency to 42 days conduct AIA survey and submit report to DA 6. DA to submit AIA About 30 days report to minister in charge of approval 7. DA to issue approval