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CUHSLROG M106.Pdf (4.155Mb) Jan 72 MEDIEVAL MEDICINE Selected Readings Rie sman, David: The story of medicine in the Middle Ages. WZ 54/R56ls/1935 Allbutt TC: The historical relations of medicine and surgery to the end of the sixteenth century. WZ 56/A42lh/1905 The School of Salernum; Regimen Sanitatis Salernitanum; the English version by Sir John Harington. WZ 220/Sl63H/1920 (with a "History of the School of Salernum", pp. 7-52 by Francis R. Packard; and an essay, pp. 53-63 by Fielding H. Garrison.) Deaux, George: The Black Death, 1347. WC 11 / D285b/ 1969 Ziegler, Philip: The Black Death. WC 11 / Z66b/1969 Shrewsbury JFD: A history of bubonic plague in the British Isles. WC ll/S56lh/1970 NB "Plague invades the British Isles", pp. 37-53. Hecker JFC: The epidemics of the Middle Ages. (London, New Sydenham Society, 1846) WZ 265 /H449e /1846 (does not circulate) "The Black Death" pp. 1-78 "The Dancing Mania" pp. 8 7 -174 "The Sweating Sickness" pp. 181-329 .._,. ~ J t- I- l-02. 90 I J.)..l r J,;.9), a'Jt 4 / ./1 ., 7' /2M1M- ~I~ ~ y Jt; 1 / r w r~ ( k 2 J..cJ,._o T'\~ \ C) ~=7 3- / w ·2- ~ ~I 2.qL /7/,~ ---- I RISE OF UNIVERSITIES The most striking intellectual phenomenon of the thirteenth century is the rise of the universities. Their origin appears to have been in certain guilds of students formed for mutual protection associated at some place specially favorable for study---- the attraction usually being a famous teacher. The University of Bologna grew up about guilds formed by students of law, and at Paris, early in the twelfth century, there were communities of teachers, chiefly in philosophy and theology. The two universities which have a special interest at this period in connection with medical studies are Bologna in Italy and Montpellier in southern France. University Date of Founding Prominent Men PARIS 1110 BOLOGNA 1113 MUNDINO ca. 1316 OXFORD 1167 ROGER BACON 1214-1294 MONTPELLIER 1181 ARNOLD of VILLANOVA 1235-1312 HENRI de MONDEVILLE 1260-1320 GUY de CHAULIAC 1300-1370 PADUA 1222 PETER of ABANO 1250-1325 SCHOOL OF SALERNO About 30 miles southeast of Naples is Salerno, with its Benedictine abbey of Monte Casino. It was for several hundred years the center of medical studies during the Middle Ages. The date of foundation is uncertain, but Salernitan physicians are mentioned as early as the middle of the ninth century, and from this time until the rise of the universities it was not only a great medical school but also a popular resort for the sick and wounded. At Salerno there were medical and surgical clinics, foundling hospitals, Sisters of Charity1 men and women physicians - among the latter the famous TROTULA - and apothecaries. Dissections were carried out1 chiefly on animals; the pig was the popular subject for dissection at that time. In the eleventh and twelfth centuries the school reached its height, and the literature from the school had a far-reaching influence. The most prominent man of the school was CONSTANTINUS AFRICANUS, who lived about the middle of the eleventh century; he was familiar with the works of the Arabs, and it was largely through his translations ·that the books of Rhazes and Avicenna became known in the West. One work above all others spread the fame of the School of Salerno - The Regimen Sanitatis1 a poem on popular medicine. It is a handbook of diet and household medicine1 with many shrewd and taking sayings which have found their way into the folklore of today, such as "Joy, temperance and repose/Slam the door on the doctor's nose". (The most interesting English translation is that by a scholar of the time of Elizabeth I, Sir John Harington. WZ 220/Sl63H/1920) ---- Adapted from Osler TROTVLvlE CVR~NDvfRVM ~EGRJTV. DIN V M M V L IE B RI V M, AN TE, IN, ET POST PAP.TVM Ll8[11. VNICVS, NVS~AM ANTl'.A rdn», , fl" fat11tiN! (vcu, .sccidmw ,,,.,Li & p.sfTiofttr, mf="' C l""'m"" J p•'"' cur•' frNOicu d,t,n,.,'"' rtli11u ij(c, dWld J di~•f,wnit1 tllrif" (txui COftlblc l'""' , t>:ptrimtntd. dtnii'" u.sri&rum .rgrzr,.,fo,...,, , "'"' 'l"ibuf, d.!m m,rliwniri, dtcor~ri•lli corf'"" i,(tninui,,.,,d..:mnn. 'PROLOGVS. v M aulior uniucrlitaris DE v s in prima mumli conffitutionc, rcrum naturas fin gulas,iuxra genus fu~~ difi0guc_rct,narura~ huma~m f~pra czrcra~ c.r~rura~ fin_­ gulari dignitatc concidit .Hi~IC num,fupra al1orun:i amnuliu~ condmoncm,ratiorus c & inrcllcilus hbcrrarcm dcdit. Proprcrca uolcns c1us gcncrauoncm pcrpctuo fubli­ ficrc,in fC"XU difpari,maailum & fcrminam crcauit, ur corum fircunda propagario• nc nunquam dclincrct cmcrgcrc futura fobolcs. Quorum quidcm coplcxipncs gr.ira quadam commixrionc contcmpcrans,naruram maTculi calidam & licca,fi:rmcllz uc- ro frigidam & humi~m confiiruit : qua cuiuf<It!c altc~ius _com!)lcxionis cxccn:us!mu~~a ciualirarum co~ trariarum rcpugnantia ~crccrcrur =. a_dco,ut um_ con~11uuo calida_& licca~uhcns frig1d1tarcm & humJ dira tern : & econtra hu1us narura fng1da & hum1da,1llms complaioncm cahdam & ficcam rcmulceret. Sim-.Iircr ur mafculus qualir_arc foniori di&~us,in _mu lier~ tanquam in a~m fcmcn dfundcrcr,&_ mu lier <_1_ualitate dcbiliorc przd1ra,tanquam u_ir! offiao fubdi~a, fcmco ~fu~10 grcm1um ~tUla fu_fop~ rer. ~oniam ergo muliercs natura funr ums dcb1horcs, hmc cfi quod ~ ~ ~p1us a_bundanr zgntudi, nes rnaximc circa mcmbr.ilopetl narurz dcb1ra. ~zcum m loco fcc.rct1on acodaot, lpfzpropter ucrc­ cu~diam,& cond1t1onis fragilitatcm,non audent angufiias fuarum zgrirudinummedico rcuclarc. Q_ua• propter ego,mifera':1da ill~m ~l_amitate_, przferri~ a1iufdam mar~onz inftigatio11c, copu_lCa,inc~pidih gc~tius contcmplan de z~rudimbu~,qu1bus firmmmus fcxu~ ~ep1_ff11Dc ~~[dh.tur.Cum 1taquc i_n m~ ficr1bus non rantusabundct calor,qu1 prauos& fupafluos,qm m cis quoudie congrcgantur,fufficiar co fumrrc humorcs, nee ranr~m •~~or~ u~lcat carum dchilius.tolcrarc,ut fudorc:m poaitad arcriora ii• los narura cxpcllcrc, lieut mums: 1dco 1pfa natura, P.toptrrdefetlumc.aloris,c1s przcipuam quandam purgationcm dc!linauit,fcil_iccr mcnflrua,q_uz uulgus florcs appcllat. Nam fiwt ai:bores non produamt (inc floribus f~u~us,li~ mu heres line propnJ~ Ronbu~,conceptloni~officio dd:raudanrur. Hzc aute pur­ gatio conting!t _mur1c~1bus,li_cur de ~otlc ums pollutio.Scmpcr cmm natura gra~araquibufdam humo• ribus,liuc m ums,liue III muhenbus,1~g11m fuum mmur dcponere,& laborcm mmucrc. Soler przterca huiufmodi purgauo m_uhcnbus cootmg~rc_c1r~ dec1mumtemum,uel quartumdccimum annii,ud p.iu- 1 i;itius,ucl paulo tardms, fecund um quod m e1s mag1s, ucl mmus abundat c.1liditas ucl frigiditas. Durat ·--:m ufque ad quinquai;cfitt;,um an_num,!i c~ macra:quandoquc ufquc ad fexagclimum ,aut fcxagefi­ _11imquimum,li ell hum1da: 1n mcd1ocrucr pmgu1bus,ufquc ad quadragc!imumquintum.Si au rem de• bito rcmpore& ordincconrigcrit t~lis_purg.-i~io,cxoncrat fe copct~ntcr natura afupcrAuish11moribus. Si uero mcnflrua plus_ ucl mm~s ~•e~mt,quam debcnr,plurcszgntudincs indc emcrgunc. ~oniam indc minorarur appctttus tam c1b1,quam potus.Quandoquc fir uomirus : & quandoquc appctunt rcr­ ram,carboncs,cretam,& fimilia.~andoquecx ealkm caufa dolor fcmirlir circa coll11m,dorfum,& in ca pite-Q!!.andoque adcfi fc~ris acuta,cordis mo~us,hydropifis,ucl dyfcntcria.H:rc aurnn conringu nt, uel quia tern pore Ion go ddiount mcnflrua ucl qu1a prorfus non ha bent : undc non fol um hydropifis, ud dyfcnteri~,u~l morf~s _cordis accid~nt,fcd & a!i«i pcior~ zgritudincs.Aliqu~ndo enimaccidit di;irrha::a, propter mm1~m fug1d1tarc~ matnc1s: ucl ~uia ucnz eius funr mulrum graalcs,ur m cxtenuatis mulie­ ribus: qu1a rune humorcs fp1Hi & ~upcrAu1 non habcnt l!bcros meat us, per qu?s p~ffint crumpa-cr: ucl quia humorcsfunt fp1ffi &_u1fcoli!1dc-o proprct congluunarion_cm, co rum cx1tus 1mpcditur: ucl qnia dJlici.ofe comcdum: ucl qu1a ex ahquo labore mu Irum fudanr.S101t tdbtur Galcnus.Mulicrquzfc no aercct mulrum,nccc!fccfl,quod ab under in multis mcnllruis,ad hoc ut fana exifiar. Aliquando mulicri •>US ddiciunt mcnflrua,quia in corp<>rc <:arum coagulat~s ell fanguis: ucl quia l:inguis per alia Joa emir titur,ut per os,;mt per narcs,pcrfputuir.,aut hzmortho1dcs.Ahquando ddiuunt mcnfuu.i ex nimio do lorc,ud ira,ucl motu,ucl timorc-. Siau<rm diu cclTauerint,fufpicationc grauis zgritudinisfuturz afl'uut Nam urina cornm ucrrirur in ruborcm;ucl in colorem loturz carnis recent is: qu;mdoone in uiridft:uc ucl liuiditat em1aur incolorcm,quafa cfi color gramini.s,facics carum muratur. • FIRST PAGE OF THE WORK Of TROTULA, FROM THE ALDINE COLLECTION OF ANCIENT MEDICINE, VENICE, 1547 TACUINUM SANITATIS The medical household book of the Cerruti family North Italy, 14th century (Facsimile of a manuscript in the Austrian National Library, Vienna) GUY de CHAU LIAC Description of the Plague at Avignon 11 The plague commenced with us in January, it continued seven months during which time it appeared in two formso During the first two months, it was accompanied with a continuing fever and with coughing of bloodo All who were attacked died in three dayso During the other months the continuous fever was accompanied with tumors and boils, which appeared in the external parts of the body chiefly in the armpits and in the groin. Those who were thus attacked died in five days. The disease was so severe and so contagious, especially that which was attended by coughing of blood, that it was contracted not only by visiting and living together with the sick, but by being in their presence, so that people died without service or attendants, men were buried without priests and without religious rites, the father abandoned the son and the son approached not the father; charity was dead and every hope lost.
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