Surface Water (Pages 396–403) Key Concept: a River and All Its

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Fresh Water ■ Adapted Reading and Study

Surface Water (pages 396–403)

River Systems (pages 396–397)

Key Concept: A river and all its tributaries together make up a river system. • Fresh water on Earth may be moving, as in streams and rivers. Or, it may be still, as in ponds and lakes. • Tributaries are the streams and small rivers that ﬂow into a big river. • The land area that supplies water to a river system is called a watershed. For example, the watershed of the Mississippi River covers nearly one third of the United States. • A divide is a ridge of land that separates one watershed from another watershed. Streams on each side of a divide ﬂow in different directions.

Answer the following questions. Use your textbook and the ideas above. 1. A river and all its tributaries together make up a(an) .

2. Draw a line from each term to its meaning.

Term Meaning tributary a. the land area that supplies water to a river system watershed b. a ridge of land that separates one watershed divide from another c. a stream or small river that ﬂows into a big river

Fresh Water ■ Adapted Reading and Study

M is si ss

M iss ou ri R i v e r

iver o R hi O

3. The map above shows part of a river system. Circle the letter of each river that is a tributary. a. Missouri River b. Mississippi River c. Ohio River

Ponds (pages 398–399)

Key Concept: Ponds are smaller and shallower than lakes. Sunlight usually reaches to the bottom of all parts of a pond. • Ponds are bodies of fresh water. They contain still water, which is also called standing water. • Ponds form when water collects in hollows and low-lying areas of land. Some ponds dry up in the summer. • Ponds get their water from rain, from melting snow, and from runoff. Some ponds get their water from rivers or from groundwater. • Many different kinds of organisms live in ponds. Plants grow throughout a pond.

Fresh Water ■ Adapted Reading and Study

Answer the following question. Use your textbook and the ideas on page 189. 4. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about ponds. a. Ponds are bodies of fresh water. b. Ponds contain running water. c. Plants grow throughout a pond.

Lakes (page 400)

Key Concept: Lakes are generally deeper and bigger than ponds. In addition, sunlight does not reach the bottom in a deep lake, as it does in a pond. • No plants and few other living things can live at the bottom of a lake. The bottom of a lake may be made up of sand, pebbles, or rock. • Lakes may form when water collects in low areas of land. Some lakes form in other ways. For example, the Great Lakes formed when huge glaciers made hollow places in the land and then melted. • People can make a lake by building a dam across a river. A reservoir is a lake that stores water for human use.

Answer the following questions. Use your textbook and the ideas above. 5. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about lakes. a. People can make a lake by building a dam across a river. b. Lakes are generally deeper and bigger than ponds. c. All lakes form when water collects in low areas of land.

6. A lake that stores water for human use is a(an) .

Fresh Water ■ Adapted Reading and Study

Wetlands (pages 401–403)

Key Concept: The three common types of freshwater wetlands are marshes, swamps, and bogs. • A wetland is a land area that is covered with water during at least part of the year. • Marshes are grassy areas covered by shallow water or a stream. • Swamps have trees and shrubs growing in the water. Swamps are common in warm, wet climates. • Bogs have acidic water. Bogs are common in cooler areas. • The Everglades is a large wetland in southern Florida. In the Everglades, a wide, shallow stream of water ﬂows over the land. • The Everglades is home to many kinds of wildlife, including many rare or endangered animals. • Human activities have been bad for the Everglades. For example, farming has added harmful chemicals to the water. Scientists are trying to preserve the Everglades and its wildlife.

Answer the following questions. Use your textbook and the ideas above. 7. A land area that is covered with shallow water during at least part of the year is a(an) .

8. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about wetlands. a. Bogs are common in warmer areas. b. There is only one common type of freshwater wetland. c. Some wetlands are covered with water all year round.

Fresh Water ■ Adapted Reading and Study

9. The picture above shows one type of wetland. Circle the letter of the type of wetland shown in the picture. a. marsh b. swamp c. bog

10. Is the following sentence true or false? Many rare or endangered animals live in the Everglades.

Key Concept: Because of their sheltered waters and rich supply of nutrients, wetlands provide habitats for many living things. Wetlands act as natural water ﬁlters. They also help control ﬂoods by absorbing extra runoff from heavy rains. • Many organisms live in wetlands. The water in wetlands is shallow. The water also contains natural fertilizers from plants and animals.

Fresh Water ■ Adapted Reading and Study

• Water moves slowly through a wetland, so waste materials settle to the ground. Other waste materials are taken in by plants. In these ways, wetlands ﬁlter water. • Wetlands act like giant sponges. Wetlands store rainwater until it slowly evaporates or drains away. In this way, wetlands help control ﬂoods.

Answer the following questions. Use your textbook and the ideas on page 192 and above. 11. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about wetlands. a. Wetlands act like natural water ﬁlters. b. Wetlands act like giant sponges. c. Wetlands provide homes for many living things.

12. Is the following sentence true or false? Wetlands help control ﬂoods by storing rainwater.