“Two Women” Poem by an Anonymous Chilean Author

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WOMEN AS THE REFLECTION OF CLASS STRUGGLES IN THE “TWO WOMEN” POEM BY AN ANONYMOUS CHILEAN AUTHOR

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

By DYAS PUTRI WINAYU Student Number: 164214037

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA YOGYAKARTA 2020

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WOMEN AS THE REFLECTION OF CLASS STRUGGLES IN THE “TWO WOMEN” POEM BY AN ANONYMOUS CHILEAN AUTHOR

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

By DYAS PUTRI WINAYU Student Number: 164214037

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA YOGYAKARTA 2020

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Have faith in yourself and in the future.

—Ted Kennedy—

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For my beloved family who gives me a never-ending support

And my close friends who support me with the strength and encouragement.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I express my highest thanks to God, because of the blessings and abundance of grace He gave me, I was able to complete my thesis. I also thank myself for having dared to always step foot in the face of fear and to this extent. I also offer my deepest gratitude to my thesis advisor, Sri Mulyani, Ph.D who has guided me so far with great patience until the completion of this thesis. Not to forget, I also thank my co-advisor, Drs. Hirmawan Wijanarka, M.Hum. who has corrected and improved my thesis.

Next, I want to thank my support system. My parents who have been patiently loyal and always support me. For my brother, who always makes me laugh because of his jokes. Martinus Danang, thank you for being there for me, who believes and gives me strength in my tough moment. Also to my fellow classmates who have fought together, Neta, Julia, and Ayu. For my high school girl gang

Afifah, Asha, Bella, Maria, and Tina thank you for giving me such a wonderful bond in friendship. Last, I would thank the countless others whom the name I have not mentioned, thank you for all of your support.

Dyas Putri Winayu

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ...... ii APPROVAL PAGE ...... iii ACCEPTANCE PAGE ...... iv STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ...... v LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH .. vi MOTTO PAGE ...... viii DEDICATION PAGE ...... viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...... ix TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... x ABSTRACT ...... xii ABSTRAK ...... xiii

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ...... 1 A. Background of the Study ...... 1 B. Problem Formulation ...... 3 C. Objectives of the Study ...... 3 D. Definition of Terms ...... 4

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE ...... 6 A. Review of Related Studies ...... 6 B. Review of Related Theories ...... 9 1. Theory of Marxist Feminism ...... 9 2. Theory on Class ...... 11 3. Theory of Identity ...... 14 4. Theory of Patriarchy ...... 15 C. Review of Related Backgrounds ...... 16 1. Chile’s Government System ...... 16 2. Chile’s Class Structure...... 20 D. Theoretical Framework ...... 21

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ...... 24 A. Object of the Study ...... 24

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B. Approach of the Study ...... 25 C. Method of the Study ...... 25

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ...... 27 A. The Poem, the Summary, and Explication of the Poem ...... 27 1. The Full Text of the Poem ...... 27 2. The Summary and Explication of the Poem ...... 30 B. The Description of Women Characters and Their Social Class Presented in “Two Women” ...... 33 1. The First Woman ...... 33 2. The Second Woman ...... 41 C. The Forms of Gender and Class Struggles Experienced by the Women Characters in “Two Women”...... 51 1. The First Woman ...... 52 2. The Second Woman ...... 56 D. The Women’s Responses to Gender and Class Struggles in “Two Women” ...... 63 1. The First Woman ...... 63 2. The Second Woman ...... 70

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ...... 76

REFERENCES ...... 79

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ABSTRACT

WINAYU, DYAS PUTRI. (2020). Women as the Reflection of Class Struggles in the “Two Women” Poem by an Anonymous Chilean Author. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

In the capitalist society, classes and class struggles are very much alive (Berberoglu, 2007, p. 50). The class is defined by means of production; there are two major classes, bourgeois, and proletariat. Bourgeois is who owns the social means of production as their private property (Dahrendorf, 1966, p.195). Whereas, proletariat according to Engel is class in society which lives entirely from the sale of its labor (Engels, 1847, p. 9). The class division in the capitalist society can also be seen in "Two Women" poem, the researcher analyzes the class struggles that are experienced by women characters as the impact of class distinction.

Therefore, in order to understand the class struggles that happened in the poem, the study is aimed to answer three problems. The first reveals the description of women related to the social classes and identities according to Chile society in the late 20th century regarding how the author characterized women related to material things. The second aim is to observe the forms of gender and class struggle that the women faced based on their different social classes. The last is to examine the women characters' responses to gender and class struggle in the poem.

The approach used is marxist feminism. The theories used are the theory of marxist feminism, theory on class, theory of identity, and theory of patriarchy. This study also utilizes the review of related backgrounds such as Chile's government system and Chile's class structure to make this study well-formed. There are several steps to analyze the poem. First, close reading is applied to get a better understanding of the content that is analyzed. Second, the researcher puts the focus and attention on the theme, a class struggle through marxist feminism approach. Third, the researcher analyzes the problem formulation. Last, the researcher draws the conclusion through the portrayal of women characters in the poem.

Both characters are presented using the perspective of women with different social classes in the couplet form of the poem. The couplet form is arranged by the poet to emphasize the importance of the social class as a bourgeois woman and proletariat woman. The forms of gender and class struggle that the women characters experienced in the poem are different from one another based on the social class that they belong to. However, the proletariat woman suffered the most rather than the bourgeois woman. The characters' responses to the class struggles are also different. The bourgeois woman resists, while the proletariat woman stays still passive. Keywords: class struggle, capitalist society, marxist feminism, women’s identity

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ABSTRAK

Dalam masyarakat kapitalis, kelas dan perjuangan kelas terasa sangat nyata (Berberoglu, 2007, p. 50). Kelas didefinisikan melalui alat-alat produksi; ada dua kelas utama, borjuis, dan proletariat. Bourgeois adalah pemilik alat sosial produksi sebagai milik pribadi (Dahrendorf, 1966, p.195). Sedangkan, proletariat menurut Engel adalah kelas dalam masyarakat yang hidup sepenuhnya dari menjual tenaga kerja (Engels, 1847, p. 9). Pembagian kelas dalam masyarakat kapitalis juga dapat dilihat dalam puisi “Two Women”, peneliti menganalisis perjuangan kelas yang dialami oleh karakter perempuan sebagai dampak dari perbedaan kelas.

Oleh sebab itu, untuk memahami perjuangan kelas yang terjadi dalam puisi tersebut, skripsi ini bertujuan untuk menjawab tiga permasalahan. Pertama mengungkapkan deskripsi wanita yang terkait dengan kelas sosial dan identitas menurut masyarakat Chili pada akhir abad ke-20 tentang cara penyair mengkarakterisasikan wanita terkait dengan hal-hal materi. Tujuan kedua adalah untuk mengetahui bentuk-bentuk perjuangan gender dan kelas yang dialami oleh karakter wanita berdasarkan kelas sosial yang berbeda. Yang terakhir adalah meneliti respon mereka terhadap perjuangan gender dan kelas dalam puisi.

Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah feminisme marxist. Teori yang diaplikasikan adalah feminisme marxist, teori kelas, teori identitas, dan teori patriarki. Skripsi ini juga menggunakan tinjauan latar belakang terkait seperti sistem pemerintahan Chili dan struktur kelas Chile untuk membuat penelitian ini terbentuk dengan baik. Ada beberapa langkah untuk menganalisis puisi tersebut. Pertama, close reading untuk mendapatkan pemahaman yang lebih mendalam tentang konten yang dianalisis. Kedua, peneliti menempatkan fokus dan perhatian pada tema yaitu perjuangan kelas melalui pendekatan feminisme marxis. Ketiga, peneliti menganalisis puisi berdasarkan rumusan masalah. Terakhir, peneliti menarik kesimpulan melalui penggambaran tokoh perempuan dalam puisi tersebut.

Kedua tokoh disajikan dengan menggunakan perspektif wanita dengan kelas sosial yang berbeda dalam puisi berbentuk couplet. Bentuk couplet yang diatur oleh penyair menekankan pentingnya kelas sosial sebagai wanita borjuis dan wanita proletariat. Bentuk-bentuk gender dan perjuangan kelas yang dialami karakter wanita dalam puisi tersebut berbeda satu dengan yang lain berdasarkan kelas sosialnya. Namun, wanita proletariat paling menderita daripada wanita borjuis. Respon karakter terhadap perjuangan kelas juga berbeda. Wanita borjuis menentang, sementara wanita proletariat tetap pasif.

Kata kunci: class struggle, capitalist society, marxist feminism, women’s identity

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

People live in a region and always form a community or class. Class is formed through similarity among people and makes a bond because of that. Then, the class can define the social strata of people based on their economic conditions.

Wealth and poverty have a significant impact and determine the class itself. In his

Class and Class Conflict in Industrial, Dahrendorf explained that “Initially the word 'class' was used—for example, by Ferguson and Millar in the eighteen century—simply to distinguish social strata, as we should say today, by their rank or wealth” (1966, p. 4).

After the emergence of classes in society, there is a gap between them, which is then called class conflict or class struggle. This term means that it is a struggle for political and economic power carried on between capitalist and workers. Dahrendorf said that the conception of class struggle itself based on

Hegel's dialectics (1966, p.8). It focuses on the inequalities of different groups in society. Class is political forces based on ownership and power relations.

This study discusses the class struggles that happened in “Two Women” poem written in 1973 by an anonymous working-class Chilean author. “Two

Women,” tells a contradiction about the gap of the social classes and the class 1

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struggles that reflect in the two characters. The first woman is bourgeois, and the second woman is proletariat. This poem briefly summarizes Chile's social condition before and after Allende ruled the nation through women's perspective.

This poem is also seen as a representation inspired by the social condition in which the women characters faced the class conflicts and struggles. Considering the author is also known as a working-class Chilean author at that time, “Two Women” is categorized as a narrative poem that expresses the historical fiction and can be called as prose fiction.

This study analyzes the description of women and class struggles in the poem through women characters. “Two Women” can be one of the tools to see social classes in the world through poem. This poem also emphasizes the importance of social class to influence all aspects of life in a capitalist society. The class distinction makes economy inequality and raises the class conflict and struggle.

This topic is worth studying for some important reasons. Firstly, to find out the description and social classes of women in a capitalist society. Secondly, it raises an understanding of the class related to the struggle of the proletarian class.

Thirdly, it brings out the understanding of the society which is complex and not only consists of one class. Therefore, knowing that society is a composition of several different classes makes readers more comprehend with the disparity and gives the basic understanding to readers to respect other people.

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B. Problem Formulation

Based on the background of the study, there are three problems that can be formulated as follows:

1. How are women characters and their social classes presented in “Two Women”?

2. What forms of gender and class struggle do the women characters experienced

in “Two Women”?

3. How do they respond to gender and class struggles in “Two Women”?

C. Objectives of the Study

This study is expected to find out the description of women related to the social classes. This study is also expected to gain knowledge of the social class through women's perspective in the period before and after the socialist president governed in the 20th century. Further finding in this study is to analyze women's identities according to Chile society in the late 20th century regarding how the author characterized women related to material things. Moreover, this study is to observe the class struggle that the women face based on their social classes.

Due to the research, the analysis can be found through comprehensive reading. This study uses marxist feminism approach since the analysis focuses on class struggle using women's perspective to reveal the class struggle or class conflict. Some theories are also added to make the study well-formed. The theories applied in this study are the theory of marxist feminism, theory on class, theory of identity, and theory of patriarchy. Moreover, the Chilean historical background contains the governments' economic systems and social class structure in the late

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20th century that could complement this study.Moreover, the Chilean historical background contains the governments’ economic systems and social class structure in the late 20th century that could make the research well-formed.

D. Definition of Terms

There are some terms that need to be explained in order to ease the reader in understanding the topic of this study, the terms can be defined as follows. The first word is woman, that the idea of dealing with the specificity of women's position from a materialist perspective. In order to answer the question of ‘woman', a Marxist would point to the sexual division of labor and the implications of this division for power differentials between women and men. A central concern of marxist feminism, therefore, has been to determine how the institution of the family and the women's domestic labor are structured by, and reproduce, the sexual division of labor (Humm, 1992, p. 87).

The second word is class. The word class in this study referring to class structure. In Marxism the Unity of Theory and Practice (1954), class structure is the synonym of the Marxian use term of “relation of production”. Class is the key feature of any society which a Marxist investigates before any other data, this gives an understanding of the basic structure of society. There are two ways in which

Marxism implicitly defines classes (p.20).

First of all, they are defined by the function they fulfil in the society's process of production, and not primarily by the distribution of income and other benefits. Inequalities of distribution and opportunities, though assumed to be part of every division of society into different classes, are seen more as a by-product of the social division of labor, not as its chief

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distinguishing characteristic. However, the very existence of inequalities leads to the second method of defining classes that Marxism uses. Marxism asserts that all relationship between classes is necessarily exploitative relationship; there are always some classes who carry the main burden of labor while enjoying the smallest share of the social product, while other classes live in comparative leisure and reap the greatest material benefits (Meyer, p.20).

The last word is class struggle. “The theory of class struggle is configured as a general theory of social conflict” (Marx & Engels as cited in Losurdo, 2016, pp. 43). After the emergences of the class structure in society, there are class conflicts that form the basis of class struggle. Class conflict becomes the background of class struggle. In Introduction to Marxist Theory, class struggle is the human or social expression of the conflict of economic forces. The struggle of economic class has become the medium of dialectic that has operated in history.

Dialectic is expressed as the modes of production conflicting with property relations, and as a conflict of classes (Mayo, 1960, p. 93).

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

In this chapter, the researcher presents the related studies and theories that are used to analyze the poem further. This chapter is divided into four parts. In the first part, the researcher discusses the related studies appropriate to this study and second part, the researcher shows some theories that could support and strengthen this study’s statement. The theories consist of marxist feminism to give an understanding of women’s oppression under capitalism. The next theory used is a theory on class, it helps to specify the women’s social class that presented in “Two

Women”. Theory of identity also applied in this study to give the formation of the women characters in the poem. The last theory used is theory of patriarchy, it helps to analyse the women’s description in the patriarchal society. The third part reviews related backgrounds that relevant to this study: Chile’s government economic system and class structure in the late 20th century. The last part consists of a theoretical framework, the researcher explains the theories which are used in finding the answer to the problem and formulates the thesis statement.

A. Review of Related Studies

This chapter discusses previous works on the same topic that are related to this study. The reviewed studies consist of academic journals from Barbara

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Weinstein entitled They Don’t Even Look like Women Workers: Femininity and

Class in Twentieth-Century Latin America and Margaret Power entitled Class and

Gender in the Anti-Allende Woman’s Movement: Chile 1970-1973.

In They Don’t Even Look like Women Workers: Femininity and Class in

Twentieth-Century Latin America, Weinstein analyzed the identity of working- class women. The domestication on woman working class that woman worker became a coarse or unfortunate creature who worked only out of necessity.

Laboring at lower wages in less-skilled jobs, she undermined men’s earning power while exposing herself to sexual abuse. Upon entering the factory, she faced a monotonous work routine in a dead-end, semiskilled occupation. For most women, the promise of success as a skilled, efficient, and properly feminine household manager must have been much more attractive.

While Power analyzed about cross-class woman movement refusing

Allende government. Before Allende rules Chile, people live in a huge gap in social structure and condition. Later on, Chile is ruled by Allende, who socialist and concerns to the workers, peasant, and women. He wants to make equality. However, there is an economic crisis that makes people in Chile are more suffer and they blame the problems on the socialist government. Therefore, the working-class woman becomes the opposition to Allende’s government along with the upper-class women.

The problem of the two studies are different but complement each other.

Weinstein’s study poses a question about how the working-class woman responds to the domestication of women. Women’s association with the domestic sphere

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provided them with few resources to shape an alternative to the SESI (Industrial

Social Service) ideal. Whereas, Power’s question focuses on how the opposition political parties used gender to organize working-class women against the Allende government using ostensibly on class interests.

In order to get the answer to the question above, both of the studies use the feminism approach. It makes other sorts of political identities and alliances, and it is a powerful build to any feminist movement that might cut across classes and create lines of solidarity based on gender.

Weinstein’s study concludes that though SESI explicitly sought to create

“social peace” through its programs, the women who graduated from these courses may well have urged their husbands or sons to strike for better wages and thus provide a more “middle-class” lifestyle. What they did not do, in any discernible way, is challenging the dominant (disparaging) representations of working women, or question the exaltation of the middle-class housewife as the embodiment of femininity.

Power’s study concludes about women’s political consciousness that class alone will not define a woman’s politics. The opposition took full advantage of the

Allende government’s failure to prioritize working-class women. While the socialist government sublimated gender to class, the opposition negated class and stressed gender as an organizing strategy. It laid full blame for the economic problems that affected women on the socialist government and heralded women, as mothers, as the symbol of resistance to gender oppression.

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Those studies are closely related to this study. Their discussions help analyze women’s identities using the feminist approach. However, they have not answered the problem in this study to examine the description of women in the poem to reveal the class struggle. Therefore, this study develops the previous studies using marxist feminism approach in order to get the answer.

B. Review of Related Theories

1. Theory of Marxist Feminism

Marxist Feminisms extend the critique of class developed by Marx and

Engels into a feminist history of the material and economic subordination of women. Marxist Feminism concepts can be applied correctly to women's situation, for example, whether women did form a distinct sex-class, and how far patriarchy continues to reproduce itself in a similar way over time. By widening the Marxist concept of reproduction to include household labor and childcare, feminists made a major contribution to the understanding of the interaction of gender and economy

(Humm, 1992, p. 87).

Marxist feminism deals with the relations of gender and the oppression of women in contemporary capitalist society. It involves an emphasis on the relations between capitalism and the oppression of women. It will require awareness of the specific oppression of women in capitalist relations of production (Humm, 1992, p.

113).

Humm gives the general description and understanding of Marxist feminism. Thus, to make the theory is more specified, the researcher also used the

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Marxist feminism theory by Rosemary Hennessy in Materialist Feminism: A

Reader in Class, Difference, and Women's Lives. The book discusses the relationship between feminism and marxism to ideas about democracy and socialism. Moreover, this book explains the relationship of marxist and feminist perspectives to each other in the context of contemporary social movements in Latin

America.

Marxist feminism discussion cannot be separated from social movements based on it as dynamic, developing, and self-correcting while perceiving others as unable to overcome previous weaknesses. Thus, Marxism is often seen by feminist critics as inherently economic, reductionist, and gender blind, whereas Marxist criticism of feminism often regards it as white, middle class, “First World”, and reformist (Hennessy, 1997, p. 305). “The issue of gender is not separable from that of the proper unit of class analysis that is, whether it should be the individual or the household” (Goldthorpe as cited in Crompton, 1989, p. 571). Marshalll also explains further that “Classes and class phenomena are conditioned by the peculiar pattern of women's participation (however intermittent) in the market for paid labour ... class structures, and the market processes behind them are gendered”.

Thus, gender should be included within the framework of class analysis (Marshall et al. as cited in Crompton, 1989, p. 574).

Latin American Marxist-feminists point out any particular contribution that women's organizing or feminism can make toward the class struggle and the building of socialism. However, they explicitly discuss these contributions and interconnections in their writings and documents. Activists in mixed groups such as shantytown and trade union organizations in Chile, for example, turn the traditional argument that feminism is divisive on its head and argue instead that men and women will remain divided unless they engage in a common political project that acknowledges women's

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subordination and directly confronts machismo. A feminist perspective thus, can make the class struggle more efficient (Hennessy, 1997, p. 303).

The central knot of feminist practice is how to link practical (women's) interests derived from the existing gender division of labor and strategic (feminist) gender interests derived from a critique of the existing gender hierarchy. Chilean feminists have attempted to do so when they link authoritarianism in the family to authoritarianism (dictatorship) in society and Nicaraguan feminists do when they link women's demands to the overall success of the revolution (Hennessy, 1997, p.

302).

2. Theory on Class

The word “class” is originated and introduced by Roman censors. The word class is to divide the population into tax group, but they may not have anticipated the eventful future of this category. Their classification implied at least the possibility of evaluative distinction, on the one end of their classification were assidui, who might well be proud of their 100,000 as on the other end were the proletarii, whose only property consisted in their numerous offspring—proles— and who were outdone only by the lumpenproletariat of the capitecensi¸ those counted by their heads (Dahrendorf, 1966, p. 3).

In the eighteenth century, the word "class" was used by Ferguson and Millar simply to distinguish social strata, rank, or wealth. Then in the nineteenth century,

Dahrenforf explains that the concept of class gradually took on a more definite coloring. “Class of capitalists” makes it appears beside the “labouring class”, the

“rich” beside the “poor class”, the “bourgeois” beside the “proletariat”, which has

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accompanied the concept of class from its Roman origins. Since the concept of social class was first applied in the middle of the nineteenth century, its history has been as eventful as that of the society for which it was designed (Dahrendorf, 1966, p. 4).

Marx explained that there are two great classes that appear, which are bourgeoisie and proletariat (Marx as cited in Bottomore, 2001, p. 85). Proletariat according to Engels, is class in society which lives entirely from the sale of its labor and does not draw profit from any kind of capital; whose weal and woe, whose life and death, whose sole existence depends on the demand for labor – hence, on the changing state of business, on the vagaries of unbridled competition. The proletariat, or the class of proletarians, is, in a word, the working class of the 19th century (Engels, 1847, p. 9). They are those who have none of the necessary premises, equipment, materials, or the money to acquire these things, that are needed to engage in production or exchange – to make a living on the market – and can trade only their ability to work or labour power (Cabe, 2018, para. 5).

The other class is bourgeois, it is a class of people who own the social means of production as their private property. Marx describes that the bourgeois is dominating and exploiting the proletariat because of the means of production

(Dahrendorf, 1966, p.195). Holmstrom (1977) also stated that the owner of the means of production can forces the worker to do unpaid surplus labor the product of which they did not control, hence that they were exploited (p. 359). The class distinction carries the further impact that the right to the appropriate product of the labor of others partly defines the privileged class, and these societies legitimate

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class distinctions with ideologies of natural superiority and inferiority (Young,

1988, p. 276).

After the emergences of the class structure in society, there are class conflicts that form the basis of class struggle. Class conflict becomes the background of class struggle. In Introduction to Marxist Theory, class struggle is the human or social expression of the conflict of economic forces. The struggle of economic class has become the medium of dialectic that has operated in history.

Dialectic is expressed as the modes of production conflicting with property relations, and as a conflict of classes (Mayo, 1960, p. 93).

Marx noted that there had always been several classes, for example in ancient Rome they have patricians, knights, plebians, and slaves. These complex class structures thus could be fitted into the simple opposition of thesis and antithesis which the dialectic requires that class could be reduced to two, which are exploiting and exploited, or oppressor and oppressed (Mayo, 1960, p. 94). In Marx's notion, the class struggle in a capitalist society would culminate in a proletarian revolution. The revolution would be, ultimately, worldwide in scope and would be violent in nature. In Marxist theory, the capitalist state is the organized power of the exploiting class. There are two functions, the first is the perpetuation of the economic system on which it is founded. Second is the suppression of the exploited class. Regardless of its form, Marxist holds, whether monarchy, republic, or corporate state, the capitalist state is a dictatorship of the capitalist class over the working class (Decter, 1961, p. 24).

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3. Theory of Identity

Identity is self-identical and according to Sudarshan, the formation of identity is influenced by a wide range of factors, some of which person has the power to choose and some of which are given to the person: who is someone in relation to whom he lives his lives, what is the work he does, what is the community of which he is a part, and so on. The identity will be shaped by the roles and responsibilities that a person needs to fulfil (Sudarshan, 2005, p.2). Gardiner

(1981), also states that female identity is a process and many factors work on the formation of identity, including the social relationship and society (p. 354). Identity as Erikson states is also "from and manifested through social relationships, the concept includes both a core configuration of personal character and one's consciousness of that configuration" (Erikson as cited in Gardiner, 1981, p. 349-

350). Throughout women's lives, the self is defined through social relationships; issues of fusion and merger of the self with others are significant, and ego and body boundaries remain flexible (Gardiner, 1981, p. 352).

Sudarshan says that identity is something that concerns each person, and the recognition that each has more than one identity that each of these identities co- exist and overlap is widely accepted. In speaking of women, the ‘dual roles’ or

‘multiple roles’ they play include being a woman (Sudarshan, 2005, p. 1). She also states that personal identity’ is a composite of several intersecting, even conflicting identities (p. 1). Social roles are learned by identifications around their sense of their identity that is, their self-concept, consolidates (Gardiner, 1981, p. 353). The two main roles available to women are those of wife and mother, they assume

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occupational status as well as denoting personal relationships (Gardiner, 1981, p.

354). According to Gardiner (1981) girl achieves her socially accepted roles through marriage and motherhood, social and biological events that can occur independently of a personal identity crisis and that do not require its resolution (p.

354).

4. Theory of Patriarchy

The oppression of women has some singular form discernible in the universal or hegemonic structure of patriarchy or masculine domination (Butler,

1990, p. 6). In masculine culture, only men work in their families, while women do not have a public role, this type is based on gender stereotypes. Everywhere we find that women are excluded from certain crucial economic or political activities, that their roles as wives and mothers are associated with lesser powers and prerogatives than are the roles of men (Rosaldo and Louise, 1974, p. 3). Thus, men become dominant in a patriarchal society. Patriarchy is “a system of social structures and practices in which men, dominate, oppress, and exploit women” (Walbi as cited in

Shah, 2018, p. 19).

For Hofstede, “a masculine culture or masculine society is one that stresses different expectations for men and women. In a masculine culture, men are expected to be assertive, competitive, and focused on material success, while women are expected to be nurturing and focused on people and quality of life” (Hofstede cited in Lombardo, 2019, para. 4). According to Lévi-Strauss, “the masculine cultural identity is established through an overt act of differentiation between patrilineal

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clans, where the ‘difference’ in this relation is Hegelian — that is, one which simultaneously distinguishes and binds” (Lévi-Strauss as cited in Butler, 1990, p.

51).

C. Review of Related Backgrounds

1. Chile’s Government System

“Two Women” uses a background in the late 20th century. This poem involves the role of the government in running the system. The period of government described in “Two Women” is before, during, and after the socialist government ruled Chile. a. Eduardo Frei Montalva’s Reign

Frei won the presidential election in 1964 from Christian Democratic Party and ruled Chile until 1970. His slogan was “Revolution in Liberty”, he concerned to raise the incomes of lower classes. These years were characterized by agrarian reform law, the “Chileanization” considerable expansion of social services, increase tax collection, and modernization of education (Falcoff, 1982, p. 324).

Falcoff said that in the first two years, Frei had considerable luck in the implementation of the schemes that the U.S was in the first flush of romance with democratic reform in Latin America. The level of interest and aid was raising and

Chile received the larges per capita share of resources in hemisphere. By 1968 until

1969, his luck has run out. Inflation began to rise again, the aid was cut, and the

Christian Democrats have split (Falcoff, 1982, p. 324-325).

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The Frei administration has had strong support from the mid-class at least in its early years, but some of the middle class also has been marginalized by the government to seek the support of the peasants and the urban underemployed, until then on the margins of the political scene (Carmagnani et al, 2019, para. 4). The reformist program of the Frei Government has given the poorer people an incentive to play an active role in political life. This increase in political participation has led to further radicalisation not only of the Communist and Socialist parties, but also of some of the Radicals and Christian Democrats. This party group and left-wing group formed a coalition of popular unity (Unidad Popular) in 1969, proposing a socialist and an eligible Marxist as its presidential candidate, Salvador Allende

Gossens (Carmagnani et al, 2019, para. 6). b. Salvador Allende’s Reign

Salvador Allende was elected as the president and became the first socialist president. He applied socialist system and formulated the Popular Unity’s program when he assumed the presidency in 1970.

The goal of revolutionary process was a democratic, pluralist, and free socialist society. The first phase to achieving this goal to liquidate the bases of capitalist society: the fundamental task that the Popular Government has before it is to end the domination of the imperialist, the monopolies, and the landowning oligarchies in order to initiate the construction of socialism (Garreton, 1989, p. 24).

However, the socialist government caused a dispute with the bourgeoisie.

The socialist president regulates the ownership of the means of production and eliminates the division of classes in society and also bourgeois' privileges.

Crummett in her academic journal explained that bourgeois class women move and unite against the socialist government because of its regulation. How bourgeois

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women take a role in overcoming the socialist government is to join and unite in El

Poder Femino (EPF). EPF united the wives, and the first move was to unite, second to coordinate strategy, and third to attack (Crummett, 1977, p. 105). The upper class women were largely responsible for the coordination and direction of EPF, and EPF was under the leadership of the upper-class female (Crummett, 1977, p. 108).

Upper-class women whose husbands were important figures participate in EPF, and because of their class status, these women were able to supply two essential ingredients necessary to cultivate a large scale-organization which were the time and money (Crummett, 1977, p. 108).

c. Augusto Pinochet’s Reign

New military regimes under Augusto Pinochet replacing Allende was began in 1973, after the coup d'état. The coup was successfully carried out with the help of bourgeois class women who united in the EPF and their slogan was "Women

Power". Unfortunately, their present goal is to use "Women Power" to support male predominance in the family and to legitimize the government of the military junta

(Andreas, 1977, p. 123).

Chile applied capitalist model and economic development in South America ever since the overthrown of Salvador Allende and the resulting military dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet (Hagenmeier, 2014, para. 1). By mid-1975, the government under Pinochet decided that a return to free market capitalism was the way to best combat inflation and the ongoing economic collapse. The Chilean government returned ownership of confiscated property and businesses to their previous owners. Wages were cut and social spending was slashed substantially.

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Although business rebounded, there was also a period of speculation that followed.

This era was of great benefit to the financial conglomerates and foreign multinational corporations. The economy of Chile grew robustly during the tenure of President Pinochet whose rule ended in 1990 when democracy returned to the country (Hagenmeier, 2014, para. 2). The period of military junta control and that of Pinochet will remain controversial for years to come. The trampling of civil rights and repression of the opposition are seen by many as a stain on the modern political development of Chile (Hagenmeier, 2014, para. 3).

The regime within the coalition that takes over running the state, the armed forces assume a dominant role by rupturing the political system and becoming functionally involved in conducting state governance through their intuitional hierarchy. The coalition is structured around the classes that predominate economically and exercise control over the state apparatus through technocratic teams. Garreton (1989) explained that the dominant coalition then sets up a project for restructuring society by establishing new patterns and mechanisms of accumulation and distribution and by reordering politics. The new political order, which is characterized by its authoritarian and exclusionary pattern, requires the use of repressive force to eliminate, dismantle, or control the political and class organizations of popular sectors as well the political organizations surviving from the military representing the preceeding period (p. 46).

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2. Chile’s Class Structure

During colonial days and for a long time after independence, Chile had a rigid society consisting of a privileged landowning aristocracy, descended from the original Spanish settlers, and a lower class of peasants and domestic servants. The aristocrats, bound together in the National Agricultural Society, dominated the government and led the lives (Buchot, 2019, para. 1). In the latter part of the 19th century, the middle class began to increase in size new groups, among them traders, manufacturers, professional people, and intellectuals began to swell the ranks of the middle class and to press for social reforms. In 1920 there was an organized and impatient working class that lacked the ingrained loyalty to the landlords that had developed in the tenant farmer class (Buchot, 2019, para. 2). All these groups called for the government's attention and started to encourage social and economic change.

Buchot explained that Chile's social structure could be roughly divided into three classes. a. Upper Class

The first is the upper class, which consists of the old landed aristocracy, also more recently, a rich group of industrialists, merchants, politicians, and military men. Bunchot states though these two segments of the upper class have power and prestige in common, they are often at odds politically and economically. Both groups supported the imposition of military rule, but by the end of the 1980s, many backed the restoration of democratic politics (2019, para. 3).

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b. Middle Class

There is a vast array of incomes, occupations, and interests in the middle class, largely urban. It is composed of professionals, teachers and university professors, civil servants, many private employers, and some small merchants, industrialists, and investors. Many members of the middle class benefited from

Chile’s rapid economic growth in the late 1980s and throughout the 1990s (2019, para. 5). c. Lower Class

The last is the lower class which consists of farm laborers, crafts workers, factory workers, and miners. This is the class that backed Salvador Allende’s coalition before 1973, which suffered the most from the policies of the military regime, and that again turned to left-wing parties after the end of military rule in

1990 (2019, para. 4). The reason why they supported Allende it is quite clear to change social conditions as well the economy. The lower classes have high hopes for their fate from a president socialist.

D. Theoretical Framework

This study entitled Women as the Reflection of Class Struggle in the “Two

Women” Poem by an Anonymous Chilean Author. This study's focus is on the class struggles experienced by the women characters in “Two Women”. This study has three objectives to answer the question or problem formulation. The theories and background presented in this chapter are used to help analyze and get the answer.

The first theory used is marxist feminism. Since “Two Women” poem talks about

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the contrasting life between the bourgeois and the proletariat or their class structure, this theory is needed to give an understanding of the interaction of gender and economy. This theory also fulfils women’s identities related to material things.

The theory of class also used in this study. This theory gives an understanding of class subordination in society. This theory helps the researcher define women's social classes in the poem. Moreover, this theory provides an understanding of what is called class struggle and its impact and outcome. This theory is used to analyze what form of class struggle do the women characters faced in the poem.

The next theory is theory of identity. This theory helps the researcher to build the formation of the women characters in the poem. This theory connects how someone’s identity is built with the connection of gender in society. This theory also helps the researcher to see how the two characters in the poem define and value themselves.

The last theory applied is the theory of patriarchy. Since the poem talks about women’s lives in a capitalist patriarchal society, this theory is added to focusing on the reason why the women characters only valued as their gender roles.

Moreover, this theory also gives an explanation of male dominance in society.

The researcher also presents some related background in this part that is related to the problems, in order to make this research more understandable considering "Two Women" is categorical as a narrative poem that expresses the historical fiction and can be called as prose fiction. The discussion cannot be

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separated from the historical context. The related background contains a short introductory to Chile’s government and economic systems and class structure. By conducting this study, the researcher means to identify the issue in capitalist society and answer the critical problem formulation to maximize understanding it.

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CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

A. Object of the Study

The main object that is explored in this study is a poem entitled “Two

Women”. This poem was written in 1973 by an anonymous working-class Chilean author, shortly after Chile’s socialist president, Salvador Allende, was overthrown.

The researcher got the poem as the primary data that is observed in this study from https://carla.umn.edu with permission from Sojourners. A US military translated the work and brought it with her when she was forced to leave Chile. “Two Women” poem has two narrators each narrator represents her social class. The first woman as a bourgeois and the second woman as a proletariat. Each stanza consists of 2 lines which are bourgeois and proletariat consecutively. The poet also distinguishes the form of each narrator to avoid confusion when reading the poem. The first woman is written in regular type, and the second woman is written in italic type, thus this poem involves two people to read. This poem talks about the class struggles experienced by both women characters. It shows how patriarchy, property rights, and the oppressive nature of the socioeconomic class system define the relationship between two women, and the ruling class isolated from the harsh realities of the ‘other’.

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B. Approach of the Study

This study applies marxist feminism approach. This approach is suitable for this study because marxist feminism does connect women’s oppression to capitalism as a class system and refuse to limit feminist practice to changing forms of consciousness or discourse. This approach sees the continuous historical connections between women’s oppression and capitalism, ultimately leading to the elimination of class. This approach is used to explain the social structures through which women are exploited and oppressed. (Hennesy, 1997, p. 3).

C. Method of the Study

This study is part of qualitative research, since the study explains the work of in-depth analysis and critical thinking, and uses non-numeric data to provide answers. Moreover, the primary purpose of this study is to find out the class struggles that women characters experienced in “Two Women”. In order to get the answer, the researcher uses library research to analyze the problems. In library research, the researcher gains some materials as the source of information in order to analyze the literary work. The researcher uses much data to have the research understandable. There are two sources of data that are primary and secondary. The primary data is the work itself which is “Two Women” poem and the secondary data belongs to other researchers, which are the theory of marxist feminism and theory on class, and some relevant books on marxist feminism approach. The researcher also surfs the internet to find the review, collect the data, and journal.

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There are four steps that the researcher used to analyze the poem. First, the researcher does close reading to get a better understanding of the work. Second, the researcher puts the focus and attention on the theme, which is a class struggle through marxist feminism approach. Third, the researcher analyzes the problems.

Last, the researcher draws the conclusion of the analysis.

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CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS

The analysis of the findings is provided in this chapter. This analysis is divided into four parts. The first part consists of the full text, a brief summary, and explication of the poem. These are presented in the first part before the researcher analyzes the formulation of the problems. Then, the next parts answer each question stated in the problem formulation. The second part discusses the women characters and their social classes that are presented in "Two Women". The third part is to find out the forms of class and gender struggles experienced by women. The last part analyzes the women's responses to class and gender struggles.

A. The Poem, the Summary, and Explication of the Poem

1. The Full Text of the Poem

Two Women

I am a woman. I am a woman.

I am a woman born of a woman whose man owned a factory. I am a woman born of a woman whose man labored in a factory.

I am a woman whose man wore silk suits, who constantly watched his weight. I am a woman whose man wore tattered clothing, whose heart was constantly strangled by hunger.

I am a woman who watched two babies grow into beautiful children. I am a woman who watched two babies die because there was no milk.

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I am a woman who watched twins grow into popular college students with summers abroad. I am a woman who watched three children grow, but with bellies stretched from no food.

But then there was a man; But then there was a man;

And he talk about the peasant getting richer by my family getting poorer. And he told me of days that would be better, and he made the days better.

We had to eat rice. We had rice.

We had to eat beans! We had beans.

My children no longer given summer visas to Europe. My children no longer cried themselves to sleep.

And I felt like a peasant. And I felt like a woman.

A peasant with a dull, hard, unexciting life. Like a woman with a life that sometimes allowed a song.

And I saw a man. And I saw a man.

And together we began to plot with the hope of the return to freedom. I saw his heart begin to beat with hope of freedom, at last.

Someday, the return to freedom. Someday freedom.

And then, But then,

One day, One day,

There were planes overhead and guns firing close by. There were planes overhead and guns firing in the distance.

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I gathered my children and went home. I gathered my children and ran.

And guns moved farther and farther away. But the guns moved closer and closer.

And then, they announced that freedom had been restored! And then they came, young boys really.

They came into my home along with my man. They came and found my man.

Those men whose money was almost gone -- They found all of the men whose lives were almost their own.

And we all had drinks to celebrate. And they shot them all.

The most wonderful martinis. They shot my man.

And then they asked us to dance. And then they came for me.

Me. For me, the woman.

And my sisters. For my sisters.

And then they took us, Men they took us,

They took us to dinner at a small, private club. They stripped from us the dignity we had gained.

And they treated us to beef. And then they raped us.

It was one course after another. One after another they came after us.

We nearly burst we were so full. Lunging, plunging – sisters bleeding, sisters dying.

It was magnificent to be free again!

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It was hardly a relief to have survived.

The beans have almost disappeared now. The beans have disappeared.

The rice – I’ve replaced it with chicken or steak. The rice, I cannot find it.

And the parties continues night after night to make up for all the time wasted. And my silent tears are joined once more by the midnight cries of my children.

And I feel like a woman again. They say, I am a woman.

2. The Summary and Explication of the Poem

Before conducting the analysis of the poem on questions stated in the problem formulation, this part is intended to summarize the poem and give the explication of the topography of the poem. The poem that is analyzed entitled "Two

Women" written in 1973 by a working-class Chilean author, shortly after the socialist president, Salvador Allende was overthrown. "Two Women" uses first person point of view. The poem also has two narrators, each narrator represents her social class—the first woman as a bourgeois and the second woman as a proletariat.

The poem has 38 stanzas, with each stanza consist of 2 lines which is bourgeois and proletariat consecutively. The arrangement of line in the "Two Women" poem belongs to the couplet form because each stanza consists of a pair of lines. The couplet is the shortest stanza form and usually rhymed. The poet also distinguishes the form of each narrator to avoid confusion when reading the poem, the first woman is written in regular type, and the second woman is written in italic type and intended line, thus this poem involves two people to read.

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a. Stanza 1-5

“Two Women” belongs to a narrative poem, it narrates the story of class conflicts and struggles are faced by the two female characters with different social classes. The class distinction makes economy inequality and raises the class conflict and struggle. The introductory part of the poem begins with stanza 1 until 5.

Through these stanzas, the poet gives family background and social classes to discover more about the female characters. b. Stanza 6-12

Considering that a working-class Chilean author wrote this poem, the poem briefly summarizes Chile's social condition before and after socialist president was overthrown. This poem is also seen as a representation inspired by the social condition in which the working class face hunger and suffer from life. The poem set time and place also tells the story of that era, the history of human struggle in capitalist society. Thus, this poem is inseparable from its historical context. The poem also tells about the socialist president who gives the new hope for the proletariat pleasure of living the socialist dream. The socialist president's presence makes the proletariat's life better than before though a socio-political struggle is taking place. c. Stanza 13-21

Not long after the socialist president comes to power, another man appears in the poem. Both women in the poem have a man figure as their saviour to bring

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the hope of life. The new man figure that appears in stanza 13 until 21 is a man that brings back the glory of bourgeois' class privileges. He appears in the poem and gives a significant impact on women’s life. Along with the bourgeois woman's movement, they successfully reverse the condition. Then, the socialist president is overthrown. d. Stanza 22-33

Under his new government, the proletariat is increasingly miserable because there are a lot of oppressions and injustices. His government is dictatorial and repressive towards the proletariat. Although, he celebrates his new power along with the bourgeois woman who helps him gain power with steps take to overthrow the socialist president. They make party when the proletariat experiences the crush, they ignore it as if the proletariat is nothing. e. Stanza 34-38

Later, the bourgeois woman gets everything she wants back, while the proletariat woman lives miserably. She lost more than before, sadly there is nothing she could do. Everything owned by the proletariat woman has been taken away from her, even her closest people in the family are gone. She has no hope of getting on with life.

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B. The Description of Women Characters and Their Social Class Presented in “Two Women”

In this first part of the discussion, the researcher analyzes two women characters that appear in the poem. The women in the poem both do not have names, so the researcher calls them as the first and the second woman. The first woman is written in regular type while the second woman in italic type.

1. The First Woman a. Social Class

The first thing to be discussed is the social class in the poem represented by women characters. Social class is social ranking or stratification based on economic relations. Marx explained that there are two great classes that appear, which are bourgeoisie and proletariat (Marx as cited in Bottomore, 2001, p. 85). The first woman in “Two Women” belongs to bourgeoisie because she has the means of production. The evidence can be found as follows:

I am a woman born of a woman whose man owned a factory (stanza 2, line 1).

The line above becomes the opening which offers an introduction to the character, it begins with the first woman in the poem which is the daughter of the owner of production. This line provides an explanation about two women in a different generation, which is the mother-daughter bond. This line focuses more on women, women are not only as background in the poem but also gives different role and portrayal of life as mother and daughter. The woman from the old generation is the mother, was married to the man who owns the production and has a daughter

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after they were married. By reason of having a means of production husband, this makes the woman from the old generation belongs to bourgeois. It happened in a patriarchal society that a breadwinner would classify his family member in the same social class. Considering that female identity is a process, then the first identity of a young generation of a woman is created from a mother to daughter relationship or mother-daughter bond. An unmarried daughter remains united with her family until she marries a man, then her identity will be separated from her family and then her identity follows the husband. The second stanza's explanation makes the first woman belong to bourgeois because she has no husband yet in that stanza. Her social class is shaped by her father's presence as a breadwinner in her family that also defines her social class. This line gives the background of the woman's social class presented in the poem. According to Marx’s theory, bourgeois is class of people in bourgeois society who own the social means of production as their private property (Dahrendorf, 1966, p.195).

In the capitalist society, the owner of the production belongs to the upper class or bourgeoisie even she does not work or produce something. The reason is that the owner of the means of production is in the dominant position in the capitalist system. The owner of the means of production can forces the worker to do unpaid surplus labor the product of which they did not control, hence that they were exploited (Holmstrom, 1977, p. 359). Marx also describes that the bourgeois is dominating and exploiting the proletariat because of the means of production

(Dahrendorf, 1966, p.195).

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The other characteristic of the bourgeoisie is exploitative. This term is not just simply consisting of an unequal distribution of social wealth or workers are exploited because they get so much less of the pie than do capitalists (Holmstrom,

1977, p. 353). Holmstrom explains more about what exploitation is according to

Marx’s theory. That there are four features of exploitation, “that it involves forced, surplus, and unpaid labor, the product of which is not under the producers' control”

(Holmstrom, 1977, p. 359).

Since capitalist is a system of commodity production, then the profit is the purpose (Holmstrom, 1977, p. 356). However, what workers really sell to the capitalists, according to Marx, is not labor, but the capacity to labor or labor power

(p.357). Furthermore, Holmstrom explains that workers who have once sold their labor power to the owners of the means of production are then forced by them to do non-necessary surplus labor during part of the workday (p.357). The evidence of the exploitation can be found in the poem as follow:

I am a woman whose man wore silk suits, who constantly watched his weight. I am a woman whose man wore tattered clothing, whose heart was constantly strangled by hunger. (stanza 3, line 1-2).

The evidence above illustrates how the lives of the first woman and the second woman are different. The poet pictures the women's life use the first point of view, and each also written in different typewriting. Each narrator tells her own story using their perspective. The result is the content that the poet made give the contrast to one another deal with the economic background. The typewriting is not only to differ the narrator but closely structured with distinctly different

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characteristics. Both narrators tell about the same points and the same discussion which are men's cloth. However, in the same discussion there arises the inequality contained in the lines, silk suits and tattered clothing. The function of the two narrators and different typewriting in couplet form is to give a story with significant contrast. The second woman has a life that is far from decent. In the third stanza, the men figures that appear in the poem are the husband of both characters. The first woman married a man with the same social class as a bourgeois, while the second woman married to proletariat. The men figures that appear in the third stanza are considered the husband because in the next following stanza both women have the children from the men figures in the third stanza. The men figures are also claimed as their own husband by the clause "I am a woman whose man wore silk suits", there is no more a claim that it is a man from the woman in the previous generation which is her mother's husband. The man that appears in the third stanza is the first woman's husband and can be analyzed further because they have their children in the poem.

The couplet form in the third stanza gives the contrast of life in both women.

The first woman life in prosperity while the second woman is not. The lines in the third stanza give the description that the first woman married to bourgeois man by the characteristic of the man's appearance. Unlike the second woman's husband, he wears the silk suit, while the second woman's husband wears tattered clothing. The men's clothing gives the significant sign that they are both different social classes.

The bourgeois and proletariat live in different circumstances, the proletariat can be easily exploited by the bourgeois. Holmstrom explains when x exploits y, y is

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forced to do unnecessary, unpaid labor and does not control the product of that labor

(Holmstrom, 1977, p. 364). Thus, their life is different because of their different social classes. The Bourgeois is the owner of means of production which dominates the control of production and exploits the workers. He exploits workers by forced, surplus, and unpaid labor, the product of which is not under the producers' control.

The first woman is classified as a bourgeois, her life is happy with all the needs that are met while her worker lives below the decent standard because of the exploitation. The essential "condition of the existence and the domination of the bourgeois class is the accumulation of wealth in the hands of private persons” (Karl

Marx as cited in Dahrendorf, 1966, p. 12). Thus, there are three characteristics of the first woman as a bourgeois. The first one is because she is the daughter of the owner of means of production. The second reason because she also married to a bourgeois man. The last characteristic is exploitative. b. Identities

The next description discussed is identity. The first woman's identity is shaped by the opposite sex which is the man. There are many men figures that appear in the "Two Women" poem that the role is so important to give the woman's identity. The men figures appear in the poem such as father, husband, and president.

All of them use the term only as a man in the poem, and the first woman identifies herself related to the men figures because she does not have her own identity.

Identity is self-identical and according to Sudarshan, the formation of identity is influenced by a wide range of factors, some of which person has the

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power to choose and some of which are given to the person: who is someone in relation to whom he lives his lives, what is the work he does, what is the community of which he is a part, and so on. The identity will be shaped by the roles and responsibilities that a person needs to fulfil (Sudarshan, 2005, p.2). Gardiner

(1981), also states that female identity is a process and many factors work on the formation of identity, including the social relationship and society (p. 354). He believes that an individual's primary identity, formed in early childhood, is enacted and confirmed through infantile identifications and the acquisition of appropriate social roles (p. 356). Here the researcher cites the lines of the poem.

I am a woman. (stanza 1, line 1).

I am a woman born of a woman whose man owned a factory. (stanza 2, line 1).

I am a woman whose man wore silk suits, who constantly watched his weight. (stanza 3, line 1).

I am a woman who watched two babies grow into beautiful children. (stanza 4, line 1).

I am a woman who watched twins grow into popular college students with summer abroad. (stanza 5, line 1).

The lines above are the part of introduction that introduces the main character as a woman. The introduction of the characters in the poem begins with the statement that she is a woman, and are repeated until the fifth stanza. The purpose of the repetition on the clause I am a woman starts from first until fifth stanza is to emphasize and bring the idea of self-identification. The identity of the first woman is shaped firstly in family. The first woman was born as a bourgeois

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because her father is the owner of the means of production. Considering that female identity is a process (Gardiner, 1981, p. 354), the self-identification of the woman continues throughout the poem. Later, the first woman also married a wealthy man and has two children. The first woman's husband appears in stanza 3 and her children in stanza 4 until 5. The first woman's life is perfect because she has a rich husband and well-grown children who give the image of a happy family. Moreover, she never felt deprived and always gets the best things in her life.

The researcher analyzes that woman's identity also cannot be separated from the men figures, even the first woman's mother cannot define her identity as an independent individual but as a wife of rich man. Woman in the poem cannot define her own identity, but it is shaped by the man's presence in the poem. The line above explains that the second woman is the daughter of the man with the means of production, and she describes herself by connecting her relationship with others.

She never even talks about herself in the poem. The second woman also positions and identifies herself as the wife of a wealthy husband. Thus, the first woman’s identity is taken from the man. The first woman faces an identity crisis that her identity gain from another individual relation. Erikson develops the idea of identity crisis, the resolution of the identity crisis leads to "final self-definition, to irreversible role patterns, and thus to commitments 'for life', although in pathological cases identity formation may fail and the person suffers from what is called as "identity diffusion" (Erikson as cited in Gardiner, 1981, p. 349). The first woman gets her identity as a woman through social roles that develop in society.

The first woman enjoys her social role as a woman. According to Gardiner (1981)

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girl achieves her socially accepted roles through marriage and motherhood, social and biological events that can occur independently of a personal identity crisis and that do not require its resolution (p. 354).

The first woman's identity also centered on her social roles. She positions herself as a good wife and mother for her children and husband. She takes care of everything related to her gender role as a woman. Sudarshan says that identity is something that concerns each person, and the recognition that each has more than one identity that each of these identities co-exist and overlap is widely accepted. In speaking of women, the ‘dual roles’ or ‘multiple roles’ they play include being a woman (Sudarshan, 2005, p. 1). She also states that personal identity’ is a composite of several intersecting, even conflicting identities (p. 1). The first woman also has dual roles which are as a wife and mother. Her role as a mother is distinct from a wife. Mother role tends to take care of her children such as feed her babies, teach them the good things, protect them from the destructive influence and make sure to raise her children well, while wife's role tends to service and also could be partner in ritual as Sudarshan states (p. 1-2). Both of these roles were taken by the first woman well, given how she had dedicated herself as a wife and mother, then her identity was formed as a wife of a wealthy husband and mother of her children.

Therefore, when she talks about herself, she is inseparable from the binding obligations and forms her identity as a wife as well as a mother. The first woman gets those two roles, that her concern is about her family, but both roles are still in the domestic sphere. The gender identity of the first woman in the poem is also tied

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to the gender role as a woman in a patriarchal society that focuses on the domestic sphere and not the public one even once.

2. The Second Woman a. Social Class

Dahrendorf (1966) put into words that the formation of classes always means of the organization of common interest in the sphere of politics. Classes are political groups united by a common interest (p. 16). He also explains that the substance of class interests, in so far as they are based on the economic positions of given groups, can be expressed in various ways. To begin with, the immediate interest of the proletariat is the wage, and the bourgeoisie is the profit (p.15).

The second woman in the “Two Women” belongs to the proletariat.

According to Mayo, in his book Introduction to Marxist Theory the proletariat are those who work for wages and are forced to do so because they are without ownership of the means of production (1960, p. 98). The second woman belongs to proletariat because her father works in the factory and sells his labor power.

Holmstrom stated that in capitalist system, the proletariat works a full day and receives a wage which suggests that the wage is payment for a day's labor even though what he really sells is not labor but the capacity to labor (1977, p. 357). The evidence of the second woman as the proletariat can found as follow:

I am a woman born of a woman whose man labored in a factory. (stanza 2, line 2).

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Like the first woman, the second woman also begins her story with the same description of her identity that reveals her class status. The portrayal and introduction of the main character begin with the statement that she is a woman.

Afterward, the poet adds particular details to show the second woman's background as described in the family image. The second woman is the child of a mother who was married to wage labor. The mother of the second woman does not have many descriptions or information of her own, explained that her father was a factory worker and her mother only as a wife. Because born of a father who worked in the factory, the second woman has become the proletariat. The description of the second woman's family image above is used to determine the second woman's position since she was born. She belongs to proletariat class because her father is wage labor and does not have the means of productions. He works hard all day long and only received a very minimum wage even for basic daily needs is not enough to meet. However, he keeps work there because he does not have any option and anything else to do beside sells his labor power. Proletariat wants to work at the factory even with the cheap wage because they have to make a living. They are those who have none of the necessary premises, equipment, materials, or the money to acquire these things, that are needed to engage in production or exchange – to make a living on the market – and can trade only their ability to work or labour power (Cabe, 2018, para. 5).

I am a woman whose man wore tattered clothing, whose heart was constantly strangled by hunger. (stanza 3, line 2)

I am a woman who watched two babies die because there was no milk. (stanza 4, line 2)

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I am a woman who watched three children grow, but with bellies stretched from no food. (stanza 5, line 2)

After introducing the character with the family image, the next stanzas illustrate more clearly the position of the second woman in the social class. The second woman's description as the proletariat is seen when the poet writes the following words and phrases; tattered clothing, hunger, die, no milk, and no food.

These words and phrases that the poet uses are links with the ideas of poverty. These three lines also show how the second woman lives as a proletariat whose needs are essentially insufficient. The man's clothing worn is not appropriate because it is old and torn, even the children starve to death because the money generated from working in factories cannot meet all the necessities of life. All this happened because the proletariat did not have the means of production works under the bourgeoisie which is the owners of the means of production and exploited.

Holmstorm states that in capitalism, workers are under the domination of capitalists (1977, p. 358). The result is the worker or the wage labor can easily be exploited. The worker is forced to do unpaid surplus labor and he cannot control the production and keeps working based on the owner of the means of production’s order. Profits come from surplus value and the extraction of surplus value involves the appropriation of the product of forced, unpaid, surplus labor (Holmstorm, 1977, p. 358).

The product of the workers' surplus, unpaid and forced labor, is then appropriated by the owner of labor power and the means of production, the capitalist. This surplus value is the source of their profit. The actual producers have no control over the surplus. According to Marx's theory, the profits of capitalists are generated by surplus, unpaid, and forced labor, the

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product of which the producers do not control. It is the fact that the income is derived through forced, unpaid, surplus labor, the product of which the producers do not control, which makes it exploitative (Holmstorm, 1977, p. 358-359).

The second woman’s man is exploited because he must sell their labor power to the capitalist, the productive activity, and the very capacity for life comes under the control of the capitalist. Moreover, he has a basic salary that is not worth living, and the overtime is not paid, and is forced to continue to produce and cannot control the production. This makes him and the second woman suffer in life because of the lack of needs and can only depend on wage labor, and all the profit generated is not obtained to him as the producer. “According to Marx, labor is the source of all wealth and hence, workers should get back all the wealth that is produced” (Marx as cited in Holmstorm, 1977, p. 363). Marx also states that capitalist system is unjust

“because it involves force and domination in manifold ways and because it deprives workers of control that should be theirs” (Marx as cited in Holmstorm, 1977, p.

369).

Thus, there are three characteristics of the second t woman as a proletariat.

The first one is because she is the daughter of wage labour who sells the labour power. The second reason because she also married to a proletariat man and does not have the means of production. The last characteristic is exploited and oppressed in a capitalist system. It makes the second woman's man receives a little amount of money and cannot meets the basic needs.

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b. Identities

The description of the second woman's identity in the “Two Women” poem is similar to the first woman's identity. The identity of the second woman is also formed through the male figures' presence in the poem. Her identity depends on the men figures and the social class that follows her father and her husband, since they work in the factory as wage labour, thus making the second woman belong to the proletariat class. The second woman’s identity depends on the men figures because she does not have public roles. Here the researcher cites the lines in the poem.

I am a woman. (stanza 1, line 2).

I am a woman born of a woman whose man labored in a factory. (stanza 2, line 2).

Similar to the first woman, the second woman also describes herself and her identity which is formed through a series of events. The poet uses the denotation of the first stanza I am a woman in the literal meaning. The first thing the poet describes the main character's identity is her gender, as a woman. After that, the poet also gave a family image of the second woman. In the second stanza, there are two women appearing in the line, the women with different generations. The woman in the old generation is the second woman’s mother, she does not get her own image and identity than her figure as a wife and also the mother of the second woman. Her mother's identity is only tied as a wife of wage labor man and as a mother. The mother identity is shaped by the presence of the man, but it also happens to the woman in the young generation. The identity of women in this poem cannot stand alone but is influenced by their relationship with men.

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The second woman's identity is formed by her relationship with other people or social relationships. Identity as Erikson states is also "from and manifested through social relationships, the concept includes both a core configuration of personal character and one's consciousness of that configuration" (Erikson as cited in Gardiner, 1981, p. 349-350). Throughout women's lives, the self is defined through social relationships; issues of fusion and merger of the self with others are significant, and ego and body boundaries remain flexible (Gardiner, 1981, p. 352).

The second woman's identity depends on the father-daughter bond relations as the primary identity, yet the woman's identity is a process. The woman's identity is no longer as a daughter then performs herself as a wife and a mother. The second woman in the poem then becomes a woman who is bound to her husband after marriage and has the role of a wife and mother of her children. Below are the pieces of evidence that the researcher could find in the poem.

I am a woman whose man wore tattered clothing, whose heart was constantly strangled by hunger. (stanza 3, line 2)

I am a woman who watched two babies die because there was no milk. (stanza 4, line 2)

I am a woman who watched three children grow, but with bellies stretched from no food. (stanza 5, line 2)

Just like the first woman, the purpose of the repetition on the clause I am a woman is to emphasize and bring the idea of self-identification. The identity of the first woman is shaped firstly in the family as a daughter, later the woman shaped the new identity in the relation of her husband. The description of self from the second woman based on the lines above shows that she is bound by her social role

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as a wife and mother who takes care of her family. The three stanzas above illustrate that the second woman's task is to take care of her family, including her husband and children. The poet emphasizes the work in the kitchen and relates it to the work of the second woman's domestic sphere. The image of the woman is formed in the domestic realm as wife and mother. The second woman's self-identification is seen when the poet writes the man's clothing, milk, and food that links with the domestic work.

Social roles are learned by identifications around their sense of their identity that is, their self-concept, consolidates (Gardiner, 1981, p. 353). The two main roles available to women are those of wife and mother, they assume occupational status as well as denoting personal relationships (Gardiner, 1981, p. 354). Hence, the second woman also positions herself as a wife and mother, these two roles are tied to her and become her identity. Thus the second woman does the household chores and other domestic matters. These social roles are highly polarized by gender

(Gardiner, 1981, p. 354). The second woman's identity is actually the same as the first woman in the poem, which distinguishes only different social classes. The first and the second woman describe themselves as a wife and mother, who do other domestic matters. “The persistence of gender-differentiated family roles, with primary responsibility of domestic chores falling on women, in turn perpetuates this sexual division of labour through an asymmetry of opportunities offered for acquiring ‘untraditional’ skills” (Eapen & Kodoth as cited in Sudarshan, 2005, p.

9).

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The explanation of women's identity that is just tied to the domestic work can also be found through the historical context in Chile in the late 20th century, considering that the poem is written in that time by the anonymous woman writer.

Chilean society in the 20th century belongs to the masculine culture. According to

Lévi-Strauss, “the masculine cultural identity is established through an overt act of differentiation between patrilineal clans, where the ‘difference’ in this relation is

Hegelian — that is, one which simultaneously distinguishes and binds” (Lévi-

Strauss as cited in Butler, 1990, p. 51). For Hofstede, “a masculine culture or masculine society is one that stresses different expectations for men and women. In a masculine culture, men are expected to be assertive, competitive, and focused on material success, while women are expected to be nurturing and focused on people and quality of life” (Hofstede cited in Lombardo, 2019, para. 4). This also happens to the second woman that she is aware of her role that has been determined by society and takes her roll in accordance with its portion. In masculine culture, only men work in their families, while women do not have a public role, this type is based on gender stereotypes. Everywhere we find that women are excluded from certain crucial economic or political activities, that their roles as wives and mothers are associated with lesser powers and prerogatives than are the roles of men

(Rosaldo and Louise, 1974, p. 3). Thus, men become dominant in a patriarchal society. Patriarchy is “a system of social structures and practices in which men, dominate, oppress, and exploit women” (Walbi as cited in Shah, 2018, p. 19).

The oppression of women has some singular form discernible in the universal or hegemonic structure of patriarchy or masculine domination (Butler,

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1990, p. 6). Men and women basically have biological differences, these biological inequalities that triggered the concept of patriarchy, “because cultures have elaborated on biological differences to reinforce gender hierarchy” (Freedman as cited in Shah, 2018, p. 19). The origins of patriarchy are closely related to the concept of gender roles, or the set of social and behavioral norms that are considered to be socially appropriate for individuals of a specific sex. Much work has been devoted to understanding why women are typically thought to inhabit a domestic role while men are expected to seek professional satisfaction outside of the home, this division of labor is frequently mapped onto a social hierarchy in which males’ freedom to venture outside of the home and presumed control over women is perceived as superior and dominant (Boundless, 2016, para. 1).

In the “Two Women” poem, the second woman's position is also lower than that of men and only takes care of the household. The second woman cannot have a public role, so it can be concluded that the men's role in the poem is more dominant. The dominant role of men is very detrimental to the woman who can only depend on others. This makes women who live within the scope of patriarchal oppressed by the man domination. Like the second woman who lives as a proletariat because her father and also her husband who work as wage labor that lives far from an adequate economy. However, she cannot change the situation by working outside because she is tied to her role in the gender role as breeding and nurturing.

The second woman’s identity who live in a patriarchal society could also be seen through the historical context in Chile when the poem sets in the 20th century, this analysis is expected to strengthen and provide the foundation of society in Chile

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that led to male domination at that time. Women in Chile live in a patriarchal society, women cannot do the public roles under the Pinochet's military state, junta.

Women that have an identity of their own such as workers, political leaders, they face the punishments (Burrotto & Ximena, 1984, para. 6). Women have been tortured for having a political identity of their own, as has been the case of women with the public roles — union leaders, doctors, lawyers, teachers, journalists or politician, etc (Burrotto & Ximena, 1984, para. 10). Even society in Chile is not only patriarchal but also repressive and dictatorial. Women must live according to their gender and will be given severe penalties for violating them. This happened in the government of Augusto Pinochet. In poem also mentioned that the second woman lived in three reigns. In the first government she lived in such a large economic social gap, in the second government she lived led by a socialist government, then the last she lived in a dictatorship reign. "The man" figures also appear in the poem as the president three of them, which, if the researcher links the man as the president and the historical context that the poem was written in 1973, there are three names which are Eduardo Frei Montalva, Salvador Allende, and last

Augusto Pinochet. Then this historical context in Augusto Pinochet’s Reign also becomes the explanation if connected through the historical line why the second woman's identity is related to social relation through the men figures, and only tied to the domestic matters, because of the oppression of the military regime in Chilean patriarchal society. Women in Latin America are recognized and valued only as mothers (Burrotto & Ximena, 1984, para. 3).

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C. The Forms of Gender and Class Struggles Experienced by the Women

Characters in “Two Women”

After the researcher analyzes the description of women character and the division of women’s social class, the next discussion is the form of gender and class struggles experienced by the women characters. This discussion still remains centered on the two characters in the poem, and both experience different things which can be explained further in this discussion. Moreover, this discussion brings explanation about class struggle in order to explain the oppression of women. The class struggle itself seen as the outcome of the class division. At the level of these abstract collectivities, class theory is gender-blind (Crompton, 1989, p. 568).

However, in Goldthorpe's work, “the issue of gender is not separable from that of the proper unit of class analysis that is, whether it should be the individual or the household” (Goldthorpe as cited in Crompton, 1989, p. 571). Marshalll also explains further that “Classes and class phenomena are conditioned by the peculiar pattern of women's participation (however intermittent) in the market for paid labour ... class structures, and the market processes behind them are gendered”.

Thus, gender should be included within the framework of class analysis (Marshall et al. as cited in Crompton, 1989, p. 574).

Before the researcher discusses more the class struggles experienced by the two women in the poem, it needs to be emphasized that class struggle is created from the existence of class conflict. Class conflict becomes the background of class struggle. It created because of economic inequality and exploitation in different classes so that the oppressed people begin to fight in either small or large sectors.

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Therefore the discussion of class struggle cannot be separated from class conflict because the two are bound together and constructive. Furthermore, the researcher discusses each personal motive in the class struggle carried out by the two female characters in the sub-chapter of a more detailed discussion.

1. The First Woman

Kautsky in the Communist Manifesto (1927) argued that “some of the class struggles mentioned were in fact conflicts between status groups” (Kautsky as cited in Bottomore, 2001, p. 87). However, Marxist studies re-examining the class conflict definition that class conflict is not simply in terms of a confrontation between bourgeoisie and proletariat, but more in terms of alliances between various social groups which on one side dominate and direct economic and social life and on the other side are subordinated and directed (Bottomore, 2001, p. 89). The diverse struggles occur in different historical contexts, class conflicts have an important influence in diverse structural and historical conditions, because of

Marx's conceptual about class based on historical materialism. Class struggle is a conflict between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie, and the red line of gender and class struggle form is the women's oppression based on the social class. Their oppression is rooted in the class differentiation, and the material relations becomes the strong factor. “The economic relations which constitute the material foundation of the class struggle and national struggle” (Marx as cited in Losurdo, 2016, p. 13).

The first woman also experienced class struggle. The class struggle cannot only be defined in one form of struggle, namely between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie because there are so many forms of class struggle. It can be interpreted

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as a class struggle against class antagonism and bring personal interests, “the history of all past societies has included in the development of class antagonisms, antagonisms that assumed different forms at different epochs” (Marx & Engels as cited in Losurdo, 2016, p. 4). Something like this has also happened, namely the struggle of the bourgeoisie against aristocracy, and all historical struggle belongs to class struggle (Losurdo, 2016, p. 10). Meanwhile, the class struggle experienced by the first woman is the struggle of the bourgeois class against the government of socialism. When the socialist president came to power, the first woman's economy was not what it used to be because of the socialist president's policy of distributing a portion of the bourgeois property to the proletariat. The result is the first woman's face hunger, lack of food, even poverty. The bourgeoisie experienced a downfall when the president's socialist rule came to power, below the researcher cites the class conflict experienced by the first woman in the poem.

We had to eat rice. We had rice.

We had to eat beans! We had beans.

My children no longer given summer visas to Europe. My children no longer cried themselves to sleep.

And I felt like a peasant. And I felt like a woman. (stanza 6-12).

Lines above illustrate how the life of the first woman is hard because of the change of the economic system. Socialism makes the first woman's privilege as the upper class disappears because socialism creates a classless society. From the

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evidence above, the researcher knows that the first woman cannot find rice or beans to eat. The words rice and beans here provided by the poet also raise the awareness of women's duty as wives and mothers to prepare the meal for the family. When the bourgeoisie faces the downfall, the things that concern the first woman is because of her duty in domestic sphere cannot be done. She said that she could not eat rice or beans like before because she has not. Everything was taken from her. The poem provided very visual imagery by using the word rice and beans to depict that the first woman faced hunger in the new government system and also give the awareness that woman is the product of domestic sphere.

The word like in the 9th stanza provided by the poet constitutes the literary image and the use of simile. The word like does not clarify other verbs like supposing other verbs. However, the use of similes in the poem gives a comparison that the second woman is poor as a peasant. The word woman in the stanza 12 line

2 gives another interpretation not only a woman in literal meaning but give further explanation as a symbol. The word woman is a symbol because through its depiction it reveals the social class distinction and class struggle. The word woman symbolize wealth because a woman in the poem feels as 'woman' when she has the wealth and also all the materials needed for the necessities of life. These two comparisons explain that the word woman does not refer to the gender but also social class. The word woman becomes the antonym of the word peasant that represents the poorness. Instead of choosing the word queen for example to represents the wealth, the poet chose the word woman. This makes the word woman becomes a symbol to

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reveal the class struggles as the outcome of class distinction. Thus the researcher could say the word woman symbolizes the wealth.

The first woman initially lived in a prosperous, she lived her life as well as a bourgeois woman. However, her life immediately reversed when the figure of a man appeared in the poem. The man is the socialist president, here the researcher cites the lines.

But then there was a man. (stanza 6, line 1).

And he talked about the peasant getting richer by my family getting poorer. (stanza 7, line 1).

These lines give the portrayal of social class dynamics or mobility by employing a comparative degree in sentence structure. A reversal can be seen from the sentence structure as the rich getting poorer. This provides the idea of class dynamics that changes the class structure in the society into classless. The reversal happened because of the new system applied by the socialist president. There is no more dominant or superior class in the socialist system adopted by the president.

President's socialist policies cause many losses to the bourgeoisie, they are no longer dominant who can express their satisfaction with their comparative gratification with existing conditions. The class conflict happened because of the economy the inequality that the bourgeois faced. The first woman lack of food or basic needs.

The situation finally motivated the first woman as the bourgeoisie to carry out movements and resistance against the socialist government. This class conflict then leads to class struggle, because every struggle is marked by a struggle for

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resistance. How Marx defined the class struggle theory is a part of social conflict,

“the theory of class struggle is configured as a general theory of social conflict”

(Marx & Engels as cited in Losurdo, 2016, pp. 43). Hence, the first woman motif is quite strong to change the economic condition, then the first woman struggle and mobility will discuss further on the question number 3, as her response to the socialism in the poem.

2. The Second Woman

The second woman in the “Two Women”, structurally belongs to the proletariat and it is more vulnerable to the conflict classes rather than the bourgeoisie. The second woman experiences many inequalities based on the class distinction because of not having economic and social emancipation. The second woman is more vulnerable to being exploited because her position as a proletariat in a capitalist society that will be enslaved easily by the bourgeoisie who are only concerned with the benefits of production rather than the welfare of the labor force they have. The bourgeoisie can easily replace each of its workers if it has a problem or opposes a system that is not the same as the proletariat who sells its labor to be replaced with a minimum wage. This structure in capitalist society has unjustly determined a person's destiny. If the proletariat works hard but still, the results obtained are not more than those of the owners of production. How hard the workers try, it will never match with the owner of the production because the owners only focus on big profits for themselves. This creates an economic gap between two different classes.

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The class struggles that are experienced by the second woman is essentially due to the unfair class structure that results in economic inequality. In the discussion of class conflicts whose protagonists are not single individuals, but social subjects who, directly or indirectly, pertain to the social order, to some essential articulation of the division of labor and the social order (Losurdo, 2016, p. 43). Here the second woman’s suffering as a proletariat woman in capitalist society that happened in the poem.

I am a woman born of a woman whose man labored in a factory. (stanza 2, line 2).

I am a woman whose man wore tattered clothing, whose heart was constantly strangled by hunger. (stanza 3, line 2).

These two lines above give the scene of poverty that is experienced by the second woman. The second woman's man does not have the decent clothes to wear, he also suffers from hunger. The line in the stanza 3 that the poet writes in the poem gives the human quality or personification. It states that hunger constantly strangles the man's heart. By attributing human characteristics to an inanimate object, animal, or abstract idea the poet brings the personification in the poem. The word hunger also refers to the class struggle that the second woman experiences. It explains that working in a factory or as a wage labor will not generate enough money to meet daily needs even for the food. This happens because the owner of the production exploits his workers to get the maximum profit.

According to Marx, “bourgeoisie is dominating and exploiting the proletariat because of the means of production” (Marx as cited in Dahrendorf, 1966,

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p. 195). This is also in accordance with the principles of capitalism that the purpose of capitalist accumulation is the extraction of more and more surplus value, and ultimately this must take the form of the extraction of relative surplus value through a lowering of the value of labor power (Bottomore, 2001, p. 576). Hence, the second woman lives in poverty because the wages earned are not worth to live, there is wage slavery in the principle of capitalism. What the proletariat sells is actually the labor power, the wage obtained will be paid the day after they finish working. The wage form is illusory in the sense of hiding the exploitation that goes on underneath it, not in the sense of being unreal. It is a real and necessary appearance of the underlying mode of surplus extraction of capitalism (Bottomore, 2001, p. 575). The impact resulting from wage slavery also becomes more serious and even produces death from poverty. Here the researcher cites the evidence that could be found in the poem.

I am a woman who watched two babies die because there was no milk. (stanza 2, line 2).

The poet brings up the visual imagery of poverty in this line. In the scene shown above, the poet tries to build an image of sadness by using the word die.

There is nothing that the second woman can do because she lives in poverty and only to watch her babies die in front of her. With the word die can give a picture of the sadness experienced by the second woman as her mother because she has lost her children. Poet gives a picture of the deep sadness of death that is present in this poem caused the second woman as the mother cannot do anything to save her children. Poet gives a picture of the deep sadness of death that is present in this poem caused the second woman as the mother cannot do anything to save her

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children. The class struggles as described by the second woman has been so extreme that it causes death due to poverty. The class distinction carries the further impact that the right to the appropriate product of the labor of others partly defines the privileged class, and these societies legitimate class distinctions with ideologies of natural superiority and inferiority (Young, 1988, p. 276). The capillary system gives continued ability to extract benefits from workers (Young, 1988, p. 277). In a capitalist system, the wage labor is paid unjustly and is very low, the wage form is illusory in the sense of hiding the exploitation that goes on underneath it

(Bottomore, 2001, p. 575).

In The Dictionary of Marxist Thought wage is supposed to determine by the length of the working day but in reality, the worker paid for his labor power for a part of the day's labor. How the capitalist manages to extract a profit from the workers' labor hence profits arose from the unequal exchange on the labor market

(Bottomore, 2001, p. 575). Hence, workers do not get paid properly due to exploitation that occurs, sadly the longer the worker works the results obtained do not even change and remain the same. Since the value of labor power, the amount required to replenish the worker's labor power is paid for a full day's labor, the hourly rate is just that the amount divided by the number of hours worked. Thus the hourly rate is inversely related to the hours worked, and the poorly paid are those who have to work the longest (Bottomore, 2001, p. 575-576). This principle makes the working class live in poverty even the more extreme impact is facing death because of insufficient basic needs for food.

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Class distinction in capitalist systems is indeed not fair, the working class does not have privilege and is constantly oppressed by the dominant class. Hence, the second woman as the oppressed class experienced so much oppression and conflict classes in the form of wage slavery even death from poverty. Therefore it is the working class that is always disadvantaged in the capitalist system the inequality is produced and reproduced through a systematic process in which the energies of the have-nots are continuously expended to maintain and augment the power, status and wealth of the haves (Young, 1988, p. 278). Because, the purpose of capitalist accumulation is the extraction of more and more surplus value, and ultimately this must take the form of the extraction of relative surplus value through a lowering of the value of labor power (Bottomore, 2001, p. 576).

The conflict that occurs in the second woman's life is not only rooted in economic problems, she also suffered from violent sexual attacks. She and her sister were raped and could not fight. She was raped by the state apparatus when the bourgeoisie put up a fight and coupped the socialist president with military assistance from the junta. The military junta finally occupied the government using its repressive and dictatorial powers. Here is the evidence that the second woman experienced sexual violation.

And then they came for me. (stanza 26, line 2)

For my sister. (stanza 28, line 2)

Men they took us, (stanza 29, line 2)

They stripped us from the dignity we had gained.

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(stanza 30, line 2)

And then they raped us. (stanza 31, line 2)

Lunging, plunging – sister bleeding, sister dying. (stanza 33, line 2)

In the evidence that the researcher cites above, there is a touch of imagery delivered by the poet when the second woman and her sisters were raped. The rape gives the sense of touch that it gives the image in mind that it happened brutally because it took lives. In the second line of stanza 33, there is a rhyme that appears, sisters lunging, plunging, bleeding, and dying. The rhyme that appears adds to the clear depiction and the touch imagery of how the second woman and her sisters were raped sadistically. They are looked down on and so they can be treated arbitrarily by others. The evidence above shows that they were not treated like humans who have the freedom to defend or fight, it makes them dehumanized. Such violence is systematic because it is directed at any member of the group simply because he or she is a member of that group. Any woman, for example, has reason to fear rape (Young, 1988, p. 287). The repression of the military junta is to restore power and domination by the bourgeoisie, and it was successfully implemented.

This is done in order to make sure that there is no movement under a group to overthrow the government and to perpetuate that government.

Under the junta military rule brought by the bourgeoisie increasingly oppressed the proletariat. The proletariat not only suffers from poverty but also violence because of it. The second woman’s sister died because of the arbitrary form of the State apparatus which even became something that was announced, the

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proletariat class was not seen as humans as needed because it was treated inhumanely.

This kind of oppression is when people reduce the potential for other people to be fully human or be called dehumanization. The violence to which these oppressed groups are subject, moreover, is usually legitimate in the sense that most people regard it as unsurprising and it usually goes unpunished (Young, 1988, p.

287). Not only rape but even the form of violence experienced by the second woman is also war and assassination, Here the researcher cites the evidence in the poem.

There were planes overhead and guns firing in the distance. (stanza 18, line 2)

But the guns moved closer and closer. (stanza 20, line 2)

They came and found my man. (stanza 22, line 2)

They found all of the men whose lives were almost their own. (stanza 23, line 2)

They shot my man. (stanza 25, line 2)

The evidence above gives the visual and sound imageries. The planes give the picture in mind that they fly in the high blue sky, the smokes from the planes form lines along with the direction the planes were going. The rumbling of shots fired from distance along with the roar of aircraft engines, create depiction of the atmosphere by the sound imagery contained in the poem. These visual and sound imageries give the depiction of war and assassination that happened in the poem. In stanza 25, the second woman's husband is died shot by the state civil apparatus.

Repressive violence has a rational, though evil, motive: rulers use it as a coercive

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tool to maintain their power, motivated by a desire to maintain group privileges or domination (Young, 1988, p. 287). Thus, working class people faced the class conflict and struggle in various forms of oppression including exploitation that causes life in poverty and death from it. The second form of oppression is violation in the form of sex attacks violation, war, and assassination. The second woman as the proletariat woman experienced the most injustice based on the class distinction because of not having economic and social emancipation.

D. The Women’s Responses to Gender and Class Struggles in “Two Women”

1. The First Woman

The last discussion of the first woman is her response toward gender and class struggle. Her response could be seen through her action which active and resists towards government policy. In order to discuss the first woman's response, the researcher also completes this analysis with historical context that gives an important role in this discussion. The first woman makes a movement toward the socialist president that appears in the poem. The man figure that appears in the poem who takes over the president position, this man has a different governmental system. He is a socialist president who is concern about equality. He makes economic equality by taking part of the property of the bourgeoisie and distribute it evenly to the proletariat so that there is no longer an economic gap in the social division of classes. Hence, the first woman does not accept the new policy made by the government and starts to plan the movement to overthrow the president.

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The first woman has power and also plays a role in overthrowing the power of the president along with other bourgeois. Her movement makes the socialist government does not last long and has replaced by a new government. Here the researcher gives the evidence in the poem that the first woman is active and resists government policy.

But then there was a man. (stanza 6, line 1).

And he talked about the peasant getting richer by my family getting poorer. (stanza 7, line 1).

We had to eat rice. (stanza 8, line 1).

We had to eat beans! (stanza 9, line 1).

And I saw a man. (stanza 13, line 1).

And together we began to plot with the hope of the return to freedom. (stanza 14, line 1).

The evidence above shows that there is a reversal condition that makes the first woman has no food for her and her family to live. When there are no rice and beans, it is the centre of attention of the first woman. The words rice and beans also emphasize the woman’s domestic work. Because of the economic system that has been twisted by the socialist president, the first woman cannot do her task anymore in the domestic sphere which is preparing food for her family. This makes the first woman make movements and plans to restore glory. Things that make the first woman make a move are reflected in words rice and beans because her main task

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is to prepare her family for food cannot do anymore. Thus the first woman resists toward the government using the feminine attribute.

The socialist government’s policy of taking part in the property of the bourgeoisie is opposed by the first woman, as well as the other bourgeoisie. So the bourgeoisie unites and forms the power to overthrow the socialist president's reign and replace it with a new one. After that, the economy returned to the beginning state by the division of social classes which caused the economic disparity to occur again. However, this proves that the first woman can prove her existence by participates in takes action in resistance and not just being passive. She successfully coups the socialist president and the new man figure appears in stanza 13, he replaces the president's position. All property rights belonged to the bourgeois back to her ownership. Under the new government, the proletariat was increasingly miserable, even carries out repressive measures, however, the first woman celebrated her glory day. Here the researcher cites from the poem.

Someday, the return to freedom. (stanza 15, line 1).

And then, they announced that freedom had been restored! (stanza 21, line 1).

And we all had drinks to celebrate. (stanza 24, line 1).

The most wonderful martinis. (stanza 25, line 1).

And the parties continue night after night to make up for all the time wasted. (stanza 37, line 1).

The evidence above shows that the first woman succeeded in her plan to replace the government. The evidence above also shows the wonderful martinis'

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taste imagery that the first woman has the drink to celebrate the day of victory. The drink at the party represents the vivid taste of the glory. Because it has been successfully recaptured by the first woman and allies, they celebrate endlessly every day. The Stanzas describe the worldly pleasures of drinks and parties every night, and their excitement will never stop. The first woman makes a movement with other bourgeois women to oppose the socialist government. Their movements are based on an economic system that has deteriorated along with the socialist government.

The first woman reasons movement in opposing presidential socialists can also be seen through the historical context in Chile at that time. There was massive inflation shortly after the president's socialist officiate. We (women) are the ones who must endure the colas; we are the ones who struggle to feed and dress our children; we are the ones who suffer from the lack of necessary foodstuffs

(Crummett, 1977, p. 111). The first woman also suffers from feeding their children because there is no food, furthermore the government's policy of distributing wealth to the proletariat exacerbates the existing economic crisis so that the first woman also finds it difficult to meet her family's food needs.

The first woman feels threatened by the presence of a socialist president who is ravaging the economy, so the women of the bourgeoisie unite to restore the situation to normal. How bourgeois women take a role in overcoming the socialist government is to join and unite in El Poder Femino (EPF). EPF united the wives, and the first move was to unite, second to coordinate strategy, and third to attack

(Crummett, 1977, p. 105). The upper class women were largely responsible for the coordination and direction of EPF, and EPF was under the leadership of the upper-

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class female (Crummett, 1977, p. 108). Upper-class women whose husbands were important figures participate in EPF, and because of their class status, these women were able to supply two essential ingredients necessary to cultivate a large scale- organization which were the time and money (Crummett, 1977, p. 108). Since many of these middle and upper class women did not work outside the home and had maids to do the household labor, they had a large amount of disposable time and resources which they willingly dedicated to opposing the socialist government

(Power, 2000, p.295).

Their resistance on behalf of mothers and housewives are due to chaotic economies and shortages of food, as mothers and housewives find it difficult to fulfill their duties to feed their families who are responsible for their gender roles.

These forces called on women to act as mothers and housewives and to defend their families and the nation against the economic crisis, chaos, and danger (Power, 2000, p.290). Chilean gender ideology reflected an essentialist understanding of what it meant to be a woman, which meant to be a mother, a person who was willing to sacrifice herself for the sake of her children. Thus when women went into the streets to protest the government they did not operate as political actors but they responded as mothers and housewives whose ability to fulfil their assigned functions was being seriously impeded by the socialist government (Power, 2000, p.297). The bourgeois women unite in EPF that the propaganda campaign directed specifically at women, utilizing traditional symbols and values which they perceived to unequivocally define women’s roles as wives, mothers, and homemakers

(Crummmet, 1977, p. 111). In addition to the bad economy, bourgeois women

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oppose the socialist government because it is seen as carrying out the manner of communism which is considered as foreign ideology and bad for their families. The bourgeois women also against communism itself, they had the impression that communism was bad and immoral thing and nothing more (Crummmet, 1977, p.

110).

The bourgeois women fight in a united way take to the streets and demonstrate in the streets. The bourgeois women fight in a united way take to the streets and demonstrate in the streets. Women became the symbol and also the organizer of resistance to the Allende government. Continuing the theme of the empty pots, they mobilized women in the middle and upper class neighbourhoods to bang their pots nightly as a sign of protest. They participated in the opposition marches, threw leaflets out of office buildings in the downtown Santiago, campaign against socialist government (Power, 2000, p.295).

This shows that women are not only passive and rely on men as actors of change, but they also develop their new roles of women to make a move against the socialist government. Then their movement began massive and called the opposition which is the Military Junta to participate in launch a coup attack on the socialist government. All political parties in opposition to Allende (socialist president), mostly resulting from the women's pressure, they wrote letters to Leigh,

Merino, and Pinochet (member of Junta) pleading them to save the families from the chaos and violence perpetrated by the socialist government (Crummmet, 1977, p. 107). Then the plan is successfully carried out and the Military Junta replaces the socialist government as in the 21st stanza, that the first woman movement along

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with other bourgeois women is successfully carried out and overthrow the socialist government.

However, the first women movement is actually not a political movement but rather as a response of mother and the housewife in the face of economic chaos, she moves because she feels obligations in the domestic sphere are hampered by economic chaos that causes shortages of food, as well as challenging forms of ideology brought by socialist governments that are considered bad for her families.

What the first woman did was an attempt to protect her family as it should be, and want to restore the glory that she got first, and restore her privileges as a bourgeois woman. Her act defines as middle or upper class women who acted solely to preserve her class privilege from the encroachments of the socialist government

(Power, 2000, p.290). They allied themselves with the most reactionary forces of the right, in order to preserve class interest they saw challenged by the advance of the socialist government (Crummmet, 1977, p. 108).

The upper-class desire to organize women to oppose President Allende and the Unidad Popular is not surprising, as members of a class opposed to socialist gains they fought to preserve their privileged status. They united women to protest food shortages, inflation, and the black market while they hoarded and speculated; in short, they profited from the hardships they themselves induced. They created a feminist movement in the name of democracy while working for a clearly anti-democratic goal. In the end, EPF did not improve the condition of women, Instead, their efforts ceased with the installation of a fascist dictatorship committed to the oppression of vast sectors of Chilean society (Crummmet, 1977, p. 113).

Thus, the first woman's response toward gender and class struggle is active and resist. However, her movement considered as an apolitical and female response to the socialist government. They used the slogan "Women Power" in their anti-

Allende marches and demonstrations only to gain support for their reactionary

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plans, to win back the power that the old oligarchy had lost to advocates of the working class. Their present goal is to use "Women Power" to support male predominance in the family and to legitimize the government of the military junta.

(Andreas, 1977, p. 123).

2. The Second Woman

Unlike the first woman, the second woman's response is passive and powerlessness through the story in the poem. Throughout the story in the "Two

Women" poem, the second woman is always depicted by the nature of passivity and always relies on men as actors of change. The second woman suffers enough because she lacks the need to live and only relies on her husband as wage labor, but she does not make an effort to get a change in her life and her family to be better.

Until the figure of a man comes who changes her life who is the socialist president.

The socialist president interests of the workers and proletariat, his policy also benefits the second woman a lot. Here the researcher cites the poem.

I am a woman who watched three children grow, but with bellies stretched from no food. (stanza 5, line 2)

But then there was a man; (stanza 6, line 2)

And he told me of days that would be better, and he made the days better. (stanza 7, line 2)

We had rice (stanza 8, line 2)

We had beans. (stanza 9, line 2)

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My children no longer cried themselves to sleep. (stanza 10, line 2)

The word no food gives human quality or personification because it stretches the children’s bellies. The personification of no food gives the image of poverty in the poem. The absence of food to survive also evoke an emotional response from the readers. Then the man figure appears in the poem as the savior of the second woman because of his presence concerned with the welfare of the proletariat so that the second woman has rice and beans to eat. It is seen that the life of the second woman changed after the president's socialists appeared in the 6th stanza. His life was no longer difficult because the president's socialists prioritized wage labor and the proletariat.

However, this did not last long because of the bourgeoisie who opposed the socialist president's policy. The women of the bourgeoisie unite and oppose the socialist president, they make great movements because their duties as mothers and housewives cannot function properly, and blame socialist governments. The first woman ousted the socialist president by uniting and asks for help from the opposition which is the military junta until the coup was successfully launched.

Then the situation reversed, the first woman gained wealth by her struggle to get it back, while the second woman returned poor as before. The difference is that the first woman dares to unite and moves even to coup the president, while the second woman depends on the actions of others such as her husband who works as wage labor and the socialist president who appears in the poem "Two Women".

The second woman passivity is because the second woman is living in the patriarchal society, and going deep into the dominant (male) culture, that the man

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is more powerful than woman. Males are seen as controlling access to institutional power, and it is argued that they mold ideology, philosophy, art, and religion to suit their needs. While, women are seen as perceived as an oppressed class (Mirkin,

1984, p. 41-42). Hence, the second woman feels she is unable to fight and stay passive. Moreover, the second woman lacks any overt ties to the parties and her husband does not have an important position to exert influence on society. The second woman lacks material to be able to put up a fight. The second woman will not be able to fight like the first woman who has the power in the form of time, money, and the position of an important and influential husband in society, everything owned by the first woman means to fight, while the second woman only has limitations that keep her silent and goes with the flow of her life.

Moreover, the second woman as a proletariat also faced the powerlessness.

Powerlessness describes the lives of people who have little or no autonomy.

Powerlessness also names the oppressive situations (Young, 1988, p. 283). There are many privileges that professionals have, the lack of which produces oppression for non-professionals. While the non-professionals they have no authority, expertise, or influence (Young, 1988, p. 284). In this discussion, the non- professional describe the proletariat. Moreover, the second woman passivity makes the thing worse when the socialist president was overthrown and replaced by the military junta. Here the researcher cites from the poem.

There were planes overhead and guns firing in the distance (stanza 18, line 2)

They came and found my man. (stanza 22, line 2)

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They shot my man. (stanza 25, line 2)

They stripped us from the dignity we had gained. (stanza 30, line 2)

And then they raped us. (stanza 31, line 2)

Lunging, plunging – sister bleeding, sister dying. (stanza 33, line 2)

I was hardly relief to have survived. (stanza 34, line 2)

The beans have disappeared. (stanza 35, line 2)

And my silent tears are joined once more by the midnight cries of my children. (stanza 37, line 2)

They say, I am a woman. (stanza 38, line 2)

These Stanzas illustrate that the second woman suffered even more in the form of a new government. The second woman not only experienced economic inequality but also rape, and assassination. On the 20th stanza, there are personifications of guns that can move close to the second woman’s husband. The personification of guns illustrates that the second woman life is threatened and approached by terror that hunts her closer to suffering and torture. Guns described the second woman's life, which was approached by the authorities' threat because of certain interests by a group of people who acted in the name of the interests of the State and blamed other groups as rebels to take their lives. Everything that happens to the second woman concludes that she is dehumanized and it is very difficult for her to survive as depicted in the 34th stanza. The second woman is

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difficult to survive after losing everything that is meaningful in her life, moreover, she is not treated like humans, and it makes her pessimistic to get through the days ahead. How could the second woman remain to survive even there is no food to eat.

In the 37th stanza, there is a sound imagery that appears that is my silent tears. The silent tears are depictions of sadness and suffering from the second woman, which states that her sadness is silenced and no one can hear her cry that is lost and faint. In the last stanza, it states that they say I am a woman, unlike the first stanza the poet added the clause They say, which means questioning the actions of those who treat the second woman not as woman. This can be observed through the word woman itself, in first stanza the second woman also stated confidently that she is a woman I am a woman as the first woman does in the poem. However, this changed when several incidents she experienced with various forms of class struggles and were treated not as a woman neither human. The confidence that originally appeared in the first stanza that she was a woman has vanished because of some series of events that made her considered no longer a human just because of different social classes.

The second woman's life suffered more than before because the new government, the military junta is very repressive. The husband of the second woman was killed by the state apparatus, she and her sister were harassed and raped, and even food shortages occurred in the same period. The second woman did not have anything left to defend, in the 27 stanza of the poem "Two Women" she could only cry in the face of endless suffering in her life. The junta government is repressive towards the proletarian people who support communism, has been waging both an

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international war against foreign Communism and domestic war against indigenous subversion (Burrotto & Ximena, 1984, para. 9). The result is the loss of civil liberties, hence the second woman has been threatened and politically oppressed by a repressive and dictatorial new government. The representatives of the State have invaded homes, killed, detained, tortured, and imprisoned men and women. They have executed fathers in the presence of wives and children and have raped mothers in front of their children (Burrotto & Ximena, 1984, para. 12).

With the government being so oppressive, the second woman is increasingly passive. Moreover, the principles of the oppressive military junta and dictatorship threaten people not to resist under the government. The junta government is repressive to perpetuate its power. Under junta government, the military states have invaded homes, killed, detained, tortured, and imprisoned man. They have executed fathers in the presence of wife and children (Burroto & Ximena, 1984, para 12).

The powerlessness in the capitalist society is also seen as oppression which also causes the second woman to become passive. The second woman's response is subject to exploitation, powerlessness, and violence.

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

The women characters and their social classes are presented using the same perspective as a woman in the same set of time and place. The poet defines the women characters and the social classes uses the couplet form in the poem. In the couplet form, the researcher could analyze how the two characters and social class are different. The couplet form in the poem gives the contrast and comparison between the first woman and the second woman. The couplet form is arranged by the poet to emphasize the importance of the social class. Both women characters in the poem live in the same region and era, but their life is different because of the social classes.

The first woman belongs to the bourgeois, there are three characteristics of the first woman as a bourgeois. The first one is because she is the daughter of the owner of means of production. The second reason because she also married to a bourgeois man. The last characteristic is exploitative. Then the second woman belongs to the proletariat, there are three characteristics of the second t woman as a proletariat. The first one is because she is the daughter of wage labour who sells the labour power. The second reason because she also married to a proletariat man and does not have the means of production. The last characteristic is exploited and oppressed in a capitalist system. It makes the second woman's man receives a little amount of money and cannot meets the basic needs. The poem gives the significant impact of the social class that could lead to different life story and situation. The

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two narrators in the couplet form contrast each other’s lives and the root of the problem lies in class differences.

However, the two female characters in the poem also have similarities they do not have their own identities as an independent individual but their identities are shaped by their relationship with men. They describe themselves by connecting their relationship with others. The women characters also do not do the public roles.

They never talk about their self in the poem but always mentioning another figure.

This make the women identities in the poem are given by the men’s presences. And their identities only valued as daughters, wives, and mothers.

The forms of gender and class struggle that the women characters experienced in the poem are different from one another. The character who experiences the most class struggle is the second woman as the proletariat, she experienced many oppressions and violations based on the class distinction. The second woman was exploited the most and faced the difficulties cause of not having economic and social emancipation. The second woman faced wage slavery, death from poverty, sexual abuse, war, and assassination. Whereas, the first woman as a bourgeois only faced the lack of food and the basic needs when the socialist president ruled the nation.

The characters’ responses to the class struggles are also different. The first woman’s responses could be seen through her action; she was active in resisting government policy and making mobility with other bourgeois women. Her movement was related to the domestic sphere which was threatened because staple foods were hard to find. The first woman resisted the government using the

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feminine attribute and invited other women to join depose the socialist president.

With the help of the military junta, the mobility became more significant and massive so that they succeeded couped the socialist president and brought back the glory of the bourgeoisie. When the socialist president was overthrown, the military junta took over the government and reversed conditions as it wished so that the first woman regained her privilege as a bourgeois woman. The result of her massive movement brought back the glory of the bourgeoisie. However, the second woman did not do the same when she faced the class struggle and stayed passive. Her passivity is because there was nothing left for the second woman to defend and fight, everything was taken. Moreover, the second woman was not treated as a human, it makes the second woman difficult to fight even survive. Afterward, the second woman cried in her silent tears because she understood that she could not fight the complex capitalist system.

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